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ANAT315 - Leg, Ankle Joint & Foot
N/A
115
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/26/2011

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Term
Which is the weight bearing bone of the leg?
Definition
The tibia
Term
Borders of the tibia
Definition
Sharp anterior & lateral borders
Lateral border = attachment for IO membrane
Medial border is subcutaneous (no muscles above it); hurts to get hit here (shin)
Term
Talar Articular Surface
Definition
Flattened out portion at distal tibia which articulates w/ talus
Term
Medial Malleolus
Definition
Distal, medial tuberosity on TIBIA
Forms medial wall of ankle socket
Term
Soleal Line
Definition
Posterior aspect of tibia; attachment for soleus
Analogous to oblique line on radius for FDS attachment
Term
Lateral Malleolus
Definition
Lateral, distal tuberosity of the FIBULA
Forms lateral wall of ankle socket
Term
Talus
Definition
Articulates w/ talar articular surface of tibia w/ body of talus (trochlea)
Neck & head - distal to body; head articulates w/ navicular
Articulates w/ calcaneus inferiorly
Term
Largest tarsal & largest carpal?
Definition
Tarsal = Calcaneus
Carpal = Capitate
Term
Sustentaculum Tali
Definition
"Sustainer of the talus"
MEDIAL, shelf-process which the talus is supported on
Term
What is the weight bearing bone of the foot?
Definition
Calcaneus
Term
Which tarsal articulates with all other tarsals?
Definition
Navicular
Term
Navicular
Definition
Articulates w/ calaneus & talus proximally
Articulates w/ cuboid laterally
Articulates w/ cuneiforms distally
Term
Cuboid
Definition
Articulates w/ calcaneus proximally
Articulates w/ MT 4 & 5 distally
Term
Which tarsals do the metatarsals articulate with?
Definition
MT 1 = cuneiform 1
MT 2 = cuneiform 2
MT 3 = cuneiform 3
MT 4 & 5 = cuboid
Term
General rules for ANTERIOR compartment of LEG
Definition
Arise from either tibia or fibula AND adjoining IO membrane
EXTEND (DORSIFLEX) the foot - insert on dorsum of foot
Innervated by deep peroneal nerve
Term
General Rules for LATERAL Compartment of the LEG
Definition
Arise from fibula & insert on foot
EVERT the sole of the foot
Innervated by superficial peroneal nerve
Term
General Rules for the POSTERIOR Compartment of the Leg
Definition
FLEX (PLANTARFLEX) the foot
Innervated by tibial nerve
Term
How many muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Definition
4 and 1/2 - TA, EHL, EDL, PT (the 1/2 muscle), EDB
Term
Tibialis Anterior
Definition
O - upper 2/3 of tibia and IO membrane
I - tendon passes under ER and inserts onto cuneiform 1 and base of MT 1
A - EXTEND (dorsiflex) foot and INVERSION
I - deep peroneal nerve
Term
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Definition
O - inner, proximal 1/2 of fibula & IO membrane
I - tendon goes under ER, to distal phalanx of hallux
A - EXTEND (dorsiflex) foot, extend big toe
I - deep peroneal nerve
Term
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Definition
O - medial fibula & IO membrane
I - tendons to lateral 4 toes via extensor expansiosn
A - EXTEND ankle and lateral 4 toes
I - deep peroneal nerve
Term
Peroneus Tertius
Definition
O - slip off of EDL
I - base of MT 5
A - EXTEND foot, EVERT foot
I - deep peroneal nerve
Term
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Definition
O - calcaneus on dorsum of foot
I - proximal phalanx of big toe, extensor expansions of toes 2-4
A - EXTEND toes 1-4
I - deep peroneal nerve
Term
What supplies blood to the anterior compartment of the leg?
Definition
The ANTERIOR TIBIAL artery
Term
Peroneus Longus
Definition
O - upper 2/3 of fibula + head of fibula
I - tendon passes behind lateral malleolus & under sole of foot; inserts on cuneiform 1 and MT 1
A - PLANTARFLEX foot, EVERT foot
I - superficial peroneal nerve
Term
Peroneus Brevis
Definition
O - lower 2/3 of the fibula
I - base of MT 5
A - EVERT foot, PLANTARFLEX foot
I - superficial peroneal nerve
Term
What supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg?
Definition
Branches from PERONEAL artery (branch from the posterior tibial artery)
Term
What compartments of the leg does the peroneal artery supply?
Definition
The posterior & lateral compartments
Term
Layers of the posterior compartment of the leg
Definition
Superficial - gastroc, soleus, plantaris
Deep - tibialis posterior, popliteus, FHL, FD
Term
What innervates all POSTERIOR muscles of the LEG?
Definition
The tibial nerve
Term
Regarding the SUPERFICIAL layer of muscles on the posterior leg, which is most superficial and which is most deep?
Definition
Gastroc is most superficial; soleus is the deepest
Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition
O - two heads arise from both condyles of the femur
I - tendocalcaneus (Achilles')
A - PLANTARFLEX foot & FLEX at knee (but not simultaneously)
I - tibial nerve
Term
Soleus
Definition
O - head of fibula & soleal line on posterior tibia
I - tendocalcaneus (Achilles')
A - PLANTARFLEX foot
I - tibial nerve
Term
Plantaris
Definition
O - lateral femoral condyle
I - tendocalcaneus
A - PLANTARFLEX foot & FLEX knee (weak)
I - tibial nerve
Term
Popliteus
Definition
O - posterior, proximal tibia
I - LATERAL FEMORAL condyle (insertion is PROXIMAL to origin)
A - laterally rotate femur = unlock knee
I - tibia nerve
Term
Which is the muscle with an origin DISTAL to its insertion? What is its O and I?
Definition
Popliteus - originates on posterior, proximal tibia & inserts on lateral femoral condyle
Term
Tibialis Posterior
Definition
O - tibia, fibula & IO membrane
I - tendon passes behind medial malleolus, runs under foot onto sole to insert on navicular & cuneiforms 1-3
A - PLANTARFLEX and INVERT the foot
I - tibial nerve
Term
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Definition
O - lower 2/3 fibula & IO membrane
I - distal phalanx of hallux
A - PLANTARFLEX foot, FLEX hallux
I - tibial nerve
Term
Flexor Digitorum (Longus)
Definition
O - distal, posterior tibia
I - 4 tendons to the lateral 4 toes -> distal phalanx of each toe
A - PLANTARFLEX foot, FLEX toes 2-5
I - tibial nerve
Term
Tendons of the long flexors of the foot (medial to lateral)...
Definition
Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial Artery, Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallucis Longus
Term
What do the tendons of the long flexors pass under before reaching the foot?
Definition
The flexor and peroneal retinacula
Term
What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into at the popliteal fossa?
Definition
The anterior & posterior tibial arteries
Term
Path of anterior tibial artery down leg...
Definition
Starts @ popliteal fossa from popliteal artery, travels deep down the anterior aspect along the IO membrane in concert with deep peroneal nerve
Enters foot as DORSALIS PEDIS artery
Term
Path of posterior tibial artery down the leg...
Definition
Runs through arch in soleus & travels between the superficial and deep layers of muscle on the posterior leg
Divides into medial & lateral plantar arteries in foot
Posterior tibial artery branches off proximally to supply lateral & posterior leg
Term
Branches of peroneal nerve & innervation:
Definition
Superficial - innervates lateral leg
Deep - innervates anterior leg; in concert w/ anterior tibial artery
Term
Tibial Nerve
Definition
Travels in posterior compartment (innervation here); divides into medial & lateral plantar nerves in foot
Travels in concert w/ posterior tibial artery
Term
Saphenous Nerve
Definition
Branch from femoral nerve
Innervates skin of the medial side of the leg
Term
Sural Nerve
Definition
Branch of the tibial nerve
Innervates skin on posterior aspect of the leg
Term
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
Definition
Head of fibula under the lateral condyle of the tibia
Synovial, plane joint
Allows for "splaying" of ankle
Term
Middle Tibiofibular Joint
Definition
IO membrane between the tibia and fibula
Term
Distal Tibiofibular Joint
Definition
Between distal tibia & fibula
FIBROUS JOINT (not synovial); syndesmosis
Interosseus Tibiofibular ligament unites the bones above the ankle
The anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments surround the joint
Term
Classification of the ankle joint
Definition
Synovial, hinge joint; uniaxial (flex/ex)
Term
What movements are possible at the ankle joint
Definition
FLEX/EX only -> NO inversion/eversion
Term
Stability of the ankle joint
Definition
Very stable when standing
When on point (when plantarflexing), becomes very vulnerable
Term
Bones involved in the ankle joint
Definition
Superior articular surface of the talus fits into the socket created by the medial and lateral malleoli
Term
What reinforces the bones of the ankle joint?
Definition
Transverse tibiofibular ligament
Term
Lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle joint?
Definition
3 in total
2 -> originate from the fibula and insert on talus (anterior and posterior talofibular)
1 -> originates from fibula and inserts on calcaneus (calcaneofibular ligament)
Term
Medial collateral ligament of the ankle joint?
Definition
Also called the "deltoid" ligament -> fan shaped
From sustentaculum tali to talus & navicular
Term
How many collateral ligaments exist at the ankle joint?
Definition
4 - 3 lateral, 1 medial
Term
Superficial muscle layer of the foot?
Definition
Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi
Term
Where do all of the superficial muscles of the foot arise?
Definition
Calcaneus
Term
Abductor Hallucis
Definition
O - base of calcaneus
I - proximal phalanx of hallux
A - ABDUCT hallux
I - medial plantar nerve
Term
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Definition
O - calcaneus
I - 4 tendons to lateral 4 toes - tendons bifurcate at middle phalanx of each toe
A - flex toes 2-5
I - medial plantar nerve
Term
What is the insertion of the FDB of the foot analogous to?
Definition
The FDS insertion in the hand
Term
What two muscles is the FDS most analogous to?
Definition
Origin - analogous to soleus
Insertion - analogous to FDB
Term
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Definition
O - base of calcaneus
I - proximal phalanx of 5th toe
A - ABDUCT 5th toe
I - lateral plantar nerve
Term
Analogy between nerves in the hand & nerves in the foot?
Definition
Median Nerve = MEDIAL PLANTAR nerve in foot
Ulnar Nerve = LATERAL PLANTAR nerve in foot
Term
Associated muscles in 2nd layer of foot...
Definition
FDL tendon
Quadratus Plantae
Lumbricals (arising from FDL tendons)
Term
What is the FDL of the foot analogous to?
Definition
FDP in the upper limb -> passes through bifurcations in FDB, just like FDP passing through FDS
Term
Quadratus Plantae
Definition
O - 2 heads coming from each side of calcaneus
I - FDL tendons of toes 2-5
A - FLEX toes 2-5 via FDL tendons
I - lateral plantar nerve
Term
Lumbricals
Definition
O - FDL tendons
I - to medial side of toe, cross over and insert on extensor expansions
A - FLEX MTP joints, EXTEND IP joints
I - medial plantar (1st one), lateral plantar (2-4)
**Innervation dependent on axis of foot - 2nd toe
Term
Deep Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Definition
Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Adductor Hallucis, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Term
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Definition
O - 2 heads, one from each side of cuneiform 1
I - heads insert on medial and lateral sesamoid bones on the sides of proximal phalanx of the hallux
A - FLEX hallux (at MT-P joint)
I - medial plantar nerve
Term
Adductor Hallucis
Definition
O: OBLIQUE head - base of MT 2-4
O: TRANSVERSE head - from MTP joints 2-4
I - lateral sesamoid bone of proximal phalanx
A - ADDUCT hallux
I - lateral plantar nerve
Term
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Definition
O - base of MT 5
I - base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
A - FLEX MTP joint for 5th toe
I - lateral plantar nerve
Term
Plantar Interossei
Definition
3 in total
O - medial side of MT 3-5
I - medial side of extensor expansions of 3-5
A - ADDUCT toes 3-5
I - lateral plantar nerve
Term
Dorsal Interossei
Definition
4 in total
O - in between MT's on axial side
I - 1st - medial side of 2nd toe
2-4 - lateral side of toes 2, 3, 4
A - ABDUCT toes 3 & 4, ABDUCT and ADDUCT 2nd toe
I - lateral plantar nerve
Term
Deepest muscular structure in the foot?
Definition
The tendon of peroneus longus
Term
Which surface of the tibia is subcutaneous?
Definition
Medial
Term
What does the body of the talus articulate with?
Definition
The tibia at the ankle joint
Term
What does the head of the talus articulate with?
Definition
The navicular
Term
One common feature of all joints in the foot?
Definition
They are all SYNOVIAL
Term
Subtalar Joint
Definition
Talus rests on the CENTER of the calcaneus
Plane joint
Secured by the TALOCALCANEAL ligament & ankle ligament
Term
What joint does the talocalcaneal ligament secure?
Definition
The subtalar joint
Term
TCN Joint
Definition
Calcaneus & navicular form a SOCKET for the head of the talus (head rests on sustentaculum tali)
Most important ligament -> calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)
Term
What joint is the spring ligament crucial to?
Definition
The TCN joint
Spring ligament = plantar/calcaneonavicular ligament
Term
CC Joint
Definition
Lower & lateral to TCN joint
Supported by SHORT plantar ligament
Term
What forms the midtalar/transverse talar joint?
Definition
The CC and TCN joints forming an S-shaped line
Term
Why is the midtalar joint important?
Definition
Location where INVERSION/EVERSION occurs
Term
What is common to all T-MT joints of the foot?
Definition
All are PLANAR
Term
Unique feature of MT-P joints?
Definition
Can become more HYPEREXTENDED than upper limb analogues to satisfy that need for pushing off when walking
Term
Unique feature of IP joints of foot?
Definition
Less movement allowed than IP joints of hand
Term
Medial Longitudinal arch is made up of...
Definition
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, MT 1-3 & sesamoid bones of hallux
Term
What is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?
Definition
The talus
Term
Supporting structures of medial longitudinal arch?
Definition
Long flexor tendons
Long & Short Plantar Ligaments
Calcaneonavicular/Spring Ligament
Term
What is responsible for keeping the medial arch higher?
Definition
The spring ligament; keeps arch up by keeping talus high
Term
Which arch is higher?
Definition
Medial longitudinal arch
Term
Lateral longitudinal arch is made of...
Definition
Calcaneus, cuboid, MT 4+5
Term
Which tarsal is part of both arches?
Definition
The calcaneus
Term
What does the posterior tibial artery split into as it enters the back of the foot?
Definition
Medial and lateral plantar arteries
Term
Medial plantar artery supplies...
Definition
Muscles of the hallux (minus adductor hallucis), FDB, 1st lumbrical
Blood supply mirrors innervation
Term
How does the lateral plantar artery supply its muscles?
Definition
By the PLANTAR ARCH on the plantar aspect of the foot
Term
Anastomosis within the foot?
Definition
Perforating branches from plantar arch transverse foot to dorsum where they anastomose with the dorsalis pedis artery (continuation of anterior tibial artery)
Term
Where do the superficial veins of the lower limb commence?
Definition
The DORSAL VENOUS ARCH
Term
Small Saphenous Vein
Definition
Arises from LATERAL side of dorsal venous arch -> goes BEHIND lateral malleolus
Joins popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa
Term
Great Saphenous Vein
Definition
Arises from MEDIAL side of dorsal venous arch -> travels IN FRONT OF medial malleolus, up the medial aspect of the thigh
Enters femoral vein via saphenous hiatus in fascia
Term
Deepest muscle in posterior compartment of the leg?
Definition
Tibialis posterior
Term
Blood supply to lateral compartment of leg?
Definition
Peroneal artery - lateral branch off of the posterior tibial artery
Term
The flexor digitorum brevis is similar to...
Definition
The insertion of FDS in the upper limb
Term
Is TCN or CC joint higher?
Definition
TCN joint is higher -> as is the medial arch
CC joint is lower -> as is the lateral arch
Term
Cutaneous innervation of the medial and posterior leg?
Definition
Medial cutaneous innervation = SAPHENOUS nerve (branch from femoral)
Posterior cutaneous innervation = SURAL nerve (branch from tibial nerve)
Term
Cutaneous innervation for the medial, anterior and lateral thigh?
Definition
Medial thigh = Genitofemoral (L1, L2 - from lumbar plexus)
Anterior AND lateral thigh = Lateral Femoral Cutaneous (L2, L3 - from lumbar plexus)
Term
Upper limb equivalent of PL/PB?
Definition
FCU
Term
Upper limb equivalent of peroneus tertius?
Definition
ECU
Term
Upper limb equivalent of tibialis anterior/posterior muscles?
Definition
TA = ECRL/B
TP = FCR
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