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Anatomy 1
General Overview of Muscles, Circulatory System, and the Nervous System.
101
Anatomy
Graduate
08/07/2011

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Term
Fascia
Definition
The major type of loose connective tissue that serves a packing and delimiting function as it separates and surrounds structures.
Term
Subcutaneous Tissue (superficial fascia)
Definition
The layer of fascia immediately deep to the skin . This layer is continuous throughout the body and frequently contains large accumulations of fat cells.
Term
Deep Fascia
Definition
All fascia deep to the subcutaneous tissue.
Term
Fascial Planes
Definition
Areas between two fascial layers, e.g., those surrounding two adjacent muscles, where the fascial layers are united to each other by only a few fibers.
Term
Bursa
Definition
An area between fascia-covered structures where there are no interconnecting fibers, so that a cavity is present which is filled with a very small amount of lubricating fluid.
Term
Ligaments
Definition
These dense regularly arranged connective tissues connect bone or cartilage to bone or cartilage.
Term
Tendons
Definition
This dense regularly arranged connective tissue connects muscle to bone or cartilage.
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
A broad flat tendon.
Term
Hyaline cartilage
Definition
The most ubiquitous cartilage. It covers the articular surfaces of bones that participate in forming freely movable joints. Also found in costal, cartilages, cartilages of the nose and bronchi, and some of the laryngeal carilages.
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
A type of cartilage that has a higher fiber density than hyaline cartilage, so it can withstand greater tensile stress. Primarily found in the intervertebral discs.
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
A type of cartilage that is rich in elastic fibers and hence allows a large degree of resiliency while providing support.
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
The bones of the skeleton of the vertebral column, thorax, and skull.
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
The bones of the limbs.
Term
Sesamoid
Definition
A bone that develops within a tendon (example: patella)
Term
Compact (dense, cortical) Bone
Definition
The outer peripherally located region of bone, within which no spaces are grossly visible.
Term
Spongy (cancellous medullary) Bone
Definition
The inner area of bone where the bone is arranged in thin plates or trabeculae with grossly visible intervening spaces.
Term
Marrow Cavity
Definition
The cavity within bone.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
The cells on the external surface of bones are in this layer of dense connective tissue covering.
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
Expanded ends on long bones which are wider than their center cylindrical portion.
Term
Shaft or Diaphysis
Definition
The cylindrical portion of a long bone.
Term
Epiphyseal Plate or Disc
Definition
A cartilaginous layer that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis during growth.
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
The region of spongy bone that connects the epiphyseal plate to the main shaft. It is vascular and thus particularly vulnerable to infection that is spread through the vascular system.
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
A dense bony line that indicates where the epiphyseal plate was during growth.
Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition
A joint in which the bones are joined by a small amount of dense connective tissue and little or no motion is allowed.
Term
Cartilaginous Union
Definition
A joint in which the bones are united by one of the types of cartilage and thus allow a slight degree of mobility (example: the intervertebral discs).
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
This type of joint forms the majority of joints in the body. An actual space exists between the highly lubricated cartilage-covered ends of the bone. These permit relatively free motion.
Term
Joint capsule
Definition
Surrounds the opposing articular surfaces of a bone and forms a closed joint cavity (synovial cavity).
Term
Fibrous Layer (capsular ligament)
Definition
This is the outer layer of a joint capsule
Term
Synovial Lining (synovium)
Definition
The inner layer of the joint capsule which contains cells which normally elaborate a very small amount of synovial fluid.
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
Covers the articular surfaces of bones in a joint capsule and greatly reduces friction.
Term
Flexion
Definition
A type of joint motion that results in a decrease in the angle formed by two bones.
Term
Extension
Definition
A form of joint motion that is the opposite of flexion. It involves an increase in the angle between two bones.
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
This type of muscular tissue is associated with the versceral functions of the body and therefore is found primarily in involuntary organs. This type of muscle is non-striated
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
This type of muscle is restricted to the heart, structurally striated and involuntary regulated.
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
This type of muscle is striated and can be volitionally controlled.
Term
The Origin
Definition
The attachment of skeletal muscle to the bone that is more proximal and functionally "may" be the fixed end when a muscle contracts.
Term
The Insertion
Definition
The skeletal muscle attachment that is more distal and "may" be the movable end.
Term
Muscle Fiber
Definition
The basic structural unit of a muscle. It is a long cylindrical cell which can shorten approximately half of its length.
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
The functional unit of a muscle which is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it supplies.
Term
Parallel Muscles
Definition
In this type of muscle, the fibers are parallel with the long axis of the muscle and its tendons.
Term
Pennate Muscles
Definition
In this type of muscle, the fibers are obliquely oriented with respect to the long axis of the muscle and attach to the tendons at an angle.
Term
Static or Isometric Contraction
Definition
The type of contraction where the muscle force just equals the load (thus there is no movement)
Term
Mechanical Disadvantage
Definition
A method used to eliminate muscular activity that involves positioning the part so that the muscle to be eliminated will have no effective vector component in the direction of the function to be tested.
Term
Physiological or Length Disadvantage
Definition
A method used to eliminate muscular activity that involves positioning the part so that the muscle will be slackened or will have much of its shortening capability used up by performing a function other than the one to be tested.
Term
Reciprocal Inhibition
Definition
A method used to eliminate muscular activity. If the muscle to be eliminated has several functions, it can be reciprocally inhibited from participating in the tested function by forcibly performing a function antagonistic to one of its other functions.
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Made up of the brain which occupies the cranial cavity and the spinal cord which is located within the vertebral canal.
Term
The Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Made up of the spinal and cranial nerves and their branches.
Term
Nerve Cell or Neuron
Definition
The basic anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system. Capable of most basic cellular processes but is specialized for irritability and conduction.
Term
Nerve Fiber
Definition
An axon plus its supporting cells.
Term
Peripheral Nerves
Definition
Groups of nerve fibers outside the CNS
Term
Peripheral Nerves
Definition
Groups of nerve fibers outside the CNS
Term
Ganglion
Definition
A cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Term
Nucleus
Definition
A group of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Where nerve cell bodies are located
Term
White Matter
Definition
Composed of Nerve Fibers
Term
Ventral Root
Definition
The spinal root that is most associated with efferent nerves.
Term
Dorsal Root
Definition
The spinal root that is typically associated with afferent or sensory fibers.
Term
Dermatome
Definition
The area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve
Term
Myotome
Definition
A specific mass of muscle supplied by a specific spinal nerve.
Term
Dorsal Rami
Definition
Supplies the skin of the medial two-thirds of the back from the top of the head to the coccyx, the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back, the intervertebral facet joints and the spinal ligaments posterior to the intervertebral foramen
Term
Ventral Rami
Definition
Supply the rest of the trunk walls, anterolateral neck and limbs.
Term
Plexuses
Definition
All ventral rami except those from spinal nerves T2 through T11 form these. Characterized by various splittings and fusions to form a generall predictable network.
Term
Multisegmental Periphery Nerves
Definition
Nerves emerging from a plexus typically contain fibers from more than one spinal cord segment and are called this.
Term
Unisegmental Peripheral Nerves
Definition
Branches of all dorsal rami and ventral rami T2 through T11 contain fibers from only one spinal cord segment and are therefore called this.
Term
Somatic
Definition
Refers to the body wall and limbs and includes bones, joint structures, muscles, tendons, fasciae, and skin.
Term
Visceral
Definition
Structures that include the internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and smooth muscle and glands anywhere in the body.
Term
Somatic Efferent (SE)
Definition
These are the fibers of the motor neurons to skeletal muscles. Their nerve cell bodies are located in the ventral gray column of the spinal cord and their processes pass through the ventral roots, spinal nerves, and into the muscular branches of the dorsal and ventral rami.
Term
Visceral Efferent (VE or autonomic)
Definition
There are two neurons in this pathway from spinal cord to end organ. These neurons are motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands wherever they are located in the body.
Term
Somatic Afferent (SA)
Definition
These neurons transmit sensory information to the CNS from receptors found in the skin (exteroceptors) and in deeper structures of the body wall, i.e., muscles, tendons, and joints (proprioceptors).
Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
These receptors are found in the skin and transmit sensory information to the CNS.
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition
These receptors are found in deeper structures of the body wall (muscles, tendons, and joints)
Term
Visceral Afferent (VA)
Definition
These neurons return interoceptive sensations to the CNS from nearly all visceral structures supplied by VE neurons. The location and course of their cell bodies and central processes is similar to SA neurons.
Term
Interoceptive
Definition
Sensations from internal organs that are transmitted to the CNS.
Term
Muscular Nerves
Definition
Innervate skeletal muscles, and contain SE, VE, and possibly VA fibers.
Term
Irritative Nerve Lesion
Definition
A type of nerve lesion in which acute or chronic mechanical trauma or inflammation can cause impulses to be initiated within both sensory and motor neurons. The CNS will interpret these impulses as pain referred to the area innervated by that nerve.
Term
Destructive Nerve Lesion
Definition
This type of nerve lesion may cause an area of complete sensory loss(anesthesia) surrounded by an area of partial sensory loss (hypesthesia). Destruction of all motor neurons to a muscle will cause a complete loss of motor function in that muscle (paralysis). But since most muscles are innervated by more than one spinal nerve, destruction of the nerve fibers from one spinal nerve would usually produce only weakness (paresis).
Term
Preganglionic Neuron
Definition
The neuron in the ANS that connects the CNS and the ganglion.
Term
Postganglionic Neuron
Definition
The neuron in the ANS that connects the ganglion to the target.
Term
Sympathetic Trunk
Definition
This extends the entire length of the vertebral column. It is composed of a series of ganglia which are connected by vertically oriented nerve bundles. A ganglion occurs at approximately each vertebral level except in the cervical region where there are typically only three ganglia.
Term
Collateral Ganglion
Definition
A type of ganglion that is located adjacent to main arterial branches in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Term
Splanchnic Nerve
Definition
A type of pre-ganglionic fiber that passes through the sympathetic trunk and terminates in a collateral ganglion.
Term
Gray Communicating Rami
Definition
A collection of unmyelinated post ganglionic fibers that supply the smooth muscle and glands of the limbs and body wall.
Term
Direct Visceral Branches
Definition
Postganglionic nerve fibers that leave the cervical and upper thoracic levels of the sympathetic trunk to directly innervate cervical and thoracic viscera.
Term
Pericarotid Sympathetic Plexuses
Definition
Formed by postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Around the carotid arteries, along which they are distributed to the head and neck along the branches of the carotid arteries.
Term
Terminal Ganglia
Definition
Pre-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system synapse on these, which are located within or near the target.
Term
Arteries
Definition
Carry blood away from the heart.
Term
Capillary Beds
Definition
Part of the vascular system. Where the exchange of gases and metabolites occurs.
Term
Veins
Definition
Returns blood to the heart.
Term
Pulmonary Arteries
Definition
Carry deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillary bed where gas exchange occurs.
Term
Pulmonary veins
Definition
Carry oxygenated blood back to the heart. From the pulmonary capillary bed.
Term
Aorta
Definition
The arterial outflow channel of the left ventricle. It gives off coronary arteries to the heart just about the aortic valves.
Term
Aortic Arch
Definition
Within the thorax. The arteries to the head and upper limbs are given off this.
Term
Common Iliac Arteries
Definition
The aorta divides into these arteries, which then divide into internal iliac arteries and external iliac arteries.
Term
Internal Iliac Arteries
Definition
Primarily supplies organs of the pelvis and perineum.
Term
External Iliac Arteries
Definition
Primarily supplies the lower limbs.
Term
Valves
Definition
Interposed in parts of the venous system to prevent cardiofugal venous flow
Term
Superior Vena Cava
Definition
Noncardiac and nonpulmonary venous return from above the diaphragm returns to the right atrium of the heart through this.
Term
Inferior Vena Cava
Definition
Noncardiac and nonpulmonary venous return from below the diaphragm returns to the right atrium through this.
Term
Portal Venous System
Definition
A valveless system in which blood passes through a capillary network of the abdominal part of the digestive system, then passes through another capillary-like network called the hepatic sinusoids.
Term
Azygos System of Veins
Definition
Valveless system that drains most of the noncardiac nonpulmonary structures of the thorax. Can act as a shunt in case of an obstruction in the superior vena cava.
Term
Lymph Nodes
Definition
Among other things, these filter out pathologic cells, viruses, bacteria, and other cellular debree.
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