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Anat Exam 3--1 of ?
Hamster
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/01/2010

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Term
What kind of tissue is blood?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
Major Functions of the blood (3)
Definition
1. Transportation-- gases, hormones
2. Regulation- body temp, clotting
3. Protection- immune sys
Term
What is blood composed of? (2) What is the proportion?
Definition
1. liquid portion: plasma
2. solid portion: formed elements (WBC's, platelets, and RBC's)
~ 50/50 solid/liquid
Term
What are the 4 components of plasma?
Definition
proteins, electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes
Term
Proteins in the plasma: albumin (what makes it and what does it control and what is the consequence of not enough albumin?)
Definition
- made by the liver
- controls blood volume and therefore blood pressure: via being in the blood vessel so water moves equally in both directions (in and out)
* if liver doesn't make enough albumin: the protein con'c will be too high in ECF, so water will leave the blood vessels (blood volume drops)
Term
Proteins in the plasma: globulins (2 types)
Definition
- immunoglobulins: antibodies
- HDL/LDL: shuttle cholesterol
Term
HDL/LDL and their role in cholesterol
Definition
LDL: promotes accumulation of cholesterol in the blood vessels
HDL: removes cholesterol from the blood vessels and transports it to the liver
Term
Proteins in the plasma: fibrinogen (function?)
Definition
clotting
Term
"Formed elements" of the blood: Erythrocytes/RBC's (common? what are they packed full with? function?)
Definition
- most common
- packed full of hemoglobin
- function: shuttle O2, CO2, and CO
Term
What determines an individual's blood type?
Definition
Proteins on the RBC's: A-AB-B-O
- Rh factor: +/-
- An Rh- mother's blood could mount an immune response on her Rh+ baby if their blood is mixed
Term
What is anemia? causes?
Definition
- decreased ability to carry O2
- caused by a reduced # of RBC's or abnormal hemoglobin
Term
Sickle cell anemia
Definition
- RBC's with altered hemoglobin
- when the hemoglobin releases it's O2, the cell changes shape (sickle shape)
- sickle-shaped RBC's get stuck in blood vessels -> tissue death
- shorter life span of RBC's
Term
"Formed elements" (3), general functions
Definition
- RBC's
- WBC's: defense functions
- Platelets: cell fragments that contain clotting fragments
Term
Leukocytes/WBC's: two main types
Definition
1. granulocytes=granule cells; 3 diff types based on appearance
2. agranulocytes-- no granular appearance
Term
3 different types of granulocytes (a subgroup of leukocytes)
Definition
1. neutrophils
2. basophils
3. eosinophils
Term
neutrophils-- granules do not stain-- granule content and function(s)
Definition
-granule content: lysosomal enzymes
- function: phagocytosis and destruction of damaged cells, bacteria, etc.
Term
Eosinophils--red stained granules-- granule content and function(s)
Definition
- granule content: lysosomal enzymes
- functions: exocytosis of enzymes to destroy parasites; secrete during allergic reactions
Term
Basophils-- blue stained granules; granule content and function(s)
Definition
- granule content: heparin and histamine
- function: anticoagulant (inhibits clotting; promotes leakiness of blood vessels, so you can get the protective cells out of blood vessels and to infected area
Term
Granulocyte (type of WBC's) are responsible for (specific or non-specific?) destruction of antigens and damaged tissues
Definition
non-specific
Term
Agranulocytes (no granular appearance); Two kinds
Definition
1. monocytes: enter CT to become macrophages (which phagocytosis)--non specific protective funtion
2. lymphosis: *specific protective function; immune sys: B and T cells
Term
B lymphocytes-- respond when? and what do they secrete?
Definition
- respond when bacteria invade
- secrete antibodies: immunoglobulins
Term
T lymphocytes-- respond when?
Definition
- respond when viruses invade
Term
Hemostasis: def and why is it important? and Three major steps
Definition
- def: stopping blood flow
- to function, blood must be a fluid, BUT damage to blood vessels could result in massive blood loss; so must be able to control bleeding
- 3 major steps: 1) platelet clumping at the site of injury 2) vasoconstriction: via muscle contraction, stimulated by substances released from platelets 3) Clotting: substances released from platelets, fibrinogin sticks to groups of platelets
Term
What is the heart's position?
Definition
between the vertebral column and sternum; well protected
Term
What is CPR? CPR vs CCR?
Definition
Chest compression squeeze the heart between the sternum and the spine; takes advantage of the heart's position in the body
- CCR= cardiocerebral resusitation; purely chest compression, not rescue breathing
Term
What is the function of the pericardial sac? What are the layers of the pericardial sac? Def of Pericardial cavity
Definition
- minimizes friction as the heart expands and contracts
- visceral pericardial sac: inner layer, fused to the surface of the heart
- parietal pericardium: outer layer
- paricardial cavity: space between the two layers, very thin film of fluid; lubricates
Term
The procedure of pericardiocentesis.
Definition
- Performed if pericardial effusion occurs: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
- the fibrous pericardium limits expansion of the pericardial sac
- pericardiocentesis: remove the fluid so heart can expand normally; large needle
Term
Characteristics of cardiac muscle (3)
Definition
- involuntary muscle
- can contract w/o innervation
- irregularly branched cells with 1 or 2 nuclei per cell
Term
Three layers of the heart
Definition
- Outer layer: epicardium / visceral pericardium; epithelium; CT
- Middle/muscular layer: myocardium; thickest layer
- Innermost layer: Endocardium; directly in contact with the blood
Term
2 circuits
Definition
- Pulmonary: to and from lungs
- Systemic: To and from the rest of the body
Term
Circulation through the heart
Definition
right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonic arteries -> lungs -> pulmonic veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid -> right ventricle -> Aortic semilunar valve -> aorta
Term
AV valves are attached to...
Definition
papillary muscles and chordae tendineae; which prevent valve flaps from everting back into the atrium
Term
Heart sounds: lub dub; which valves are closing?
Definition
lub: AV valves are closing
dub: semilunar valves are closing
Term
Heart murmur
Definition
sound heart makes when a valve is not working correctly
Term
Stenosis
Definition
-valve narrowing
Term
How does back flow of blood closes the semilunar valves?
Definition
- because of the orientation of the cusps
Term
Atherosclerosis: def, which arteries are most commonly affected?, risk factors
Definition
- hardening of the arteries
- commonly affects coronary arteries
- fats accumulate within the wall of the vessel and obstruct the lumen
- risk factors: smoking, diabetes, gender, high cholesterol, sedentary life-style
Term
Myocardial infarction "Heart attack": def, symptoms, what should you take immediately?
Definition
- When the heart muscle loses its blood supply, it dies
- symptoms: chest pain, referred pain in the shoulder, sweating, dizziness
- Take aspirin immediately: it inhibits the platelets from sticking together
Term
Symptoms of a heart attack that differ for women
Definition
fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, weakness
Term
Damage to cardiac muscle: afterwards, you don't make more cardiac muscle, you lay down _____
Definition
scar tissue
Term
Two surgical procedures commonly performed to treat obstructed coronary arteries
Definition
1. Angioplasty
2. CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting)
Term
Angioplasty
Definition
- A narrow balloon is inserted into the coronary artery
- The balloon is inflated to press the plaque against the arterial wall
- This opens the lumen and allows better blood supply
- A stint can be inserted to hold the vessel open
Term
CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting)
Definition
- more invasive than angioplasty
- use if there's significant obstruction
- detour around obstructed areas: bypass grafts provide an alternative way for blood to flow: made from an artery from another part of the body
Term
Conducting sys of the heart
Definition
- network of specialized cardiac myocytes that stimulate contraction
- heart can contract w/o innervation
Term
Without innervation, the heart would contract at ____ bpm
Definition
110
Term
ANS effects on HR: parasymp and symp
Definition
Parasymp: decreases HR, vagus nerve
Symp: increases HR
Term
Irregular heartbeat = ?
Definition
arrhythmia
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