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Anat Exam 3--3
Hamster
17
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/08/2010

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Cards

Term
2nd capillary beds and where they are found; purpose?
Definition
- Peritubular capillaries: surround PCT and DCT in the renal cortex
- Vasa recta: surround loop of Henle and collecting ducts in the renal pyramids in the medulla
- this permits extensive exchange between the blood and the filtrate in the tubules
Term
Is there a renal portal sys?
Definition
No!--the two capillary beds are joined by an arteriole not a vein (like in a portal sys)
*** difference that all veins only have tunica intima (no sm muscle) but all arteries have at least one layer of sm muscle for regulating blood flow
** sig: regulate how much filtrate is produced --> regulate how much urine is produced
Term
Efferent arterioles: function and what happens if it constricts
Definition
- help regulate how much filtrate forms
- when it constricts: blood "backs up" in the glomerulus-> the pressure increases -> more filtrate forms
Term
Modification of the Filtrate: through the tubules
Definition
- PCT: reduces vol of the filtrate by 65% to 90%; resorbs water, glucose, small proteins; secretes creatinine, penicilin, etc.
- Loop of Henle: sodium and water exchange
- DCT: resorbs sodium and chloride ions, and water; secretes ions for pH adjustment
- Collecting duct: resorbs water to concentrate the filtrate
Term
How do hormones influence urine output?
Definition
affect sodium (and water) levels in the filtrate
Term
Hormone: Aldosterone (from the adrenal gland): Target, Response, Change in BP
Definition
- Target: DCT
- Response: increase resorbtion sodium and water
- Change in BP: increase
Term
Hormone: ADH (from the post. pituitary gland): Target, Response, Change in BP
Definition
- Target: collecting ducts
- Response: increase resorbption of sodium and water
- Change in BP: increase
Term
Hormone: ANF (from atrial myocytes): Target, Response, Change in BP
Definition
- Target: adrenal cortex
- Response: inhibits aldosterone secertion
- change in BP: decrease
Term
Which zona of the adrenal cortex releases aldoserone?
Definition
- zona glomerulosa
Term
Kidney stones: some reasons why they form; what if stone is too large to pass through?
Definition
- some reasons why they form: increased calcium in urine, kidney infections, obstruction, altered pH of the urine
- can use ultrasound sound waves to crush the stones
Term
Functions of ureters and urinary bladder
Definition
transport and storage of urine
Term
Structure of ureter
Definition
like the gut, with a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Term
What prevents back flow of urine from bladder back up the ureter?
Definition
- the ureters penetrate bladder at an angle
- as more urine enters the bladder, it pushes outward against the wall
- this compresses the opening of the ureters so urine cannot flow backwards
Term
Transitional epithelium in the ureter and urinary bladder
Definition
- based on how much urine is produced, the urinary organs will vary considerably in size and their epithelium must be able to adapt quickly
- cells can break and reform junctions as necessary
Term
Urethra
Definition
- contains the typical layers as well: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
- is lined by different types of epithelium along its length ranging from transitional epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
- is much shorter in females than males, making females much more susceptible to urinary tract infections: bacteria has a shorter way to go
Term
What are the three parts of the urethra?
Definition
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra: surrounded by sk muscle of the urogenital diaphragm
3. Spongy urethra
Term
How is urination controlled?
Definition
- sphincters
- internal urethral sphincter: sm muscle which can contract for long periods of time without fatiguing
- external urethral sphincter: sk muscle-- for voluntary control
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