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Anat Exam 2---3
Hamster
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/28/2010

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Term
Consequences of dorsal root damage
Definition
loss of all sensation (anesthesia) and reflexes (areflexia) from areas that depend on this spinal cord segment
Term
What is the most important descending tract?
Definition
LCST (Lateral Corticoprinal Tract)
Term
What info does the LCST carry?
Definition
tells muscles what to do (intended movement)
Term
Lateral course of the LCST
Definition
- fibers originate from cell bodies in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe--Upper motor neurons
- UMN crosses (decussates) below medulla to contralateral side and synapses on a lower motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Term
Motor neuron syndromes: Upper and Lower
Definition
Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome: muscle weakness, can still contract by reflex, no atrophy - Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome (damage to ventral root or ventral horn): muscle weakness, can never contract, atrophy
Term
Dermatome (def)
Definition
the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
Term
Spinal cord level that innervates: Back of the head
Definition
C2
Term
Spinal cord level that innervates: Nipple Line
Definition
T4
Term
Spinal cord level that innervates: Umbilicus
Definition
T10
Term
Spinal cord level that innervates: Lateral foot
Definition
S1
Term
Spinal cord level that innervates: Perianal region
Definition
S4/5
Term
How can you use your knowledge of the dermatomes to make neurological diagnosis?
Definition
- can get a good idea of what spinal nerve is damaged by what area has loss of sensation
- can tell what level of spinal cord
- levels of a herniated disc
- level to anesthetize
- level involved in shingles
Term
Shingles
Definition
- a viral infection, causes chicken po to lie dormant in the DRG
- it can be activated under times of stress
- vaccine is available
Term
Plexuses
Definition
- where spinal nerves mix together after exiting the cord
- formed when multiple ventral rami come together
Term
3 major plexuses and what they innervate
Definition
1. brachial plexus: innervates the upper limbs
2. Lumbar plexus: innervates the lower limbs
3. Sacral plexus: innervates the lower limbs as well
Term
Name the 5 terminal branches of the Brachial Plexus that are responsible for most of the innervation of the upper limb
Definition
1. Axillary
2. Musculocutaneous
3. Median
4. Radial
5. Ulnar
Term
Name the 2 branches of the lumbar plexus that supply most of the muscles in the anterior and medial thigh
Definition
1. Femoral nerve
2. Obturator nerve
Term
The two divisions of the sciatic nerve (the largest nerve of the sacral plexus)
Definition
1. Common fibular nerve
2. Tibial nerve
Term
Corpus callosum (in the brain)
Definition
- bunch of axons
- hold hemispheres together
Term
sulcus
Definition
depressed areas of the brain
Term
gyrus
Definition
elevated areas of the brain
Term
Gray matter in the brain
Definition
-external
- bundles of cell bodies
Term
White matter in the brain
Definition
- internal
- bundles of axons
Term
Why is the gray matter on the outside?
Definition
- the folded contour of the brain provides more area for the cell bodies
Term
Protective coverings of the brain
Definition
Cranial Meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater
Term
Dura mater, Arachnoid, and the Pia Mater in the brain
Definition
Dura mater: the tough outer layer
Arachnoid: middle layer that borders the subarachnoid space, contains CSF
Pia mater: the innermost delicate layer that follows all the contours of the brain
Term
Cranial dura mater
Definition
- fused to the inner surface of the skull, so NO epidural space
- separates into 2 layers: Dural reflections and Dural sinuses
Term
Dural reflections
Definition
Falx cerebri and the Tentorium cerebelli
- where the two layers of the dura mater separate
- purpose: to stabilize the brain's position to prevent it from moving too much during a blow to the head
Term
Dural sinus
Definition
collect the venous blood from the brain and return the CSF back to the vascular sys
Term
Hematomas--epidural and subdural
Definition
-epidural: when arteries are ruptured during a skull injury, more serious, high pressure bleeds
- subdural: occur when cerebral veins that lead into sinuses are torn, low pressure bleeds, not as serious
Term
Ventricles in the brain
Definition
Spaces in the brain lined with ependymal cells and lined with CSF; two lateral ventricles, third, and fourth
Term
Purpose of openings in the fourth ventricle
Definition
allow CSF to pass into the subarachnoid space
Term
Arachnoid villi
Definition
-protrude through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus
- allow CSF to drain from the subarachnoid space into the blood
Term
Flow of CSF
Definition
lateral ventricles --> third --> fourth ventricle --> subarachnoid space --> sinuses
Term
Blood-brain barrier
Definition
- protects the brain chemically, b/c chemical conditions must be controlled to ensure that AP's can occur
- tight junctions hold endothelial cells; control exchange of substances between the nervous tissue and the blood
- easily crosses: sugars, nutrients, waste prodects
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Mid-brain, pons, medulla; connects the brain and spinal cord; origin of 10 cranial nerves
Term
Cranial nerves are not all the same:
Definition
They may contain only one or several types of fibers: general sensory, special sensory, somatomotor/branchiomotor (to sk muslce), visceromotor
Term
Cranial Nerve I
Definition
Olfactory
Term
Cranial Nerve II
Definition
Optic
Term
Cranial Nerve III
Definition
Oculomotor
Term
Cranial Nerve IV
Definition
Trochlear
Term
Cranial Nerve V
Definition
Trigenimal
Term
Cranial Nerve VI
Definition
Abducens
Term
Cranial Nerve VII
Definition
Facial
Term
Cranial Nerve VIII
Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Term
Cranial Nerve IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal
Term
Cranial Nerve X
Definition
Vagus
Term
Cranial Nerve XI
Definition
Spinal Accessory nerve
Term
Cranial Nerve XII
Definition
Hypoglossal
Term
Cranial nerve mnemonic
Definition
Some Saps Marry Money But My Brother Says Bucks Break Many Marriages
Term
Brainstem has Cranial nerves ____
Definition
III-XII, except XI; DO NOT contain I and II
Term
Cranial Nerves of the Midbrain
Definition
CN III and IV
Term
Oculomotor nerve--general function
Definition
- major nerves to eye
- innervates sk muscles to the eye (somatomotor) and muscles in the eye (visceromotor)
Term
Trochlear nerve: general func
Definition
- Innervates the superior oblique (somatomotor)
Term
The midbrain also contains
Definition
cerebral peduncles and substania nigra
Term
cerebral peduncle
Definition
corticospinal fibers; descending tract
Term
Substantia nigra--function
Definition
- importance source of DA, what gets damaged if you have Parkinsons
Term
Cranial Nerves of the Pons
Definition
5-6-7-8-who do we appreciate? Pons! Pons! Pons!
Term
Trigeminal nerve-- what it innervates?
Definition
- sensory from skin of the face and teeth
- motor to muscles of mastication
Term
Abduncens--innervates?
Definition
lateral rectus: the eye muscle that abducts your eye
Term
Facial nerve
Definition
- motor to muscles of facial expression
- taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
- viseromotor to almost all glands of the head
Term
Vestibulocochlear
Definition
innervates the inner ear; special senses of balance and hearing
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