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Anat Exam 2 ---4
Hamster
51
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/30/2010

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Term
Medulla
Definition
- Centers that control HR and respiration
- origin of CN IX-XII, except XI
- all 4 spinal cord pathways pass through
Term
CN's that originate in the medulla and their major functions
Definition
IX: Glossopharyngeal -- tongue and throat
X. Vagus: Wanderer
XII, Hypoglossal---tongue
Term
corticobulbar fibers
Definition
Upper motor neurons in the cortex stimulate lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei of the brainstem
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
- sits just posterior to the brainstem
- critical for coordinating motor activity, unconscious
- attached to the brainstem by cerebellar peduncles
Term
Two major inputs to the cerebellum
Definition
1. Intended movement from the motor cortex: what the muscle is supposed to do when it contracts
2. What it actually did
--then the cerebellum compares the two inputs
Term
Damage to the cerebellum results in ______ in-coordination (ipsilateral or contralateral)
Definition
ipsilateral
Term
Thalamus (gen function)
Definition
Serves as a relay station where all diff kinds of sensory info comes and then the thalamus sends it to higher areas of the brain
- diff groups of cells handle diff types of sensory input
- dorsal columns and ALS synapse here
- almost all sensory info headed for the cerebral cortex passes through
* olfactory information goes directly to cerebral cortex
Term
Thalamic projections: source of info and cerebral destination
Definition
Gen sensory ---> Primary sensory cortex, Parietal lobe
Retina---> Visual cortex, occipital lobe
Auditory---> Auditory cortex, Temporal lobe
Motor---> Motor cortex, Frontal lobe
Term
Hypothalamus (basic functions)
Definition
* Homeostasis
- food, water, sleep
- ANS control
- Endocrine functions via pituitary gland
-food intake/body weight
- water intake/balance
- sleep/wake cycle
Term
Cerebrum: 4 lobes and major functions
Definition
1. Frontal: Motor
2. Temporal: Auditory, memory
3. Parietal: Sensory
4. Occipital: Vision
Term
Brodmann's areas
Definition
* only in left hemisphere
- Broca's area:located in the motor cortex; helps you speak/verbally respond
- Wernicke's area: located in the sensory cortex; helps you take in speech/verbal communication (understanding)
Term
Aphasia's: Wernike's and Broca's
Definition
Wernike's: "fluent aphasia", don't understand, but words flow
Broca's: "nonafluent aphasia", understand but can't respond well
Term
Cortical tracts: three diff tracts that arise from the cerebrum, what do they accomplish?
Definition
1. Association: allow cortical areas within one hemisphere to communicate
2. Projection tracts: allow the cortex to communicate with lower areas
3. Commissural: allows the two hemispheres to communicate (ex: corpus callosum)
Term
Split brain
Definition
- if the corpus callosum was cut, the right and left sides could not communicate
Term
Split brain interpretation of the man/woman figure: women on left, man on right
Definition
- If asked to say what they see: they would answer a man b/c the speech centers are on the left side of the brain
- If asked to point with their left hand: They would answer a woman, because the right side of the brain controls the left hand
Term
ANS: what are the two divisions?
Definition
1. Parasympathetic: "rest and digest"
2. Sympathetic: emergency, "fight or flight", crisis

*need two neurons to reach target: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic
Term
Differences between ANS and Somatomotor innervation
Definition
- somatomotor: single neuron, innervates sk muscle
- ANS: two neurons, innervates cardiac, am muscle, and glands
Term
Effect of denervation on sk muscles
Definition
sk muscle can NEVER contract
Term
Effect of denervated sm and cardiac muscle
Definition
- cardiac: can still contract due to pacemaker cells
---> innervation changes the rate of contraction
Term
Parasymp: Craniosacral; which CN's have parasym functions?
Definition
-preganglionic cell bodies in the brain stem with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
Term
Parasypm: where are preganglionic bodies in the sacral spinal cord levels?
Definition
S2-S4
Term
Parasymp function of CN III (Oculomotor)
Definition
- causes the sphincter muscle of the iris to contract, so the pupil constricts
- this occurs when we are in bright conditions
- also, affects shape of lens, causes contraction of ciliary bodies which allows you to focus on near-by objects
Term
Parasymp functions of CN VII and IX
Definition
- work together to innervate the salivary glands
- CN VII also innervates the lacrimal gland, which produces tears
Term
Parasymp functions of CN X (vagus nerve)
Definition
- Innervates targets in head, neck, thorax, and abdomen, through the transverse colon
- effects: reduces HR, stimulates secretions of digestive glands, stimulates contraction of sm muscle in the wall of the gut
Term
Where are visceromotor cell bodies located in the spinal cord?
Definition
- lateral horn
Term
Sacral Parasympathetics
Definition
- preganglionic cell bodies located in the lateral horn at sacral spinal levels S2-S4
- exit the ventral root
- branch off from ventral rami and form pelvic splanchnic nerves
- innervates some abdominal and many pelvic organs, remainder of intestines
Term
Symp nervous sys, where are preganglion cell bodies found?
Definition
lateral horn from T1 to L2
Term
Symp nervous sys: Where are postganglion fibers found?
Definition
chain ganglia or collateral ganglia
Term
Symp nervous sys: What do they travel on (3) for what diff targets?
Definition
1. Spinal nerves (vessels, sweat glands and hair follicles)
2. Splanchnic nerves (internal organs)
3. Blood vessels (targets in the brain)
Term
What is the symp chain (trunk)?
Definition
a string of ganglia running vertically next to spinal cord, next to vertebral bodies - contains post-ganglionc cell bodies in ganglia - distributes symp fibers to viscera and skin - continues above T1 and below L2
Term
gray communicating rami
Definition
postganglionic fibers, nogt myelinated, go back to follow spinal cord
Term
white communicating rami
Definition
contain preganglionic fibers, myelinated
Term
Path of sympathetics to body wall/skin
Definition
- preganglionics come from T1-L2, enter the chain through white communicating ramus and synapse in the chain
- postganglionics leave the chain through a gray communication ramus and rejoin the spinal nerve
Term
Path of sympathetics to the head
Definition
- preganglionics enter the chain and ascend to the uppermost ganglion
- they synapse and travel to targets by following blood vessels
Term
Symp pathway to internal organs
Definition
- preganglionics enter chain through white communicating ramus and exit through a splanchnic nerve
- these fibers synapse on postganglionic cell bodies in a collateral ganglion
Term
Adrenal Medulla: secretion is stimulated by sympathetics
Definition
- there is only ONE neuron involved, this is special
- preganglionic neurons synapse directly on secretory cells in the adrenal medulla, which release Epi and NR into the bloodstream
*good in a crisis: systemic symp response --> entire body responds
Term
Visceral afferents--travel with symp and parasymp fibers, but are not truly part of ANS: Function?
Definition
reflexes and pain sensation
Term
Referred pain
Definition
- pain from an internal organ is perceived in the skin
- common example: pain due to a heart attack felt in the arm and forearm
- the result of two diff sensory fibers coming in at the same level (visceral and somatosensory)
Term
Special senses (5)
Definition
- detected at very specific locations of the body, not widely distributed
- olfaction, vision, taste, balance and hearing
- two response to chemicals dissolved in liquid: taste and olfaction
Term
Where are taste buds found?
Definition
In papillae (bumps) found on the surface of the tongue
Term
Taste Bud cells: receptor cells and basal cells
Definition
- receptor cells: detect dissolved molecules
- basal cells: primitive cells that replace dying/dead cells
Term
the 5 basic tastes
Definition
1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Savory (ex: meat)
* not localized, that are distributed all over the tongue
Term
What 3 CN's carry taste from the tongue?
Definition
1. CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
2. CN VII (Facial)
3. CN X (Vagus)
Term
What nerve is most imp for taste on anterior, posterior, and extreme posterior & epiglottis
Definition
anterior: Facial
posterior: Glossopharyngeal
extreme posterior and epiglottis: Vagus
Term
Pathway of taste sensation (tongue to reaching consciousness)
Definition
tongue --> nucleus in medulla --> thalamus --> Gustory (taste) cortex in Parietal lobe
Term
Olfaction: receptors are in _____
Definition
roof of the nasal cavity
Term
Olfactory cells all together form:
Definition
CN 1: Olfactory
Term
Olfactory epithelium contains:
Definition
olfactory cells, basal cells, supporting cells
Term
olfactory bulb
Definition
mass of olfactory cells
Term
Olfaction process
Definition
- odor molecules are trapped in mucus and detected by olfactory hairs
- this leads to an AP in olfactory cells
- the axons pass through holes in ethmoid bone to reach olfactory bulb where they synapse
- with a significant blow to the head, these axons can tear, destroying the sense of smell: anosmosia
Term
What lobe of the cerebrum receives olfactory info for conscious awareness?
Definition
Temporal
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