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Anat Exam 3--2
Hamster
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/06/2010

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Term
Arteries
Definition
carry blood away from heart
Term
Capillaries
Definition
sites of exchange
Term
Veins
Definition
carry blood toward the heart
Term
Three major types of vessels
Definition
arteries, capillaries, veins
Term
The layers in a typical blood vessel
Definition
- Tunica Intima: innermost layer; in contact with blood; has CT which attaches inner layer to muscular layer
- Tunica media: muscular layer; sm muscle; sheets of elastic tissue (think "lasagna"
- Tunica externa: outermost layer; CT; contains symp nerves
Term
Special features of layers: Elastic artery (ex: aorta and its first branches)
Definition
- Tunica intima/interna: yes
- Tunica media: contains elastic sheets, thickest layer
- Tunica externa: yes
Term
Special features of layers: Muscular arteries (most arteries)
Definition
Tunica interna: yes
Tunica media: sm muscle, very little elastic tissue
- tunica externa: yes
Term
Special features of layers: Capillary (thinnest possible vessel)
Definition
* tunica intima: the only layer!
Term
Special features of layers: Vein
Definition
Tunica intima: forms valves
Tunica media: thin
Tunica externa: thickest layer
Term
Atherosclerosis; definition and result in brain and heart
Definition
hardening of the arteries; plaque accumulates in the tunica intima
- Blood flow reduced:
in Brain -> Stroke
in Heart ->myocardial infarct (heart attack)
Term
Which type of vessel is esp susceptible to atheroscerosis? Which of the three tunics is affected
Definition
arteries
tunic affected: tunica intima/interna
Term
Due to high pressure, arteries are also subject to _______ (give def and tx)
Definition
aneurysm
def: rupture of blood vessels
- due to weakness in wall of vessel, ballooning of vessel
- Tx: graft to prevent rupture
Term
How is blood flow through veins regulated?
Definition
- sk muscle contraction: muscle pump
* valves: only allow blood to flow in the correct dir.
Term
What are varicose veins and why do they form? (Tx?)
Definition
- When the valves fail, the blood can pool in the veins
- This increased pressure causes the veins to enlarge
-Tx: catheter inserted, vein warmed and collapses
Term
Capillaries
Definition
- sites of exchange
- where the exchange between the blood and body tissues occur
- vary in different parts of the body based on the amount of exchange
- consist of an epithelial layer and a basement membrane
Term
Three types of capillaries
Definition
1. Continuous
2. Fenesterated
3. Sinusoidal (discontinuous)
Term
Continuous capillaries-- where are they found?
Definition
- found where exchange must be tightly controlled
- nervous tissue, muscle
Term
Fenesterated capillaries: description and where are they found?
Definition
- slightly leakier
- found where freer exchange is necessary: endocrine glands, kidneys
Term
Sinusoidal (Discontinuous)
Definition
- Found where very free exchange occurs
- ex: spleen (immune sys), liver, lymphatic vessels
Term
How is circulation through a capillary bed regulated?
Definition
Via sphincters
- relaxed: open (allow blood to enter capillary bed)
- contracted: closed (divert blood past the capillary bed)
Term
Portal system (characteristics, where found, purpose?)
Definition
- a deviation of the normal way that blood flows
- instead: blood flows through two capillary beds before returning to the heart
- the capillary beds are connected by veins: heart -> artery -> capillary -> vein -> capillary -> vein -> heart
- substances enter the bloodstream at the primary capillary and exit at the secondary capillary bed
- 2 places where this is found: Pituitary Portal Sys and Hepatic portal system
- Purpose: control where we're going to distribute substances into blood stream
Term
Pituitary Portal System: what happens at Primary and Secondary Capillary beds?
Definition
- Primary: releasing and inhibiting hormones enter the blood
- Secondary: Releasing and inhibiting hormones exit the blood; hormones of the pituitary gland enter the blood and are carried away by the vein
Term
Hepatic Portal System: what happens and Primary and Secondary Portal system
Definition
Primary (stomach and intestines): nutrients and toxins enter the blood stream
- Secondary (in the liver): Nutrients and toxins exit the blood stream
Term
Collateral Circulation: def, significance,do all areas of the body have collateral circulation?
Definition
- def: alternative pathways for delivering blood to a region of the body
- sig: if one vessel gets blocked, blood can still get to the region by an alternate route
- not all areas of body have it, but most do
Term
Blood pressure: def; which vessel is commonly used to measure BP?
Definition
Pressure of blood against blood vessel wall: SBP/DBP; usually 120/80
- vessel: Brachial
Term
Distinguish between systolic and diastolic pressure
Definition
- systolic: first sound you hear; period when ventricle contracts
- diastolic: smooth sound, relaxation of ventricle
Term
What is hypertension?
Definition
- pressure in blood vessels is too hight
- consistently BP > 140/85
- "silent killer"
Term
Branches of Aortic arch and what part of the body they supply
Definition
1. Common carotid: branches into Internal carotid (also, circle of Willis)- to the brain AND External carotid: to the neck and superficial head
2. Subclavian-- to the upper limb
-- vertebral (to the brain) {and circle of Willis]
-- axillary: to the upper limb
-- brachial
- radial
- ulnar
Term
Branches of the descending aorta and what parts of the body they supply
Definition
1. Intercostal: to the thoracic wall)
2. Lumbar: to abdominal wall
3. Renal: to the kidneys
4. Celiac: to abdominal organs through half of the duodenum
5. Superior mesenteric: second half of the duodenum through the transverse colon
6. Inferior mesenteric: descending colon through sigmoid colon
Term
Terminal branches of the Aorta: Iliac arteries
Definition
1. Internal iliac: to pelvic organs and the gluteal region
2. External iliac: to the lower limbs
Term
Vessels in the lower limb
Definition
- the external artery continues into the thigh: femoral, popliteal (post. knee), Post tibial (anterior leg), anterior tibial (anterior leg)
Term
The urinary sys is one of four systems for removing wastes from the body. What are the other three?
Definition
digestive, respiratory, and the skin
Term
Four organs of the urinary sys
Definition
kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
Functions of the Urinary sys
Definition
- eliminates wastes from the body
- maintain homeostasis of body fluids: through this-> maintain blood pressure
Term
Major functions of the kidneys (focus on first three, but there are four)
Definition
1. Filtration of the blood: removal of substances from the blood to form "filtrate"
2. Resorption: recovering substances from the filtrate and returning them to the blood
3. Secretion: adding substances that remain in the blood to the filtrate; secrete hormones
(4. Regulation of carbon dioxide and acid-base balance of body fluids)
Term
Three major regions within the kidney
Definition
1. Cortex: outer layer
2. Medulla: inner layer
3. Pelvis: a duct
Term
Internal anatomy of the kidney: cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, renal columns, minor calyx, major calyx, Renal pelvis
Definition
- Cortex: contains renal columns; filtration occurs here
- Medulla: contains renal pyramids; processing of filtrate happens here
- Minor calyx: receives urine from a renal pyramid
- minor calyxes come together to form major calyxes --> Renal pelvis
Term
The kidney tubules are in the ____ and the _____
Definition
cortex and medulla
Term
Functional units of the kidney; how many per kidney?
Definition
nephrons- tubular components of the kidney
~ 1 mil per kidney
Term
What kind of capillaries are formed from the renal arteries? (continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous?)
Definition
fenestrated
Term
What percentage of the CO goes to the kidneys?
Definition
20-25%
Term
Blood flow through the kidneys
Definition
- Renal artery sends branches between the renal pyramids
- Branches travel along the base of the pyramid then turn into the cortex
Term
Afferent arteriole brings blood __ the capillary bed
Definition
to
Term
Efferent arteriole takes blood _____ from the capillary bed.
Definition
away
Term
Renal corpuscle made of?
Definition
Glomerulus (capillary bed) + Bowman's capsule (visceral + parietal layer)
Term
Podocytes-- "foot cells"
Definition
- unique cells that form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
- slits between podocyte foot processes help regulate filtration of the blood
Term
What are the three layers of the urinary filter?
Definition
1. Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
2. Basement membrane
3. Podocyte filtration slits
Term
Specifics of the urinary filter layers (filters based on ____?)
Definition
1. Fenestrated endothelium: filters based on size; formed elements cannot pass
2. Fused basement membranes: filters based on size and charge (molecules that are too negative cannot pass through)
3. Podocyte slits: filter based on size
Term
Fluid in the urinary space of glomerular capsule
Definition
first/original filtrate: immediately continues through PCT
Term
How much (percentage) of the blood passes through the filter? Percent of the original filtrate that actually becomes urine? How much is resorbed?
Definition
- 20% of the blood passes through the filter
- only 1% of filtrate actually becomes urine
- 99% is resorbed
- other substances are secreted into the filtrate
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