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Anatomy 113 Endocrine Glands
Professor Judith Tamburlin. SUNY @ Buffalo
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/17/2011

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Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
Ductless Glands that secrete their hormones into the blood stream directly.
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
The endocrine system, works along the nervous system, in the regulation and integrationof body processes. It plays a significant role in the maintainence of a controlled environment in which the cells of the body can optimally carry out their activities. 
Term
Name the major endocrine glands
Definition

1. Pineal Glands

2.Pituitary Gland

3.Thyroid Gland

4.Parathyroid Gland

5.Thymus

6.Adrenal Gland

7.Pancreas

8.Gonads - ovary and testes

9.Special secretory cells of the GI tract

Term
[image]
Definition
Know the positions of the Glands.
Term
Characteristics of endocrine galnds
Definition

1.Secretion of hormones

2.Ductless glands

3.Very Vascular

4.Target tissue

5.Slow but long lasting

Term
1.Secretion of hormones
Definition
Chemical messengers or regulators that affect the activity of other cells.
Term
2.Ductless glands
Definition
Do not have ducts to carry the secreted hormones so, ductless. Secrete the hormones directly into the blood stream.
Term
3.Very Vascular
Definition
Have rich blood supply.
Term
4.Target tissue
Definition
Affect activity of apecific target tissues.
Term
5.General effect
Definition
Slow but effect is long lasting. Unlike the CNS and PNS.
Term
How do the endocrine glands control their hormone secretion?
Definition

1.Negative feedback mechanism.

2.Neural Control.

Term
1. Negative feedback mechanism
Definition

in Hormone level in Blood in secretion of Hormone in Hormone level in Blood → Result: Gland stops secreting Hormone (Works in a cycle!!)


Example:

↑in Glucose in Blood → ↑in secretion of Insulin → ↓in Blood Glucose level → Result: Pancreas stop secreting insulin.


Term
2.Neural Control
Definition

The release of hormones is controlled by the Hypothalamus of the brain which secretes substances called releasing factors. This stimulates glands to secrete their specific hormones. 

Example: Growth Hormone Releasing Factor (GHRF) causes the pituitary to release growth hormones.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

Endocrine Glands:

1.Pituitary Gland

(Hypophysis)

-Location

Definition

Inferior surface of brain

Attached to Hypothalamus

Surrounded by the circle of Willis

Term
-Structure of Pituitary Gland
Definition

Two Distinct Lobes:

1.Adenohypophysis

2.Neurohypophysis

Term
Adenohypophysis
Definition

Anterior lobe.

Glandular Portion.

Produces and secretes six major hormones:

1.Growth Hormone(GH)

2.Thyroid-stimulating Hormone(STH)

3.Adrenocroticotropic Hormone(ACTH)

4.Follicle-stimulating Hormone(FSH)

5.Luteinizing Hormone(LH)

6.Prolactin

Term
1.Growth Hormone(GH)
Definition

1.Increase protein synthesis and mitosis.

2.Regulates growth of most cells of the body.

Term
2.Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone(TSH)
Definition
1.Regulates the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland.
Term
3.Adrenocroticotropic Hormone
(ACTH) 
Definition
1.Controls the secretions of the hormones of the arenal cortex.
Term
4.Follicle-Stimulating Hormone(FSH)
Definition

1.Plays a role in ovulation.

2.Stimulates secretion of sex hormones.

-Estrogen and Testosterone

 

Term
5.Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
Definition

1.Stimulates follicle(ova) develpoment in the ovary and sperm in the testes.

2.Also stimulates sex hormone secretion.

Term
6.Prolactin
Definition
1.Plays a rolein the secretion of milk from mammary glands. "Lactation"
Term
Neurohypophysis
Definition

Posterior Lobe.

Nervouos Portion.

Stores and releases 2 hormones produced by the Hypothalamus.

1.Oxytocin

2.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Term
1.Oxytocin
Definition

1.Stimulates uterine contractions.

2.Promotes milk ejections from breast.

Term
2.Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)
Definition

1.Affects permeability of the kidney tubules to reduce the excretion of water H2O.

2.Vasopressin: controls BP; constricts Blood Vessels.

Term
Functions of Pituitary Glands
Definition

1."Master Glands" of the body.

2.Regulates many body activities through it's influence on other endocrine glands.

3.It does this by releasing specific hormones which affect the activity of these glands(eg. cause them to secrete the hormones they produce.)

Term

Thyroid Gland

-Location

Definition

Anterior neck inferior to larynx.

Surrounds anterior and lateral aspects of the TRACHEA.

Term

Structure

(Gross)

Definition

Two lobes connected by an Isthmus.

May contain a pyramidal lobe (superior extension)

Term

Structure

(Microscopic) 

Definition

1.Cuboidal Cells: hormone production

2.Follicles: store hormones

Term
Hormones
Definition

1.Thyroxine(T4)

2.Triiodothyromine(T3)

3.Calcitonin

Term

Thyroxine(T4)

Triiodothyromine(T3)

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Both found in most cells of the body

-Regulates Basal Metabolic Rate

Term

Calcitonin

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Bone

-Regulates osteoclasts activity and therefore the amount of Ca which leaves bone → this lowers blood Ca level.

Term

Parathyroid Gland

-Location

Definition
Embedded on posterior side of thyroid gland.
Term
Hormone
Definition
Parathyroid hormone
Term

Parathyroid Hormone

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Osteoclast in bone, kidney, intestine

-Increase blood calcium levels 

Term

Adrenal Glands

-Location

Definition

-Paired glands

-Located on superior poles of the kidneys.

Term
Structure
Definition

1.Medulla

2.Cortex

Term

Medulla

-Structure

-Hormone

Definition

-Inner portion

-activated by stress

-Prepares body for "Flight or Fight" reponse (ANS)

-Epinephrine

Term

Epinephrine(catecholamines)

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Many organs and tissues

-Reinforces and prolongs Sympathetic ANS respons thus causes:

↑in Heart Rate!! and ↑in Respiration!!

Term

Cortex

-Structure

-Hormone

Definition

-outer portion

-produces cortico hormones

-responds to ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

-hormones:

1.Aldosterone

2.Cortisol/Hydrocortisone

3.Androgens

Term

Aldosterone

-General Info

-Site of Action

-Effect

(Primary and Secondary)

Definition

-a mineralocorticoid

-kidney tubules

-Primary effect: regulates Na and K levels

-Secondary effect: to reabsorb water into tubules

Term

Androgens

(Estrogen and Progesterone)

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Various tissues

-supplement gonadal hormones; promote development of secondary sex characteristics.

Term

Pancreas

-General Info

-Location

Definition

-Pancreas are both exocrine as well as endocrine

-In the upper abdomen, posterior inferior to stomach

Term

What is the duct of the exocrine pancreas called?

and

What is the function of exocrine pancreas?

Definition

-Duodenal Papilla

drains into the stomach

-containscells and ducts that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the stomach. 

Term

Structure of Endocrine Pancreas

Hormones

Definition

-Islets of Langerhans contain endocrine cells.

-Hormones:

1.Insulin

2.Glucagon

Term

Insulin

-General Info(what cells produce insulin?)

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Beta Cells produce insulin

-all body cells

-regulates transport of glucose into cells.

 

Term

Glucagon

-Genral Info(What cells produce this hormone?)

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Alpha cells produce glucagon

-Liver

-promotes conversions of glucagon into glucose

Term

Gonads

Types

Definition

-Ovary

-Testes

Term

Ovary

-Structure

-Hormones

Definition

-corpus luteum and follicle

-Estrogen and Progesterone

Term

Estrogen and Progesterone

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-female reproductive organs esp. uterus

-development and regulation of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics 

Term

Testes

-Structure

-Hormones

Definition

-Interstitial cells of leydig

-Testosterone

Term

Testosterone

-Site of Action

-Effect

Definition

-Male reproductive organs

-Development and regulation of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics.

Term

Pineal Gland

-Location

Definition
-suspended from roof of 3rd ventricle
Term

Structure

Hormones

Definition

-Glandular structure of epithelial cells.

-Melatonin

Term
What are the functions of Pineal Gland and Melatonin?
Definition

-Receives and responds to input from visual pathway

-Highest level at night, may affect wake-sleep cycle(circardian rhythm)

-Inhibits hypothalamus stimulation of hormones which stimulate gonads. Delays sex maturation

Term
[image]
Definition
Understand the Negative Feedback Mechanism
Term
[image]
Definition
Pituitary Gland
Term
[image]
Definition
Thyroid Gland
Term
[image]
Definition
Adrenal Gland
Term
[image]
Definition
Pancreas
Term
[image]
Definition
Parathyroid Gland
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