Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ANAT216 - Block #3
.gaws ymotana
199
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/04/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Functions of the Kidney
Definition
Produce urine by elimination of wastes
Regulate plasma ion/water levels; regulate BP
Regulate plasma pH
Hormone synthesis - EPO & Calcitriol
Aids in detoxification during fasting
Term
Functions of EPO & Calcitriol
Definition
EPO - stimulate RBC synthesis in red bone marrow
Calcitriol - increase Ca absorption in intestine; decrease Ca secretion from kidneys
Term
Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys / Structural Features
Definition
Retroperitoneal (embedded in posterior abdominal wall)
R kidney is slightly lower than L due to liver
10 cm in length x 5 cm in width
Term
What enters/exits at the hilum of the kidney?
Definition
BVs, lymphatics, nerves, ureters
Term
Renal Sinus
Definition
Virtual space (full of adipose tissue); contains the segmental arteries of renal circulation
internal to hilus
Term
Renal Pelvis
Definition
Connects kidneys to ureters (continuous w/ ureters); expanded portion of the ureter located in the renal sinus

Collects urine from major calyces to drain to ureter
Term
Layers of supportive tissues surrounding the kidney, deep to superficial....
Definition
Fibrous Capsule (fibrous CT) -> Perirenal Fat (adipose capsule; cushioning/protection) -> Renal Fascia (isolates kidneys)
Term
Characteristics of the Renal Cortex
Definition
Outermost layer, granular in appearance (due to nephrons)
Projections into the renal medulla - renal columns (in between adjacent renal pyramids)
Term
Characteristics of the Renal Medulla
Definition
Renal Pyramids - base = superior, apex = inferior; base is parallel to kidney surface
Pyramids collect urine from collecting tubules
Urine drains from renal papilla of pyramid to minor calyx, and then to major calyx
Term
What is the structural/functional unit of the kidney?
Definition
NEPHRON
Term
What part of the nephron gives the cortex its granular appearance?
Definition
Renal corpuscle
Term
What structures make up the renal corpuscle?
Definition
Glomerulus (knot of fenestrated capillaries) + Bowman's capsule (double layered blind end of renal tubule)
Term
Components of the Urinary System
Definition
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
Term
Cortical Nephrons
Definition
Exist mainly in the cortex of the kidneys near the capsule
Term
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Definition
Exist closer to the bases of the renal pyramids; long Loops of Henle to better concentrate urine (important for concentrated urine)
Term
What two functional structures make up nephrons?
Definition
Renal Corpuscle (glomerulus & Bowman's capsule) + Renal Tubule (PCT, loop, DCT)
Term
Approximately how many nephrons exist in 1 kidney?
Definition
1 million
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Knot of fenestrated capillaries; afferent/efferent arterioles
Site of INITIAL FILTRATION
Term
Bowman's Capsule
Definition
Blind-ended portion of renal tubule (start of renal tubule)
2 layers - parietal & visceral
Term
2 Layers of Bowman's Capsule & Type of Cell in Layer
Definition
Parietal Layer - simple squamous epithelium
Visceral Layer - podocytes w/ foot processes (pedicels)
Term
What structures form the filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle?
Definition
Fenestrated capillary endothelium + basal lamina + pedicel of podocyte
Term
Filtrate that filters through the glomerulus passes into the...?
Definition
Capsular Space
Term
What does the filtrate pass through to get to the capsular space (of Bowman's capsule)?
Definition
Passes through "slit pores" formed by the interdigitation of adjacent pedicels of the podocytes (of visceral layer)
Term
What membrane joins adjacent pedicels?
Definition
The slit membrane
Term
What two poles exist in the renal corpuscle?
Definition
Vascular Pole - entry/exit of afferent/efferent arteriole
Urinary Pole - beginning of renal tubule (PCT...)
Term
Mesangial Cell
Definition
Cell found in the glomerulus that has contractile properties; believed to be able to control filtration rate through the glomerulus
Term
Components of the renal tubule?
Definition
PCT + Loop of Henle + DCT (+ Bowman's capsule, but iffy on that)
Term
PCT
Definition
1st portion of renal tubule; continuous with Bowman's capsule
Important in reabsorption of isosmotic fluid from the filtrate
Has invaginations in basolateral membrane to increase SA for reabsorption
Term
Epithelium of PCT?
Definition
Tall, cuboidal epithelium w/ brush border (microvilli)
Term
Loop of Henle
Definition
Important for the reabsorption of solutes & water from filtrate; functions to create concentrated urine
Longer in Juxtamedullary Nephrons
2 portions - descending (thin), ascending (thick)
Term
Epithelium of Loop of Henle?
Definition
Descending (THIN) - simple squamous
Ascending (THICK) - cuboidal
Term
Permeability of the Loop of Henle?
Definition
Descending (Thin) - permeable only to water
Ascending (Thick) - permeable only to solutes
Term
DCT
Definition
Drains urine into collecting tubules -> collecting ducts -> papillary ducts
Term
Epithelium of DCT?
Definition
Cuboidal epithelium with fewer microvilli (less reabsorption than PCT)
Term
Epithelium of Collecting Ducts?
Definition
Columnar
Term
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Definition
Juxtaglomerular Cells (afferent arteriole) + Macula Densa (DCT)
Term
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Definition
Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
Secrete Renin (-> ANGI -> ANGII); ANGII is a vasoconstrictor
Function as modified MECHANORECEPTORS
Term
Macula Densa
Definition
Modified portion of DCT; senses [Na] as a determinant of BP
Modified cuboidal cells function as CHEMORECEPTORS
Term
Arterial Branching in the Kidney
Definition
1. Renal Artery (enters at hilum)
2. Segmental Arteries (in renal sinus)
3. Interlobar Arteries (run in renal columns)
4. Arcuate Arteries (@ base of renal pyramids)
5. Interlobular Arteries
6. Afferent Arterioles (supply glomerulus)
Term
Venous Branching in the Kidney
Definition
1. Peritubular Capillaries (reabsorption)
- have VASA RECTA in juxtamed. nephrons (runs parallel to Loop)
2. Interlobular Veins
3. Arcuate Veins
4. Interlobar Veins
5. Renal Veins
6. IVC
Term
Ureter Characteristics
Definition
Long muscular tubes which move urine through peristalsis to the bladder (25 cm long)
Continuation of renal pelvis at level of L2
RETROPERITONEAL
Term
How is backflow into the ureters prevented?
Definition
NO actual sphincter; the ureters enter the bladder @ oblique angle, so as bladder fills, filling pressure closes off the ureters to prevent urine backflow
Term
Relation of Ureters to Common Iliac arteries?
Definition
Ureters enter the pelvis @ bifurcation of common iliac arteries
Ureters continue downwards anterior to the common iliac
Term
Histology of the Ureters
Definition
Mucosa - transitional epithelium w/ lamina propria
Muscularis - inner longitudinal, outer circular; important in peristalsis
Adventitia - fibrous CT existing on all sides EXCEPT anterior; anterior is covered in serosa (peritoneum)
Term
Urinary Bladder Characteristics
Definition
Can hold up to 1L of fluid
Covered superiorly by peritoneum -> still considered RETROPERITONEAL
Term
Urinary Bladder Location in Males vs. Females
Definition
Males - located behind pubis symphsis
Females - located anterior to the vagina and inferior to uterus
Term
Rugae of Bladder
Definition
Non-permanent mucosal folds in bladder walls that disappear with filling
Term
Trigone of Bladder
Definition
Formed by entrance of both ureters into bladder at base (top) and entrance to ureter at bottom (neck of bladder)

NO rugae (smooth)
Term
Internal Urethral Sphincter
Definition
Continuation of smooth muscle fibers in muscularis of the neck of the bladder
Involuntary control (smooth muscle)
Term
What is the name of the smooth muscle of the bladder?
Definition
The DETRUSOR muscle
Term
Histology of the Bladder
Definition
Mucosa - transitional epithelium & lamina propria
Muscularis - 3 layers (inner and outer longitudinal, middle circular)
Adventitia - fibrous CT on all sides except superior; superior is covered by 'serosa' (peritoneum)
Term
Urethra - Functional Characteristics
Definition
Thin walled muscular tube; opens to the external environment
Term
Urethral Differences in Males vs. Females
Definition
Females - urethra is 3-5 cm long and extends from the neck of the urinary bladder to the vestibule
Males - urethra is 18-20 cm long and extends from the neck of the urinary bladder to the external urethral meatus
Term
Female Urethra Characteristics - Epithelium
Definition
Starts with transitional epithelium in the proximal portion; remainder of the urethra is lined with stratified squamous
Term
Portions of the Male Urethra
Definition
Prostatic Urethra - proximal portion; passes through prostate gland; lined with transitional epithelium
Membranous Urethra - middle portion; penetrates the urogenital diaphragm; lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Spongy - distal portion; extends from urogenital diaphragm to external opening; longest portion (12-15 cm); lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium
Term
External Urethral Sphincter
Definition
Located as the membranous urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm
Sphincter made of skeletal muscle for voluntary control of micturition
Term
Micturition Reflex
Definition
Stretch receptors in bladder send afferent impulses to CNS; increases firing of parasympathetic neurons to stimulate contraction of detrusor of bladder to force urine into urethra
Also need inhibition of motor neurons that contract the external urethral sphincter
Term
What is the primary male reproductive organ?
Definition
Testes
Term
What constitute the male external genitalia, genital ducts, and accessory glands?
Definition
External Genitalia = penis, scrotum, testes
Genital Ducts = epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Accessory Glands = seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
Term
3 parts of the epididymis? Which receives immature sperm from the testes first?
Definition
Head, Body, Tail

Head receives sperm first.
Term
2 most important muscles of penile erection?
Definition
Corpora cavernosa (2), corpus spongiosum (1)
Term
How long do sperm typically take to mature in the epididymis?
Definition
6-7 days
Term
Scrotum - Characteristics
Definition
Sac of skin & fascia outside the abdominopelvic cavity

Midline septum is marked externally by the perineal raphe
Term
What is the muscle that exists in the skin of the scrotum? Functions?
Definition
This is the DARTOS muscle

Tonic contractions give scrotal skin its wrinkled appearance; smooth muscle
Assists in elevation of testes
Term
What is the muscle in the deep scrotal wall of the body? Function?
Definition
This is the CREMASTER muscle. Its main function is in temperature regulation of the testes. It is a skeletal muscle.

If the temperature is cold, it contracts to elevate the testes to raise their temperature. Vice versa w/ when it is too warm.
Term
What is the layer of fascia that separates the dartos & cremaster muscles?
Definition
The scrotal fasciae
Term
Fascia & muscles of the scrotum, deep to superficial
Definition
Cremaster -> Scrotal Fasciae -> Dartos
Term
Process of Descent of the Testes
Definition
Testes first develop intra-abdominally next to the kidneys; eventually are translocated inferiorly and anteriorly to abdominal wall.

Gubernaculum testis contracts during the 3rd trimester (7th month) to pull the testes downwards and move through a wall of peritoneum
Take BVs, lymphatics & nerves w/ them in 'spermatic cords'.
Term
Gubernaculum Testis
Definition
A cord of CT and muscle that originates from a posterior pocket of peritoneum and inserts laterally on to the testis.

Contracts during 3rd trimester to cause descent of testes.
Term
What structures exist within the "spermatic cords"?
Definition
Testicular Artery
Pampiniform Plexus (of testicular vein)
Nerves
Vas (Ductus) Deferens
Term
The typical temperature of the testis is different from the temperature of the body in what way?
Definition
The temperature is approximately 2 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the core body temperature. This is needed for development of spermatozoa.
Term
What is the function of the pampiniform plexus surrounding the testicular artery?
Definition
Venous blood serves to cool arterial blood headed to the testes so that their temperature (below core temperature) can be maintained.
Term
What structure is affected mainly in a vasectomy?
Definition
The ductus deferens
Term
In an inguinal hernia, where does the abdominal structure herniate into?
Definition
It herniates into the inguinal canal
Term
What are the two tunics of the testes?
Definition
Tunica Vaginalis - external tunic; extension of peritoneum that covers the outside of each testis
Tunica Albuginea - inner; fibrous CT that surrounds each testis; collagenous septae extend inwards to divide each testis into 250-300 testicular lobules
Term
What is located within testicular lobules?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules, BVs, lymphatics
Term
Approximately how long are individual seminiferous tubules?
Definition
Approximately 80 cm in length.
Term
What do Leydig Cells produce?
Definition
They produce TESTOSTERONE; acted on by LH from anterior pituitary.
Located in septae in between seminiferous tubules (interstitial cells; NOT located within seminiferous tubules)
Term
What is the function of Sertoli Cells and where are they located?
Definition
Sertoli cells aid in the progress of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Produce inhibin & androgen binding protein.
Located in the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules
Also function to maintain the blood-testis barrier (stable environment for spermatocytes)
Term
What is the 'rete testis'?
Definition
It is the connection between the testis and the head of the epididymis
Site of where all testicular lobules merge together
Term
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Definition
In the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Term
What is the main purpose of spermatogenesis?
Definition
To develop spermatogonia (stem cells) into spermatids
Term
What stimulates spermatogenesis to occur?
Definition
FSH, LH, Testosterone
Term
What is the process of spermiogenesis?
Definition
The development of spermatids to spermatozoa with the aid of Sertoli cells
Term
Events of Spermatogenesis
Definition
Start in basal layer of spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules. At puberty, mitotically divide, with one daughter cell moving towards the lumen of the tubule. This daughter cell differentiates into a primary spermatocyte.
The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form a secondary spermatocyte. The secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to form a spermatid.
Term
When do spermatogonia form?
Definition
These stem cells form during embryonic development.
Term
Layers from outside to in (scrotum & testes)?
Definition
Skin -> Dartos -> Scrotal Fasciae -> Cremaster -> Tunica Vaginalis -> Tunica Albuginea
Term
Anatomy of a Sperm
Definition
Head - flattened oval w/ densely packed chromosomes; contains acrosomal cap (filled w/ digestive enzymes)
Neck & Middle Piece - middle piece connects the neck and flagellum; contains mitochondrial collar
Tail - flagellum of spermatozoa; microtubules surrounded by dense, fibrous sheath
Term
Where is the main site of storage for mature sperm?
Definition
In the tail of the epididymis
Term
Epididymis - Characteristics & Function
Definition
Comma shaped "tube" along posterior border of the testes; coiled tube (approx. 23 feet in length)
Contains 3 parts - head, body, tail
Function in sperm storage and maturation.
Term
Major Epididymal Functions:
Definition
Adjust fluid from seminiferous tubules
Recycling center for damaged spermatozoa
Stores spermatozoa and assists in functional maturation
Term
Epithelium of the Epididymis
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia
Term
Which cells do LH and FSH affect?
Definition
LH - Leydig cells
FSH - Sertoli cells
Term
Ductus Deferens - Characteristics & Function
Definition
Continuous with the tail of the epididymis; joins with ducts from seminal vesicles at the pelvis to form the "ejaculatory duct"
Functions - sperm storage and transport
Enlargement before the prostate = AMPULLA
Term
Epithelium of Ductus Deferens
Definition
Pseudostratified Epithelium w/ Stereocilia
Term
Ejaculatory Duct
Definition
Merging of the ductus deferens and ducts from seminal vesicles before reaching the prostatic urethra.
Term
Male Accessory Glands - Volume Contributions to Ejaculate
Definition
Seminal Vesicles = 60%
Prostate Gland = 30%
Bulbourethral Glands = 5%
Term
Main functions of accessory glands
Definition
Activate spermatozoa
Provide nutrients needed for motility
Produce buffers to counteract acidity of the vagina
Term
Epithelium of the Seminal Vesicles
Definition
Changes depending on levels of testosterone - ranges from pseudostratified, cuboidal, or columnar lining
Term
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
Definition
Embedded in CT posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the wall of the rectum
Term
Histology of the Ductus Deferens - 2 main layers
Definition
Mucosa - pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia
Muscularis - 3 layers -> inner & outer longitudinal and middle circular layer; contractions aid in sperm movement
Term
What is the secretion from the seminal vesicles? What does it contain?
Definition
Secretion is a viscous, yellow alkaline fluid.
Contains fructose, clotting proteins, ascorbic acid, & prostaglandins

MIXING of seminal secretions w/ sperm makes them motile
Term
When do the sperm first become motile?
Definition
Upon mixing with secretions from the seminal vesicles
Term
Prostate Gland - Characteristics
Definition
Located anterior/inferior to the urinary bladder; surrounds the prostatic urethra
Provides 30% of the volume of semen
Term
Secretions from the Prostate Gland
Definition
Contains - milky, slightly acidic (or alkaline; notes say pH = 7.28) solution; seminalplasmin (antimicrobial), citrate (increase activity of sperm)
Term
Epithelium of Prostate Gland
Definition
Simple Columnar to Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
Location of bulbourethral glands? Function?
Definition
Located at the base of the penis in the urogenital diaphragm
Secretion released BEFORE ejaculation to neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra & lubricate (thick, clear alkaline mucus)
Term
Epithelium of Bulbourethral Glands?
Definition
Simple Columnar
Term
Volume of normal ejaculate? Sperm concentration in semen?
Definition
Normal volume = 2-5 mL
Concentration = 20-100 million/mL
Term
Regions of the Penis
Definition
Root - fixed portion; attaches penis to rami of ischium
Body (Shaft) - tubular, movable portion; erectile tissues & urethra
Glans - expanded distal end around urethral meatus
Term
Corpora Cavernosa
Definition
TWO erectile cylinders on the dorsal (posterior) side of penis
Make up most of penile mass
At bases, diverge to form crura - secured to ischium by ischiocavernosus muscle
Term
Corpus Spongiosum
Definition
Surrounds the spongy urethra; single muscle; on ventral penis (anterior when upright)
Distal end expands to form the glans
"Bulb" is the thickened proximal end secured to the urogenital diaphragm by the bulbospongiosus muscle
Term
In order for an erection to occur, you need...
Definition
Elevated penile blood flow
Restricted venous outflow
Dilation of corporal sinusoids (capillaries)
Increased intrapenile pressure
Term
What causes dilation of the corporal sinusoids?
Definition
The release of nitric oxide from parasympathetic stimulation
Term
Functions of the Female Reproductive System
Definition
Produce sex hormones - estrogen & progesterone
Produce functioning gametes
Support & protect developing embryo
Term
Which parts of the female reproductive system are intra/retroperitoneal?
Definition
Intraperitoneal - ovaries
Retroperitoneal - uterus, uterine tubes
Term
External Genitalia of Female
Definition
Vulva - Labia Majora (hairy), Labia Minora (hairless)
Vestibule
Vagina - leads into vaginal canal
Term
Where may sperm be temporarily stored inside the female?
Definition
The fornix of the vagina
Term
What is the opening of the uterus into the vaginal canal?
Definition
Cervix
Term
Internal vs. External Os
Definition
Internal Os - opening of cervix that communicates with uterus
External Os - opening of cervix that communicates w/ vagina
Term
What are the 3 layers of the uterus (from outer to luminal)?
Definition
Perimetrium -> Myometrium -> Endometrium
Term
Vesicouterine & Rectouterine Pouches
Definition
Vesicouterine - between bladder & uterus (anterior)
Rectouterine - between uterus & rectum (posterior)
Term
What is the clitoris made of?
Definition
The clitoris is made of erectile tissue (similar to corpora cavernosa in penis)
Term
Hormones produced by the ovaries?
Definition
Estrogen & progesterone
Term
Peritoneal Support of the Ovaries
Definition
Mesovarium - portion of broad ligament that supports ovaries
Ovarian Ligaments - connect ovaries to uterus
Suspensory Ligaments - connect ovaries to lateral pelvic walls
Term
Blood Supply/Drainage of the Ovaries
Definition
Supply - ovarian artery & ovarian branch of uterine artery
Drainage - ovarian vein
Term
What is the thick CT capsule that surrounds the ovary?
Definition
The tunica albuginea; the tunica albuginea is dense CT that is deep to the germinal epithelium
Term
Cortex vs. Medulla in Ovaries
Definition
Cortex - site of ovum & follicular development; location of follicles
Medulla - contains lymphatics, nerves and BVs
Term
Germinal Epithelium
Definition
Cuboidal epithelium that covers the ovary (visceral peritoneum)
External to the tunica albuginea
Term
Oogenesis
Definition
Monthly development of ovum & follicles -> leads to ovulation of secondary oocyte
2 phases - follicular (pre-ovulatory) and luteal (post-ovulatory)
Term
When does the mitotic division of oogonium (stem cell) occur?
Definition
BEFORE birth (embryonic development)
Term
A female is born with a lifetime supply of...
Definition
Primordial Follicles
Term
Steps of the Ovarian Cycle - Follicular Phase
Definition
Primordial follicles (1 layer of granulosa) first develop into primary follicles (2 or more layers of granulosa cells surrounding egg); occurs due to FSH stimulation. Some primary follicles develop into secondary follicles (beginning of development of antrum). By 14th day, have developed one tertiary follicle (mature). Fluid pressure in antrum builds and the secondary oocyte ruptures out of the follicle and is ovulated.

ALL follicular development occurs in the ovary
Term
At what stage of cell division is the secondary oocyte stuck in when ovulated?
Definition
Metaphase of Meiosis II
Term
Some granulosa cells remain attached to the ovulated ovum, what is this structure called?
Definition
The corona radiata
Term
What is the hormonal stimulus for ovulation?
Definition
A sudden increase in LH release (coincides with peak in estrogen levels)
Term
Ovarian Cycle - Luteal Phase
Definition
Following ovulation, still have remaining follicular cells in ovary. Forms the corpus luteum (endocrine structure); occurs under LH stimulation.
Progesterone is the primary hormone secreted by the corpus luteum; luteum degenerates if fertilization does not occur.
Degenerates into the corpus albicans (scar tissue)
Term
At what stage of follicular development is the zona pellucida first noticed?
Definition
The formation of primary follicles (2 or more layers of granulosa cells)
Term
What forms large luteal cells and small luteal cells, respectively?
Definition
Large Luteal Cells - from granulosa cells
Small Luteal Cells - from thecal cells
Term
What are the 3 regions of the uterine tubes? Characteristics of each.
Definition
Infundibulum - distal portion near ovary; has fimbriae which catch the ovulated ova
Ampulla - largest and widest portion of tube; generally the site of fertilization
Isthmus - proximal portion near uterus; passes through uterine wall
Term
Epithelium of Uterine Tube
Definition
Both ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Term
Histology of the Uterine Tube Wall
Definition
Mucosa - both ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar & lamina propria
Muscularis - inner circular, outer longitudinal
Serosa/Adventitia - tubes are retroperitoneal
Term
Peritoneum Support of the Uterus
Definition
Mesosalpinx - portion of broad ligament
Round Ligament - lateral uterus to external genitalia
Uterosacral - lateral uterus to anterior face of sacrum
Cardinal - base of uterus to lateral pelvic walls
Term
Anteflexion vs. Retroflexion of the Uterus
Definition
Anteflexion - normally the uterus bends anteriorly near base; body covers superior & posterior surfaces of bladder (common)
Retroflexion - bends backwards near the rectum
Term
Regions of the Uterus
Definition
Fundus - portion that is superior to attachment of oviducts
Body - largest portion of uterus
Isthmus - inferior portion to the body
Cervix - connection w/ the vagina
Term
Different zones of the endometrium
Definition
Functional Zone - shed during the menstrual cycle; site of implantation; filled with many glands
Basilar Zone - generates new functional zone after menses; origin of glands in functional layer
Term
Blood Supply of Uterus & Branching
Definition
Uterine Artery -> arcuate arteries -> radial arteries -> spiral & straight arteries
Spiral - to functional zone
Straight - to basilar zone
Term
What is the average length of the uterine cycle?
Definition
28 days (can range from 21-35)
Term
Phases of the Uterine Cycle?
Definition
Menses, Proliferative Phase, Secretory Phase
Term
Menses
Definition
Menstruation; shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium; marks the onset of the uterine cycle.
Arteries constrict to reduce blood flow to functional zone - functional zone sloughs off; lasts 1-7 days
Occurs concurrently with a decrease in progesterone and estrogen concentrations at the end of ovarian cycle (degeneration of corpus luteum)
Term
Proliferative Phase
Definition
Basilar layer begins regneration of the functional layer of endometrium
Levels of circulating estrogen causes regrowth of functionalis (estrogen levels increase with follicular growth)
Occurs concurrently with development of primary and secondary follicles in ovary (follicular phase)
Term
Secretory Phase
Definition
Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate rates of secretion
Spiral arteries enlarge to supply additional blood to endometrium
Begins at the time of ovulation, and lasts as long as the corpus luteum is intact (occurs with luteal phase)
Term
Blood Supply to the Vagina
Definition
Comes from vaginal branches of internal iliac arteries
Term
Histology of the Wall of the Vagina
Definition
Mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium; see rugae in relaxed state
Muscularis - inner circular and outer longitudinal
Adventitia - fibrous CT covers most of vagina
Term
What is the region enclosing the female genitalia? What marks its outer limits?
Definition
The vulva encloses the female genitalia.
It is marked by the mons pubis (hairy area superior to vagina) and the labia majora (hairy portion lateral to vagina)
Term
What is the vestibule?
Definition
It is the external opening to the vagina
Term
What are the greater vestibular glands homologous to in males?
Definition
Homologous to Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
Term
The mammary glands are modified...
Definition
Modified sweat glands.
Term
The glandular tissue of the breast contains 15-20 lobes which contain....
Definition
Secretory lobules
Term
Ducts leaving the secretory lobules of the mammary gland form?
Definition
Lactiferous ducts
Term
Where do lactiferous ducts deposit their milk into?
Definition
Lactiferous sinus
Term
Definition of embryology?
Definition
The study of developmental events during the prenatal period (from fertilization to birth)
Term
What are the 3 periods of embryonic development?
Definition
Pre-embryonic period (1st 2 weeks)
Embryonic Period (2nd week to 8th week)
Fetal Period (9th week to birth)
Term
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Definition
In the ampulla of the uterine tubes
Term
What does the fusion of the sperm and egg produce?
Definition
A diploid zygote
Term
What needs to occur before the fertilization of the egg can happen?
Definition
CAPACITATION of sperm
Term
Capacitation of Sperm
Definition
Removal of seminal and epididymal fluids; remove glycoprotein coat from sperm to weaken membrane (needed to acrosomal reaction can occur)
Term
How long does capacitation of sperm usually take?
Definition
6-8 hours
Term
What are the two barriers protecting the ovulated egg?
Definition
Corona Radiata
Zona Pellucida
Term
What is the acrosomal reaction?
Definition
The breaking of the acrosomal cap by messengers from the egg; causes release of digestive enzymes from acrosome to cause breakdown of corona radiata
Term
Does only one sperm typically undergo the acrosomal reaction?
Definition
NO. Dozens of sperm undergo the acrosomal reaction.
Term
What occurs with activation of the egg membrane?
Definition
The zona pellucida and egg membrane are both altered in receptor function to prevent polyspermy.
Initiates completion of meiosis II to produce new oocyte and second polar body
Term
Name of the swelled nuclei in the ovum cytoplasm?
Definition
PRONUCLEI
Term
What is the true instant of fertilization?
Definition
When the two pronuclei fuse to form the diploid zygote
Term
How many hours after fertilization does cleavage begin (1st cell division)?
Definition
About 30 hours
Term
What is a pre-embryo?
Definition
Structure formed after 1st cell division in cleavage - forms two identical blastomeres
Term
Morula
Definition
Solid ball of cells formed during cleavage
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
Hollow, fluid filled ball of cells
Term
In what form does the fertilized egg enter the uterus following fertilization and initial capacitation?
Definition
Enters as the morula; then once inside the uterus becomes the blastocyst by taking in uterine fluid
Term
What allows for development of the blastocyst?
Definition
The breakdown of the zona pellucida to allow for expansion of the cells from the growing fluid filled cavity
Term
Cellular Regions of the Blastocyst
Definition
Blastocoele - hollow cavity of blastocyst
Inner Cell Mass - mass of stem cells
Trophoblast Cells - flat, outer layer of cells
Term
Approximately how many days does it take for implantation to occur?
Definition
Takes approximately 1 week
Term
What are the 2 trophoblastic cell layers in implantation?
Definition
Cellular Trophoblast - inner layer
Syncytial Trophoblast - outer multinucleated layer
Term
Which trophoblast cell layer buries into the endometrial wall during implantation?
Definition
Syncytiotrophoblast (layer)
Term
What is the amniotic cavity?
Definition
Separates blastodisc (inner cell mass) from trophoblast cells (cellular trophoblast)
Term
Blastodisc
Definition
Formed by inner cell mass; 2 layer structure:
Epiblast - faces amniotic cavity
Hypoblast - faces blastocoele
During development, forms the trilaminar disc
Term
What is the purpose of gastrulation?
Definition
To establish the structural framework needed for organogenesis
Involves formation of trilaminar disc from the blastodisc
Term
What are the 3 germ layers formed during gastrulation?
Definition
Ectoderm - from epiblast; faces amniotic cavity
Mesoderm - from epiblast cells; middle layer
Endoderm - from hypoblast; faces blastocoele
Term
Notochord
Definition
Formed by mesodermal cells; serves as 1st structural axis for support of developing embryo
Term
The 3 germ layers differentiate into what types of tissues?
Definition
Ectoderm - external skin; all surfaces in contact with external environment (sclera, NS, outer skin)
Endoderm - inner skin; epithelium of the respiratory, GI, and urogenital systems
Mesoderm - supporting structures such as cartilage, bone, muscle, blood
Term
Extra-Embryonic Membranes
Definition
Yolk Sac, Amnion, Allantois, Chorion
Term
Yolk Sac
Definition
Formed by endodermal + mesodermal cells
1st to appear; important for early blood cell formation
Term
Amnion
Definition
Mesodermal cells + ectodermal cells; contains amniotic fluid which serves to cushion the embryo
Term
Allantois
Definition
Mesodermal + endodermal cells; base gives rise to the urinary bladder
Term
Chorion
Definition
Mesoderm + trophoblast cells; BVs located here to allow nutrients to grow (important in development of placenta)
Term
When do embryogenesis and organogenesis occur?
Definition
During the EMBRYONIC developmental stage
Term
Anteverted
Definition
Tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina (referring to uterine body)
Term
Retroflexion
Definition
Tipped or bent posteriorly relative to the cervix (referring to body of uterus)
Term
Antiflexion
Definition
Uterine body is flexed anteriorly relative to the cervix so that its mass is above the bladder (normal)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!