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Anatom & Physiology
General Concepts
16
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/15/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
List the functional characteristics common to humans and othe organisms; explain the importance of each to maintaining life and what are the survival needs of living things.
Definition

1. Maintain Boundaries: Internal & External enviroment must remain distinct.

2. Movement: Internal locomotion

3. Responsiveness: (Adaptability) responds to physical & chemically eg.heat adptation,sun esxposure,ocygen levels,etc.

4. Digestion: absorction I utilixation of nutrients from the environment.

5. Metabolism: a state of change breakdown and building of substances to use & prduce energy "E" requires: respiration (absorption of oxygen)

6. Excretion: elimination of waste both useless & harmful. i.e. the organism is not 100% efficient.

7. Reproduce and Grow  

B. Survival needs as follows: (needs=factors to maintain life) i.e. nutrients, oxygen, water, optimal tempeture, atmospheric pressure.

Term
Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.
Definition

Physiology is the study of function how do organisms perform the 7 functions.

Anatomy is the study of structure (internal & external)

Term
Explain the principle of complementarity.
Definition
Complementarity states tha an organ's function (Physiology) is related to its stucture (Anatomy)
Term
Name in order of complexity, the different levels of structural organixation that make up the human body, and explain their relationships (define).
Definition

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ system

6. Organism

Term
Define Homeostasis and explain its significane.
Definition

Homeostasis is a process where by physiological systems maintain a reliable internal environment.

1. conditions remain stable even when the environment is contantly changing.

2. involves a dynamic state of equilibrium (balance).

3. Conrols requires:

1. receptor: picks up signal ( stinulus)

2. control center: deternines set point. analyzees/deternines response.

3. effector: causes incr. or decr. in activity to change inital stimulus.

Term
Describe how negative and positive feedback maintain body homeostasis.
Definition

a.Negitive feedback is when a correction that involves an ction that directly apposes the inital stimulus. Includes most systems: fluid, electrolytes, harmones temp, ph, blood glucose.

b. Positive feedbackis is a system where the stimulus producess a reponse that results in greater stimulus. i.e. (Labor contractions).

Term
Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalanace and diease.
Definition
when your homeostatic is imbalance it can cause homeostatic failure that can result into illness/diease.
Term
Anatomy Subdivions
Definition

B1. Gross: macro

1. surface (superfical markings)

2. regional (ext. and int. anatomy of a region)

3.systemic (organ systems)

4. medical/pathological (changes associated with illness.

5. radiographic (via x-ray, ultra sound)

6. developmental (from conception to phys, maturity), "embryology" a subdiviton.

B2. Fine: micro

1. histology (examine tissues)

2. cytology (structure of cells)

3. molecular biology (structure of biological molecules)

Term
what controls are required with homeostasis.
Definition

1. receptor: picks up signal (stimulus)

2. Control Center: detenines set point, analyzes/determines response.

3. Effector: causes incress or decrss, in activity to change initial stimulus.

Term
Negative feedback
Definition
A correction that involves an action that directly opposes the initial stimulus.
Term
Postive Feedback
Definition
system where the stimulus produces a response that results in greater stumulus.
Term
Homeostatic failure:
Definition
when there is a homestatic imlanlance and it results into illness/disease.
Term
Matter:
Definition
Has mass and it takes up space.
Term
Matter Examples
Definition

1. Atom: Smallest stable unit of matter

2. Molecules: when atoms combine (two or more held by chemical means)

3. Element: all of the same type of atom, can not be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary means.

Compound: 2 or more elements held by chemical bonds. Example: C6H12O6 is a compound, O2 is not.

Term
Atomic Structure Fundamental Particles:
Definition

a. Prontons : (+), in nucleus

b. Neutrons: (no charge), in nucleus

c. Electrons: (-), smaller (1/1800th the size, considered weightless, and licated in orbitals/clouds surrounding the nucleus

Term
Atomic Measurements
Definition

PeriodicTable: lists measurements, appendix E.

1. Atomic Number: the number of protone in the nucleus is written to the left of the symbol.

2. Mass Number: sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons.

3. Atomic Weight: derived from an average mass # determined for any individual element.

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