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ANAT316 - Test #1
(Neuroanatomy)
236
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/23/2012

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Cards

Term
Which structures make up the cerebrum?
Definition
Telencephalon & Diencephalon
Term
Another name for the midbrain?
Definition
Mesencephalon
Term
3 main parts of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrum (Telecephalon & Diencephalon)
Cerebellum
Brain Stem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla)
Term
Largest & most recently evolved part of brain?
Definition
Telencephalon (Cortex)
Term
3 main parts of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrum (Telecephalon & Diencephalon)
Cerebellum
Brain Stem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla)
Term
Largest & most recently evolved part of brain?
Definition
Telencephalon (Cortex)
Term
How many bones make up the facial skeleton?
Definition
14
Term
How many bones make up the brain case/vault (cranial vault)?
Definition
8
Term
Which of the bones of the skull are paired?
Definition
The parietal and temporal bones
Term
Which of the bones of the cranial vault are unpaired?
Definition
Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, occipital
Term
Which bone(s) cannot be seen from the frontal view of the skull?
Definition
The occipital and palatine bones
Term
How many alveolar processes/foramina are present in each maxilla?
Definition
8
Since maxillae are paired, 8/maxilla = 16 in total for the 16 teeth of the upper jaw
Term
How many alveolar processes/foramina are present in the mandible?
Definition
There are 16 alveolar processes on the mandible
Term
Where are the supraorbital & infraorbital foramina located?
Definition
Supraorbital -> above orbit in FRONAL bone
Infraorbital -> below orbit, 1 in each MAXILLA
Term
Where are the mental foramina located?
Definition
At the chin in the MANDIBLE
Term
Which is the only cranial vault bone not visible from the lateral view?
Definition
ETHMOID
Term
Which part of the sphenoid is visible from the lateral view of the skull?
Definition
The GREATER WING
Term
What two processes form the zygomatic arch?
Definition
Zygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic (they are reciprocally named)
Term
Which portions of the sphenoid are seen above/below the zygomatic arch?
Definition
Above the arch - greater wing of sphenoid
Below the arch - lateral pterygoid plate
Term
What are the two portions of the temporal bone and their relative locations?
Definition
Squamous - flat portion; superior to zyg. arch
Petrous - non-flat; inferior to zyg. arch
Term
What forms the TEMPORAL FOSSA?
Definition
Greater wing of sphenoid, squamous portion of temporal, and parietal bones
Term
Where are the styloid and mastoid processes present on the temporal bones?
Definition
Present posteriorly and inferiorly on the PETROUS portion of each temporal bone
Term
Where is the external acoustic meatus located?
Definition
In the petrous portion of the temporal bone, posteriorly
Responsible for conducting sound through the ear
Term
Sutures of the Skull
Definition
Coronal - between frontal and parietal
Sagittal - between paired parietal
Squamous - between parietal & temporal
Lambdoid - between parietal & occipital
Term
Pterion
Definition
Intersection point between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid (greater wing)
Term
Occipital bone features from the posterior view of the skull:
Definition
Superior & Inferior Nuchal Lines - impt. for muscle attachment
Occipital Condyles - surround foramen magnum; articulate with atlas (C1) to form atlanto-occipital joint
Term
Which sutures cannot be seen from the (external) superior view of the skull?
Definition
The squamous sutures
Term
Vomer Bone
Definition
Present anterior to occipital condyles from inferior view; forms bottom 1/2 of bony nasal septum
Separates the nasal choanae (nasal apertures)
Term
Pterygoid Processes from INFERIOR view...
Definition
Lateral to both the vomer and the nasal choanae on each side; made up of the MEDIAL and LATERAL pterygoid plates, separated by the pterygoid fossa
Term
What is lateral to each pterygoid plate?
Definition
The INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE (can be seen on inferior aspect of orbit)
Term
What forms the posterior/anterior portions of the BONY PALATE?
Definition
Posterior - the horizontal plates of the PALATINE bones
Anterior - the palatine processes of the MAXILLAE
Term
Incisive Foramen
Definition
Unpaired foramen
Present at the anterior portion of the hard palate, between the unison of the two maxillae just posterior to the teeth
Term
What forms the ANTERIOR cranial fossa?
Definition
Anterior portion of frontal bone, ethmoid bone, lesser wings & jugum of sphenoid bone
Term
What two structures does the horizontal plate of the frontal bone contribute to?
Definition
The floor of the anterior cranial fossa & the roof of the orbit
Term
What marks the posterior border of the anterior cranial fossa?
Definition
The lesser wing and jugum of the sphenoid bone
Term
What parts of the sphenoid make up the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
The greater wings, clinoid processes and the sella turcica
Term
What are the main openings in the sphenoid bone?
Definition
Optic Canals
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramina Rotundum, Ovale, Spinosum
Term
What cranial fossa is the carotid canal located in?
Definition
The middle cranial fossa; enters fossa just lateral to foramen lacerum
Term
What forms the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
The clivus of the occipital bone, petrous portion of temporal bone
Term
In which cranial fossa is the internal acoustic meatus located?
Definition
In the POSTERIOR cranial fossa
Term
What do the vertical and horizontal plates of the frontal bone form?
Definition
Vertical plate - forehead
Horizontal plate - roof of orbit & floor of anterior cranial fossa
Term
Which bones have sinuses in them?
Definition
Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillae
Term
Where are the hypoglossal canals located?
Definition
In the walls of the foramen magnum, laterally; for passage of CN XII
Term
Where is the auditory tube located in the temporal bone?
Definition
Connected to the EXTERNAL acoustic meatus (for sound conduction)
Term
Where are the sphenoid sinuses located?
Definition
Deep to the sella turcica in the "body" of the bone
Term
What forms the anterior floor of the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
The greater wings of the sphenoid bone
Term
What exist in the lateral masses of the ethmoid?
Definition
Ethmoidal Air Cells
Superior & Middle Nasal Conchae
Term
Vertical vs. Horizontal Plate of the ETHMOID
Definition
Vertical Plate - makes up the top 1/2 of the bony septum inferiorly, and the crista galli superiorly
Horizontal Plate - forms cribriform plates on either side of crista galli w/ olfactory foramina
Term
Which nasal conchae are NOT part of the ethmoid bone?
Definition
INFERIOR nasal conchae, they are their own bones
Term
Which facial bone(s) are mainly hollow?
Definition
The maxillae -> have very large air sinuses
These sinuses are most often affected in sinusitis
Term
What parts of the orbit do the maxillae form?
Definition
Inferior border and walls
Term
What purpose do the palatine processes of the maxillae serve?
Definition
They form the anterior 4/5 of the hard palate
Term
What are the different processes of the maxillae?
Definition
Frontal, zygomatic
Term
Processes of the MANDIBLE
Definition
Coronoid - crown shaped; anterior process; muscle attachment
Condyloid - articular; posterior process; articulates w/ mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form TM joint
Term
Where are the mandibular foramen located?
Definition
On the inner surfaces of the rami, just superior to the angle
Term
Which parts of the orbit do the zygoma form?
Definition
Lateral border, lateral 1/2 of inferior border, floor of orbit
Term
Palatine Bone
Definition
UNPAIRED; horizontal plate forms the posterior 1/5 of the hard palate
Vertical plate forms posterior 1/3 of lateral nasal wall
Term
Where is the lacrimal bone located?
Definition
Located in between the orbits, such that it forms part of the medial wall of each orbit
Most delicate bone in the face
Contributes to medial orbital and lateral nasal walls
Term
What is suspended from the hyoid bone?
Definition
Larynx
Term
Parts of the hyoid?
Definition
Body, superior & inferior cornu (horns)
Term
How many mandibles do we have embryologically?
Definition
Start off w/ 2, then they fuse to form 1
Term
In what facial bone(s) do many racial differences occur between races?
Definition
The zygoma (zygomatic bones)
Term
What kind of joints are sutures?
Definition
FIBROUS joints
Term
Anterior Fontanelle
Definition
Fontanelle - soft spot on the baby's head to permit fusion of cranial bones
Anterior is the largest, at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures
Term
What shape is the palatine bone?
Definition
L-shaped
Term
What structures form the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
Greater wing of the sphenoid + sella turcica & clinoid processes of sphenoid + temporal bone (petrous portion)
Term
What is the lowest cranial fossa?
Definition
The posterior cranial fossa
Term
Which part of the ethmoid forms the orbital plate?
Definition
The lateral part of the ethmoid bone (lateral masses); the orbital plate is the medial wall of the orbit
Term
Why is the maxillary sinus most often affected in sinusitis?
Definition
Because it drains out the TOP instead of draining out the bottom (harder to drain out pus)
Term
What separates the telencephalon from the cerebellum?
Definition
The HORIZONTAL FISSURE
Term
What are the 3 main fissures of the cerebrum?
Definition
Sagittal (Longitudinal) - separates the two hemispheres
Horizontal - separates the telencephalon & cerebellum
Lateral - separates temporal lobe from upper cerebrum
Term
Locations of the lobes of the brain?
Definition
Frontal - anterior to the centra sulcus, above lateral fissure
Parietal - medial/superior to lateral fissure; between central sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus
Temporal - below lateral fissure
Occipital - behind PO sulcus
Term
Difference between gyri and sulci
Definition
Gyri = hills
Sulci = valleys/grooves
Term
Where are the precentral and postcentral gyri located and what functions/cortices are associated?
Definition
Precentral - in between precentral and central sulci; location of the motor cortex
Postcentral - in between central and postcentral sulci; location of the somatosensory cortex
Term
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
Definition
Calcarine sulcus (in occipital lobe)
Term
What is the main sensory nucleus of the brain?
Definition
The thalamus
Term
Which sensory relay does NOT pass through the thalamus?
Definition
Olfaction
Term
What structures are included in the basal ganglia?
Definition
Lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)
Caudate nucleus
Amygdala
Term
What are the 3 types of fibers of white matter?
Definition
Association Fibers
Commissural Fibers
Projection Fibers
Term
Association Fibers
Definition
Type of white matter which communicates WITHIN one hemisphere
Long, short or intermediate
Term
Commissural Fibers
Definition
Communicate between the two hemispheres
Have anterior & posterior commissures, but the largest bundle is the CORPUS CALLOSUM
Term
Parts of the corpus callosum?
Definition
Genu (anteior), Body, Splenium (posterior)
Term
Projection Fibers
Definition
Types of white matter fibers which project to different levels of the CNS; NOT confined only to cerebrum
Term
Features of the MIDBRAIN
Definition
Anteriorly see the cerebral peduncles & mammillary bodies
Posterior, see the paired superior & inferior colliculi
Term
What is the cerebellum important for?
Definition
Coordination of movement
Term
What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Definition
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Term
What level does the spinal cord extend down the spinal canal?
Definition
From foramen magnum down to L1-L2
Term
How many sets of spinal nerves are there?
Definition
32
8 C, 12 T, 5, L, 5 S, 1-2 coccy.
Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
Tapering of the spinal cord at its most distal point (L1-L2)
Term
What attaches the spinal cord to the sacrum?
Definition
Attached by the FILUM TERMINALE (thread of CT)
Term
What enlargements are present in the spinal cord and what are their purposes?
Definition
Cervical & Lumbar
For the nerve plexuses of the upper (brachial) and lower (lumbosacral) limbs
Term
Grey matter vs. white matter positioning in the cerebrum vs. spinal cord?
Definition
In cerebrum, grey matter is cortical and white matter is medullary
In the spinal cord, white matter is cortical and grey matter is medullary
Term
Filum Terminale
Definition
Thread of CT which anchors terminal spinal cord (conus medullaris) to the sacrum
Term
Grooves present in the spinal cord?
Definition
Posterior groove and anterior sulcus (anterior sulcus is much larger)
Term
Is the anterior or posterior groove in the spinal cord larger?
Definition
Anterior sulcus is larger
Term
Anterior Horn of Spinal Cord
Definition
Ventral horn -> responsible for motor function
Location of motoneuron somae
Term
Posterior Horn of SC
Definition
Dorsal horn; synapses of sensory neurons occur here
Term
Intermediate Horn of SC
Definition
Located only from the levels of T1-L2; responsible for location of the cell bodies of autonomic neurons
Term
What is the arrangement of white matter in the SC?
Definition
Have it arranged into 3 columns (funiculi) - anterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi
Term
What are ventricles continuous with in the spinal cord?
Definition
The central (spinal) canal
Term
In which ventricles is choroid plexus present?
Definition
IN ALL OF THEM; therefore all ventricles are capable of producing CSF
Term
Portions of the lateral ventricles and what lobes of the brain they are located in...
Definition
Anterior Horn - frontal lobe
Body - parietal lobe
Posterior Horn - occipital lobe
Inferior Horn - temporal lobe
Term
What part of the lateral ventricles joins the inferior & posterior horns?
Definition
The ATRIUM
Term
What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
Definition
Foramen of Monro
Term
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
Definition
In the diencephalon of the cerebrum (between the halves of the thalamus)
Term
What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
Definition
The Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Term
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Definition
Posterior to the pons/medulla and anterior to the cerebellum
Term
What foramina are present in the 4th ventricle to allow CSF to escape?
Definition
Foramina of Luschka - in the lateral walls
Foramen of Magendie - at inferior angle of ventricle
Term
How does the CSF travel from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
Definition
Via the foramina of Luschka & Magendie
Term
In what parts of the body is the dura mater fused/not fused to bone?
Definition
In the skull, is fused to the cranial vault bones
In the spinal cord, not fused creating the EPIDURAL SPACE (used for injection of anaesthetics)
Term
Where may anaesthetics be injected into the spinal cord?
Definition
Into the epidural space
Term
What is the epidural space filled with?
Definition
FAT
Term
What invaginations of the dura mater exist?
Definition
Invaginates into the sagittal fissure to form FALX CEREBRI
Invaginates into the horizontal fissure to form TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
Term
In what area (other than ventricles) is CSF allowed to freely circulate?
Definition
The subarachnoid space
Term
Attachments of the arachnoid mater to the other meninges?
Definition
Firmly attached to the dura mater
Weakly attached to the pia mater via denticulate ligaments
Term
How does the pia mater connect to the arachnoid mater?
Definition
Via tooth shaped processes known as denticulate ligaments
Term
Overview of the path of CSF circulation through the ventricles...
Definition
Produced in all ventricles (but for example start in lateral ventricles)
Travels from lateral ventricles through foramen of Monro into the 3rd ventricle; connects to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
From 4th ventricle can pass into subarachnoid space via foramina or can travel straight into central canal of spinal cord
Term
In what region does the arachnoid mater penetrate through the dura into the dural sinus?
Definition
In the region of the falx cerebri
Arachnoid villi project upwards through the dura into the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL sinus
Term
Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?
Definition
In the subdural space in the region of the falx cerebri
Term
What is the superior sagittal sinus responsible for draining?
Definition
Both blood and CSF
Term
Where do the dural sinuses empty into?
Definition
The internal jugular vein
Term
What is the lumbar cistern?
Definition
Large opening of the SUBARACHNOID space in the lumbar vertebral area (at conus medullaris; L1/L2)
Term
Which medical procedure commonly occurs at the lumbar cistern?
Definition
Spinal tap/lumbar puncture
Term
Two main sources of blood supply to the brain?
Definition
The vertebral and internal carotid arteries
Term
Internal carotid supply to the brain
Definition
Common carotid travels up the neck, bifurcating into the internal and external carotids
Internal carotid splits at the sella turcica into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Term
Vertebral artery supply to the brain
Definition
Vertebral arteries anastomose to form the basilar artery, which soon bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries
Term
Circle of Willis
Definition
An anastomosis of vasculature formed by connections made by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries
Posterior communicating artery joins the posterior cerebral artery to the middle/anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries
Term
Blood supply of the brain by region...
Definition
Anterior & Posterior Cerebral - supply the SAGITTAL surface of the brain & outer cortex
Middle Cerebral - supplies the CENTRE of the brain
Inferior Cerebellar Arteries - supply cerebellum
Term
Blood supply of the spinal cord...
Definition
Supplied by vertebral arteries superiorly, and the aorta inferiorly
Term
What are the poles of the brain?
Definition
Frontal, Occipital, Inferior (Temporal)
Term
Where is the cingulate gyrus located? What is its function?
Definition
Located just above the corpus callosum
Important for memory/emotion

Cingulate sulcus is superior to the cingulate gyrus
Term
Where is the amygdala located?
Definition
In the anterior portion of the temporal lobe
Term
Can we survive without the corpus callosum?
Definition
Yes
Term
What are the mamillary bodies part of?
Definition
The hypothalamus NOT THE MIDBRAIN
Term
Pyramids vs. Olives on Medulla Oblongata
Definition
Pyramids are medial, olives are lateral

CN XII comes out between the two on either side of the medulla
Term
Why does the spinal cord stop at L1-L2 in humans?
Definition
Because during growth, the growth of the bone/muscle surrounding SC exceeds its growth
Term
Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent (sensory) neurons located?
Definition
In the DRG
Term
What is the morphology of sensory neurons in the DRG?
Definition
They are pseudo-unipolar
Term
Where are all of the BVs of the CNS located?
Definition
In the ARACHNOID MATER
Term
What is unique about the dura and arachnoid mater in the SC specifically?
Definition
They are fused to form the dura-arachnoid layer (ONLY SEEN IN SC, not in brain)
Term
Path of the internal carotid artery in the skull?
Definition
Branches internally from internal carotid; travels through carotid canal in occipital bone, emerges just above foramen lacerum (but does NOT travel through it)
Term
What does the Circle of Willis surround?
Definition
The sella turcica & pituitary gland
Term
What is the posterior funiculus of the SC divided into?
Definition
Two bundles known as fasciculi
The fasciculus GRACILIS and fasciculus CUNEATUS
Term
What is located in the lateral and anterior funiculi?
Definition
Anterior Funiculus - houses anterior CTS tract
Lateral Funiculus - houses lateral CTS tract
Term
# of neurons & synapses in the MOTOR TRACTS vs. SENSORY TRACTS
Definition
SENSORY - 3 neurons & 2 synapses
MOTOR - 2 neurons & 1 synapse
Term
Path of exit of spinal nerves at the various levels...(differences)
Definition
C1-C7 - exit ABOVE the vertebrae they are named after
C8 and below - exit BELOW the vertebrae they are named after
Term
When do the spinal nerves bifurcate into the dorsal & ventral rami?
Definition
After they have left the intervertebral foramina (for all levels except sacral)
For sacral nerves, they bifurcate BEFORE they exit
Term
Cell body locations of motor vs. sensory neurons?
Definition
Motor - located in ventral horn of SC
Sensory - located in DRG
Term
Two most important sensory tracts?
Definition
Dorsal & anterolateral columns
Term
What senses do the DORSAL sensory columns carry?
Definition
Proprioception, discriminatory touch & vibration
Term
What senses do the ANTEROLATERAL sensory columns carry?
Definition
Pain, temperature, coarse (non-discriminatory) touch
Term
What are the two DORSAL FASCICULI?
Definition
The fasciculus gracilis & cuneatus
Term
What fibers do each of the respective dorsal fasciculi receive?
Definition
Fibers from BELOW T6 -> travel up the more medial fasciculus GRACILIS
Fibers from ABOVE T6 -> travel up the more lateral fasciculus CUNEATUS
Term
Which dorsal fasciculus is more lateral?
Definition
The fasciculus cuneatus is lateral, and fasc. gracilis is medial
Term
Where are the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus located? What occurs here?
Definition
The two nuclei are located in the medulla of the brainstem
This is where the 1st synapse in the dorsal pathway occurs, with the secondary (postsynaptic) axons crossing (decussating) here
Term
Where do the axons of the dorsal ascending pathway cross?
Definition
Just after synapsing in the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus in the medulla of the brain stem
Term
In what structure does the dorsal ascending pathway ascend through the brain stem?
Definition
Ascends via the MEDIAL LEMNISCUS
Term
Where are the two synapses of the dorsal ascending pathway located?
Definition
1st - in the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus in the brainstem
2nd - in the thalamus
Term
Dorsal Ascending Pathway
Definition
Carries proprioception, vibration & discrim. touch
Starts in fasciculi cuneatus (lateral) and gracilis (medial), fibers travel up and synapse in the nuclei in the medulla.
Secondary axons decussate here and travel up medial lemniscus to the thalamus and synapse a second time.
Pathway travels through internal capsule and ends in the somatosensory cortex in the post-central gyrus
Term
What is the end location of the dorsal ascending pathway?
Definition
In the somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
Term
Where are the synapses located in the anterolateral ascending tract?
Definition
1st = in the dorsal horn of the SC (axons synapse and then decussate here)
2nd = in the thalamus
Term
What path is shared by both the anterolateral & dorsal ascending columns?
Definition
Once they reach the brain stem, both travel up medial lemniscus and synapse for a second time in the thalamus.
Then both take internal capsule to reach somatosensory cortex.
Term
What is the most direct motor pathway?
Definition
The corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
Term
CTS Tract Pathway...
Definition
Start in precentral gyrus (motor & premotor cortices); fibers go through internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, pons and through the pyramids of medulla where most decussate to form the lateral CTS tract.
The rest of the fibers remain ipsilateral to form the anterior CTS tract (these cross close to where they terminate)
All CTS fibers terminate in the ventral horn of the spinal cord where they synapse with large motoneurons which exit through the ventral ramus
Term
Where do all CTS fibers terminate?
Definition
In the ventral horn of the spinal cord (synapse with motoneurons here)
Term
What are 3 other motor tracts and what do they form?
Definition
Rubrospinal, Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal Tracts
Collectively they form the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL system
Term
CN I (Name, Function, Foramen)
Definition
Olfactory
Sensory - olfaction
Cribriform plate in ethmoid
Term
CN II (Name, Function, Foramen)
Definition
Optic Nerve
Sensory - vision
Optic canals
Term
CN III (Name, Function, Foramen)
Definition
Oculomotor
Motor - motor to MR, SR, IR, IO, and lev. palpebrae superioris
Superior orbital fissure

Also, parasympathetic to ciliary and lens muscles
Term
CN IV (Name, Function, Foramen)
Definition
Trochlear
Motor - SO
Superior orbital fissure
Term
CN V
Definition
Trigeminal (V1 = ophthalmic, V2 = maxillary, V3 = mandibular)
Mixed - sensory to forehead, and most of face; motor to muscles of mastication via V3
V1 = SOF, supraorbital; V2 = foramen rotundum; infraorbital; V3 = foramen ovale; mental/mandibular foramen
Term
CN VI
Definition
Abducens
Motor - LR
Superior orbital fissure
Term
CN VII
Definition
Facial
Mixed - taste to anterior 2/3 tongue; facial expression muscles
Internal acoustic meatus; stylomastoid foramen

Also, parasympathetic to submandibular & sublingual salivary glands and lacrimal glands
Term
CN VIII
Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory - balance & hearing
Internal acoustic meatus
Term
CN IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Mixed - taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue; sensory and motor to pharynx
Jugular foramen

Also, parasympathetic innervation to parotid glands
Term
CN X
Definition
Vagus
Mixed - sensory & motor to the larynx
Jugular foramen

Also, parasympathetic to thorax & abdomen (as far as 2/3 down the transverse colon)
Term
CN XI
Definition
Spinal accessory
Motor - trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
Jugular foramen
Term
CN XII
Definition
Hypoglossal
Motor - intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal canal
Term
Foramina of ALL cranial nerves exiting skull
Definition
I - cribriform plate
II - optic canal
III, IV, VI - SOF
V - SOF (V1), FR (V2), FO (V3)
VII - stylomastoid foramen
VIII - internal acoustic meatus
IX, X, XI - jugular foramen
XII - hypoglossal canal
Term
1st synapse in dorsal vs. anterolateral columns?
Definition
Dorsal - by secondary neuron in medulla
Anterolateral - by secondary neuron in dorsal horn
Term
Where do the neurons making up CN I originate?
Definition
In the olfactory mucosa of the nose
Term
What structure rests on the cribriform plate that CN I axons travel to? What leaves this structure and where does it travel?
Definition
Olfactory bulb rests on cribriform plate
Secondary neurons form the olfactory nerve which runs to the rhinencephalon (olfactory cortex)
Term
Where do the axons in the optic tracts synapse?
Definition
LGN of thalamus
Term
What is the only branch of CN V that exits the pons?
Definition
V3 (mandibular)
Term
Path of CN VII in skull
Definition
Leaves at junction of pons & medulla; travels into skull via internal acoustic meatus & exits via stylomastoid foramen
Branches into 5 branches to innervate muscles of facial expression, sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue, and parasympathetics
Term
Where do rootlets for CN XI exit the spinal cord?
Definition
At the CERVICAL level
Term
What are the only two things to travel through the optic canals?
Definition
The optic nerve and an artery
Term
Which branch of CN V does both motor & sensory innervation?
Definition
V3 - mandibular
Term
Which CN have parasympathetic components?
Definition
III, VII, IX, X
Term
Which two nerves enter the skull via the internal acoustic meatus?
Definition
CN VIII and CN VII (but only CN VII exits eventually)
Term
Which two CN contribute sensory innervation to the tongue?
Definition
CN VII - anterior 2/3
CN IX - posterior 1/3
Term
What two BVs does the vagus nerve travel with into the thorax?
Definition
Common carotid & internal jugular
Term
What is the autonomic NS considered to innervate?
Definition
Considered to be the MOTOR innervation to the viscera of the body (unconscious motor component of visceral NS)
Term
What are other names for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Definition
Sympathetic - thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic - craniosacral
Term
What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation throughout the body?
Definition
CN III, VII, IX, X and S2-S4
Term
What is true of all information traveling through the ANS?
Definition
Uses TWO neurons to reach its target tissue (preganglionic and postganglionic neuron)
Term
Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate on the SC?
Definition
In the intermediate horn of grey matter, which exists between the levels of T1-L2
Term
What root do the sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord via?
Definition
Leave via the ventral (anterior) root/ramus and join with the spinal nerve
Term
How do the sympathetic nerves enter the sympathetic trunk?
Definition
Via the WHITE RAMUS COMMUNICANS
Term
In what scenario (i.e. what final target) will the postganglionics leave the trunk and re-join with the spinal nerve? How do they exit the trunk?
Definition
Leave the trunk via the GREY RAMUS COMMUNICANS
They only leave through the grey ramus if their final target is the body wall/BVs
Term
What spinal levels does the sympathetic trunk run from/to?
Definition
From C1-S5
Term
4 examples of fused sympathetic ganglia
Definition
Superior (C1-C4), Middle (C5-6), Inferior (C7-8) Cervical Ganglia
Ganglia Impar (fusion of coccyg. ganglia)
Term
What is true of ALL sympathetic nerves travelling to the body wall/BVs?
Definition
ALL synapse in the sympathetic trunk
Term
What levels is white rami communicans and grey rami communicans located respectively?
Definition
White - from T1-L2 (origin of sympathetics)
Grey - all levels along trunk (C1-S5)
Term
What are the final targets for the parasympathetic components of the CN?
Definition
III - muscles for pupil & lens
VII - submandibular, sublingual & lacrimal glands
IX - parotid glands
X - viscera of thorax & abdomen (up to 2/3 along trans. colon)
Term
What are the final targets of the parasympathetics from S2-S4?
Definition
Distal colon
Bladder & urethra
Control blood flow to penis & clitoris
Term
How many autonomic plexuses exist in the THORAX? Where are they located?
Definition
3 - Esophageal, Cardiac & Pulmonary
Cardiac & Pulmonary - near bifurcation of trachea
Esophageal - near distal esophagus
Term
Which surface of the aorta are the abdominal autonomic plexuses associated with?
Definition
Anterior surface
Term
What forms the enteric plexus in the GI tract?
Definition
The vagus (CN X) and pelvic splanchnic nerves
Term
What are the 4 autonomic plexuses of the abdomen?
Definition
Celiac, Superior & Inferior Mesenteric, and Renal Plexuses
Term
How many plexuses are located in the pelvis and what are they?
Definition
3 in total - one Superior Hypogastric & two Inferior Hypogastric
Term
Which plexuses do the pelvic splanchnic parasympathetic nerves join?
Definition
Pelvic splanchnic parasympathetics join in the INFERIOR hypogastric plexuses (one on each side)
Term
If the splanchnic nerve travels ABOVE the diaphragm, where does the synapse usually occur?
Definition
In the PARAVERTEBRAL (SYMPATHETIC TRUNK) GANGLIA
Term
What supplies the carotid plexus?
Definition
The superior cervical ganglion (C1-C4)
Term
Generally, what roots supply sympathetic innervation to organs above the diaphragm?
Definition
C1-T4
Term
What roots supply the (1) heart, (2) lungs, and (3) esophagus?
(Via their plexuses)
Definition
Heart - C1-T1
Lungs - T1-T4
Esophagus - T2-T4
Term
What are the 4 major splanchnic nerves below the diaphragm? Which plexus does each travel to?
Definition
Greater Splanchnic - to celiac plexus
Lesser Splanchnic - to superior mesenteric plexus
Least Splanchnic - to renal plexuses
Lumbar Splanchnic - to inferior mesenteric plexus
Term
Which splanchnic nerve below the diaphragm receives input from the MOST # of sympathetic ganglia?
Definition
Greater Splanchnic -> receives input from T5-T9
Term
What are the input roots for the various splanchnic nerves BELOW the diaphragm?
Definition
Greater Spl. - T5-T9
Lesser Spl. - T10-T11
Least Spl. - T12
Lumbar Spl. - L1-L2
Term
What kind of autonomic ganglia are present in the plexuses ABOVE the diaphragm vs. those BELOW the diaphragm
Definition
ABOVE - only have parasympathetic ganglia in plexuses because sympathetic nerves have already synapsed in paravertebral ganglia
BELOW - have both ganglia present in the plexuses
Term
What portions of the gut are supplied by which abdominal autonomic plexuses?
Definition
Foregut (stomach and 1st part of duodenum) - CELIAC
Midgut (duodenum to 2/3 down t. colon) - SUP. MESENTERIC
Hindgut (remainder of colon) - INF. MESENTERIC
Term
What organs do pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate?
Definition
The bladder & reproductive organs (blood flow to penis & clitoris)
Term
What kind of splanchnic nerves travel into the pelvis?
Definition
POSTGANGLIONIC nerves from the lower paravertebral ganglia (have already synapsed in the sympathetic trunk)
Term
Parasympathetic CN Ganglia
Definition
III - ciliary ganglion
VII - pteryogopalatine & submandibular ganglia
IX - otic ganglion
X - just goes everywhere
Term
Hemisection of the R side of the SC; what is lost below the level of injury?
Definition
Lose proprioception, vibration & disc. touch (dorsal) on the R side
Lose pain, temperature & coarse touch (anterolat.) on the L side
Term
In what two situations do preganglionic neurons NOT synapse in the sympathetic trunk?
Definition
If they are traveling to the adrenal medulla
If they are traveling below the diaphragm
Term
What structures in the telencephalon and diencephalon are made of grey matter?
Definition
Tel. - cortex & basal ganglia
Dien. - thalamus
Term
What bone is the carotid canal located in?
Definition
Petrous portion of temporal
Term
Relative position of globus pallidum vs. putamen? What nucleus do they make up?
Definition
G.P. is medial, putamen is lateral

Make up Lentiform Nucleus
Term
Name of white matter separating caudate & lentiform nuclei?
Definition
Internal Capsule
Term
What is a cistern? What is the largest one?
Definition
Cistern = opening of the subarachnoid space

Largest is the lumbar cistern (at L1/2)
Term
What supplies the cortical surface vs. the center of the brain?
Definition
Surface = Anterior & Posterior Cerebral

Center = Middle Cerebral
Term
Senses of the dorsal sensory columns vs. anterolateral columns?
Definition
Dorsal = fine touch, proprioception, vibration

Anterolateral = crude touch, pain, temperature
Term
Which bones of the face are paired vs. unpaired?
Definition
Paired = zygoma, maxillae, inferior chonchae, palatine, lacrimal, nasal

Unpaired = vomer & mandible
Term
The tapering point of the spinal cord - what is it called, and what level does it occur at?
Definition
Called CONUS MEDULLARIS
Occurs at L1/L2
Term
Where do axons in the optic tracts first synapse?
Definition
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
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