Anatomical Position

head/eyes/toes pointed anteriorly

upper limbs by sides of body with palms facing forward

lower limbs together with toes directed anteriorly

Satgittal Planes

 it is the the plane that passes through the center of the body dividing into eaqual R and L halves.

oriented vertically, divide body into R and L parts. 

Coronal Planes

oriented vertically and divided into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Planes

divides body into superior and inferior parts

Matter

anything that has weight and takes up space

elements

basic building blocks of matter that can't be broken down by chemical means

atoms

smallest units of an element that retain the element's physical and chemical properties. these bond together to form molecules

neutrons

have a neutral charge

found in the nucleus

protons

positively charged

found in the nucleus

electrons

negatively charged

orbit around the nucleus

Molecules

made up of atoms that are bonded together

can be made up of the same atoms or different

Ionic bond

donates or takes on electrons 

results in stable outer shell 

occurs between particles that are charged (ions)

covalent bond

atoms share electrons

results in stable outer shell

hydrogen bond

holds water molecules together

occurs between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and a negativley charged atom

acid

substances that disassociate and release

hydrogen atoms.

pH scale 0-6

base

substances that take up hydrogen atoms or release hydroxyl ions.

pH scale 8-14

pH scale

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration 

working scale 0-14

0-6 = acidic

7 = neutral

8-14 = basic

dehydration reaction

removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules 

hydrolysis reaction

addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits 

What are the 2 reactions of making and breaking down organic molecules?

Hydrolysis

Dehydration

True/False

acids are substances that dissociate and release chloride atoms 

FALSE

True/False

bases are substances that take up hydrogen atoms or release hydroxyl ions

TRUE

true/false

hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and a negatively charged atom

TRUE

What organic molecules are found in living organisms?

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

made up of subunits called: monosaccharides

made of C, H, & O

 the H & O atoms are in a 2:1 ratio

function as short-term energy storage

found as simple & complex forms

Simple carbohydrates

monosaccharide --> 1 carbon ring as found in

glucose C6 H12 O6

disaccharide --> 2 carbon rings as found in

maltose C12 H22 O11

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharides --> made up of many carbon rings

glycogen --> the storage form in animals

starch --> the sorage form in plants

Lipids

molecules that do NOT dissolve in water

used as energy molecules

found in cell membranes

found as fats, oils, phospholipids, & steroids

Proteins

made up of subinits called: amino acids

important for the diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes, antibodies, & transporters

4 levels of protein organization

PRIMARY - linear order of amino acids

SECONDARY - localized folding into pleated sheets and helices

TERTIARY - 3D shape of entire protein in space

QUATERNARY - combo of 2+ polypeptide

nucleic acids

made of nucleotides subunits

function in the cell to make proteins

include RNA and DNA (genetic info)

What are the 3 parts of the nucleotide?

phosphate

nitrogen containing base

sugar

What are the 5 bases found in nucleotides?

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

[[these are double-ringed purines]]
 

Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
[[single-ringed pyrimidine]]

DNA

sugar is deoxyribose

bases include A, T, C, G

double-stranded

A pairs with T
G pairs with C 

RNA

sugar is ribose

bases include A, U, C, G

single-stranded 

A pairs with U
C pairs with G 

Cell theory

a cell is a basic unit of life

all living things are made up of cells

new cells arise from pre-existing cells

2 major types of cells in all living organisms 

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

how do things moce across the plasma membrane

1. diffusion

2. osmosis

3. facilitated transport

4. active transport

5. endocytosis& exocytosis

What structures are involved in protein production?

nucleus

ribosomes

endomembrane 

endomembrane system

a series of membranes in which molecules are transported in the cell

it consists of nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticullum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, & vesicle

rough endoplasmic

studded with ribosomes used to make proteins

golgi apparatus

flattened stacks that process, package and deliver proteins and lipid from the E.R.

lysosomes

membraneous vesicles made by the Golgi that contain digestive enzymes

vesicles

small membraneous sacs used for transport

cellular respiration

production of ATP in a cell

includes: glycolysis

citric acid cycle

electron chain transport

cell junctions

between the cells of human tissue that allows them to function in a coordinated manner

3 main types: adhesion (mechanically attach)

tight (connections btwn plasma)

gap (communication portals)

3 major components of connective tissue

cells

ground substance

protein fibers

4 major types of tissue in the body?

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

Epithelial

Connective Tissue 

binds and supports parts of the body

Muscular Tissue

allows for movement in the body

made of actin & myosin 

Nervous Tissue

allows for communication between cells through sensory input

made of 2 major cell types: neurons & neuroglia 

Epithelial Tissue

group of cells that froms tight, continuous network, lines body cavities, covers body surfaces

How do we name epithlial tissue?

by its number of layers

1 layer = simple

multiple = stratified

1 layer, but looks like many = pseudostratified

Integumentary system

2 main regions: epidermis & dermis

functions: protects body from physical trauma, invasions by pathogens, and water loss

helps regulate body temperature

allows awareness of surroundings though sensory receptors

synthesises chemicals suchs as melanin and vitamin D

Epidermis

outermost layer of skin

Dermis

thick inner layer of skin, made of dense fibrous connective tissue.
contains blood vessles and many sensory receptors

Cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessles

brings nutrients to cells and helps get rid of wates

functions: generate blood pressure
transport blood

exchange of nutrients and wastes at capillaries

regulate blood flow

main pathway of blood in the body

heart --> arteries

arteries --> arterioles

arterioles --> capillaries

capillaries --> venuels 

venuels --> veins

veins --> heart

Arteries and Arterioles

carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries

microscopic vessles between arterioles and venules

Veins

carry blood toward the heart

Venules

small veins that recieve blood from the capillaries

anatomy of the heart

cardiac tissue called: myocardium

surrounded by a sac called: pericardium

consists of 4 chambers: 2 atria & 2 ventricles

what side of the heart pumps blood to the entire body?

LEFT

What is the common function of gap junctions?

gap junctional rapid intercellular communication and synchronized contraction in cardiomyocytes

electrogardiogram

a record os the electrical charges in the heart muscle during the cardiac cycle

blood pressure

pressure against blood vessle wall

highest pressure: systolic
lowest pressure: diastolic
(controlled by arterioles) 

Pulmonary Circuit

cardiovascular pathway- the right side of the heart that brings blood from the body to the heart and lungs

systemic circuit

cardiovascular pathway- the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid it of wastes

hearts blood supply

coronary circulation: small coronary arteries that supply the heart  that are separate from the systemic and pulmonary pathways of the body

hepatic portal system

brings blood from the digestive tract rich in amino acids and glucose to the liver

exchange at the capillary beds is primarily a result of what?

osmosis

blood pressure

lymphatic capillary

lay alongside capillary beds and take up excess fluids and returns it to the cardiovascular veins in the chest

precapillary sphincter

shuts down blood capillary and blood then flows through the shunt

if blood pressure is so low in the veins, why does blood flow increase?

skeletal muscle contractions

breathing

valves

Cardiovascular disease

most common cause of death in the western world