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Anat and Phys 3
Digestive and Urinary system
101
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/14/2010

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Term
Digestive Functions
Definition
  • Ingestion
  • Propulsion
  • MEchanical Digestion( chewing)
  • Chemical Digestion(enzymes)
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
Term
The majority of absorption is done in the ....
Definition
Small intestine
Term
Practically no absorption is done in the ....
Definition
mouth
Term
Acessory Organs?
Definition
  • Liver
  • Teeth
  • gall bladder
  • tongue
  • salivary gland
  • pancreas
Term
Digestive organs
Definition
  • Colon
  • small intestine
  • stomach
  • esophagus
  • pharynx
  • mouth
  • anus
Term
The esophagus is part of the ..... organs and the pancreas is considered a ..... organ
Definition

digestive

accesory

Term
Difference between visceral and parietal peritoneum?
Definition
  • Visceral peritoneum is located on outside of organs
  • Pariteal peritoneum is located on the diaphram and inside of obliques
Term
General Functions of digestive tract elements?
Definition
  • secretions
  • absorption
  • motility
  • digestion
Term
Paracrine chemicals are?
Definition
locally released chemical not in bloodstream
Term
4 layers of digestive tract?
Definition
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa(visceral peritoneum)
Term

Plica

villi

microvilli?

Definition
  • plica are the loops that come off the intestinal wall to increase SA.
  • Villi are small invaginations on the plica.
  • microvilli are even samller invaginations on the villi
Term
histological organization of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa?
Definition
  • glands, folded into plicae: Lamina propria w/ blood vessels and sensory endings
  • dense irregular CT, exocrine glands, submucosal plexus w/ symp. fibers
  • smooth muscle
Term

Phasic contractions?

Tonic Contractions?

Definition
  • waves of contraction triggered by pacesetter cells in smooth muscle
  • halting motion produced by sphincters
Term

Peristalsis?

segmentation?

Definition
  • movement through intestine intestine in sections.  contraction of circular SM behind mass, and contration of longitudinal SM in front of mass
  • responsible for mixing food.  No net forward movement.
Term

multi-unit or

single-unit Smooth muscle.

Force of contraction for SM is dependent on?

Definition
  • multiunit  is SM cells connected together by ANS
  • single unit fire independently
  • Ca2+ concentration
Term

How is motility and secretion by the enteric nervous system regulated?

short reflex?

long reflex?

Definition
  • It is regulated either by the long reflex which involves the CNS stimulated by sight, smell or taste
  • It is also regulated by the short reflex which goes from the chemoreceptors to the enteric plexus to secretory glands
Term
Digestive system can be innervated in 3 ways?
Definition
  1. Hormonal
  2. local factors
  3. neural control
Term
the mouth does begin to breakdown...through?
Definition
carbohydrates through enzymes in saliva
Term

2 types of salivary gland cells?

What viscosity of saliva do they produce?

Definition
  1. Mucous- thick
  2. serous- thin
Term
3 phases of swallowing?
Definition

oral phase

pharyngeal phase

esophageal phase

Term

What happens pharyngeal phase?

esophageal phase?

Definition
  • automatic response that closes glottis and food is pushed down to end of esophagus
  • food is pushed through the cardiac sphincter in an active process
Term
What causes Acid reflux?
Definition
loss of pressure of the Lower Esophageal sphincter(LES)
Term
The .... portion of the stomach grinds food into.....
Definition

antrum

chyme

Term
What chemicals digest food in stomach?
Definition
acid and pepsin
Term
what regulates acid production in the stomach?
Definition
gastrin
Term
peristalsis of the stomach is slowed by ... and increased by....
Definition
  • fatty foods and large meals
  • nutritious small meals
Term

intraduodenal saline does?

intraduodenal triglycerides do?

Definition
  1.  activates the stomach because there are no fats or carbs
  2. makes stomach activation stop becuase duodenum has plenty of fats
Term
3 cells involved in acid and enzyme secretion?
Definition
  1. parietal cells
  2. chief cells
  3. G cells
Term
PArietal cells
Definition
  • secretes acid into the body to change pepsinogen to pepsin
  • also secretes intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 formation
Term
Chief cell?
Definition
  • produces pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin by acid.
  • pepsin is then a major factor in protein digestion
Term
G cell?
Definition
  • secretes GAstrin
  • Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells to secrete acid
  • peptides and AA's promote gastrin formation.
Term
D cell?
Definition
  • Produces somatostatin which inhibits production of gastrin
  • Also inhibits Acid secretion by parietal cells
Term
What also inhibits Gastrin secretion?
Definition
  • Excess acid
  • lack of peptides and AA's
  • and somatostatin secretion
Term
What does ACh do?
Definition
  • stimulates Acid secretion
  • Stimulates ECL cell increasing histamine production which increases acid secretion
Term
Where is HCl actually formed?
Definition
outside parietal cell in gatric glands
Term
function of the gastric mucosal layer?
Definition
protects the stomach from damage against acid and pepsin
Term
Enerogastrones are?
Definition
Hormones released from enteroendocrine cells such as secretin and GIP that slow the rate of stomach emptying
Term
3 gastric secretion phases
Definition
  • Cephalic- in the brain
  • gastric - in the stomach
  • intestinal - in the duodenum low ph
Term
How is stomach acid neutralized in intestine?
Definition
bicarbonate release from pancreas
Term
How are pancreatic Secretions controlled?
Definition
enterogastrones( cholecystokinin, GIP, secretin)
Term

Increase in secretin causes... in the pancreas

increase in CCK causes.... in the pancreas

Definition
  • bicarbonate release
  • enzyme secretion
Term
What is the primary stimulus for intestinal gland secretion?
Definition
acidic content and distension of the intestinal wall
Term
Why is pepsin inactive when tested at a pH of 7?
Definition
  • because it is specific to the stomachs pH level
Term
A person who chronically takes antiacid pills will not be able to digest ....
Definition
proteins (pepsin needs a pH at normal stomach level
Term
Where is bile produced? stored? and what does it digest?
Definition
  • produced in liver
  • stored in gall bladder
  • digests fats in intestines
Term
Process of fat breakdown by bile?
Definition
  • bile salts coat fat droplets to create emulsions and micelles
Term
function of the liver?
Definition
to filter blood
Term
what is the primary location for lipid absorption?
Definition
lacteals
Term

Liver sinusoids?

Kuppfer cells?

hepatocytes?

Definition
  • large leaky capillaries
  • remove old RBC's and bacteria
  • produce bile, detoxify blood, store vitamins
Term
Jaundice?
Definition
bile ends up in venous blood
Term
why is it necessary to recycle bile salts?
Definition
there isnt enough bile to dissolve all the fat in one meal.
Term

hepatitis?

cirrhosis?

Definition
  • inflamation of the liver due to a Virus
  • chronic inflammation caused by alcohol or chronic hepatitis. scar tissue regenerates faster than hepatocytes
Term
Pancreas secretes ... to digest carbohydrates?
Definition
pancreatic amylase
Term
Cirrhosis of the liver would most severely impact?
Definition
lipid digestion
Term
Osmolarity... as protiens are broken down into peptides
Definition
increases
Term

Hydronephrosis is?

caused by?

Definition

too much water in kidneys

caused by jolting

Term
Things contained in Cortex? Medulla? renal pelvis of kidney?
Definition
  • Glomerulus
  • medullary pyramid
  • area of kidney infection, 2 or 3 major calyces
Term

pyelitis?

pyelonephritis?

Definition
  • infection of renal pelvis only
  • infection of entire kidney
Term
What happens to the blood flow to kidneys in a time of exercise?
Definition
it decreases
Term
90% of blood goes to the cortex. Why?
Definition
because this is the processing center for filtering and reducing toxins.
Term
Circulation through kidneys is?
Definition
  1. renal artery to segmental arteries
  2. interlobar arts
  3. arcuate arts
  4. interlobular arts
  5. afferent arterioles
  6. nephrons
  7. venules
  8. interlobular veins
  9. arcuate veins
  10. interlobar veins
  11. renal vein
Term
what is the renal plexus?
Definition
  • network of sympathetic fibers and ganglia in the kidneys that cause vasoconstriction of vasodilation to regulate renal blood flow
Term

What is a nephron?

glomerulus?

Definition
  • the functional unit of filtration in the kidney
  • tuft of capillaries located in cortex
Term
Renal corpuscle is composed of two things?
Definition
  1. glomerulus
  2. bowmans capsule
Term

visceral layer of capsule membrane?

parietal layer of capusle membrane?

Definition
  • on capillary
  • on inside of capsule
Term

tubule that exits the glomerulus?

tube that goes down into the medulla and back up?

tube that returns close to renal hilus?

duct that takes urine to the ureters?

Definition
  • proximal tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal tubule
  • collecting duct
Term
tubule cells from most to least mitochondria?
Definition

proximal tubule

distal tubule

loop of henle

collecting duct

Term
2 types of nephrons?
Definition
  • cortical nephrons- loop barely dips into medulla
  • juxtamedullary nephrons - loop goes deep into medulla
Term
2 cell types of juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Definition
  • juxtaglomerular cells - mechanoreceptors that respond to BP in afferent arterioles
  • macula densa - chemoreceptors that respond to solute content in distal tubule
Term
2 JG cells work together to....
Definition
regualte rate of filtrate formation and systemic BP
Term
Waht remains in Urine after filtration?
Definition
nitrogenous bases, unneeded substances and water
Term
3 elements(cell types) of filtration membrane
Definition
  1. fenestrated capillary membrane
  2. basement membrane
  3. filtration slits of pedicels
Term
fenestrated capillary membrane exclude passage of 2 things?
Definition
WBCs and RBCs
Term
basement membrane allows?
Definition
anything smaller than 8 nm in diameter and is electrically selective to postive proteins(no plasma proteins)
Term
pedicels catch waht molecules?
Definition
large molecules that the basement membrane might have missed and negative anions
Term

how much protein in glomerular filtrate?

plasma?

Definition

0.03%

7%

Term
what would result of low levels of plasma proteins?
Definition
decrease of blood colloid osmotic pressure increasing rate of filtration
Term
what is GFR?
Definition
glomerular filtration rate = total amount of filtrate formed/minute by kidneys
Term
A rise in MAP would.... filtrate formation
Definition
increase
Term

what happens if flow is too rapid?

what happens if its too slow?

Definition
  • not enough essential ions and water will be reabsorbed in the blood
  • too much wastes and water are reabsorbed
Term
myogenic mechanism for increase in BP?
Definition
  • smooth muscle contracts as it is stretched from an increase in MAP.
  • afferent arterioles vasoconstrict
  • reduces the amount of blood to downstream kidney
  • reduces kidney BP
Term

tubuloglomerular feedback is controlled by ... cells?  located in?

they release what?

what do they cause?

Definition

macula densa cells in distal tubule

they release paracrine chemicals that cause vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

Term
extrinsic controls include?
Definition
  • renin angiostensin mechanism -JG cells release renin when not stretched sufficiently. increases GFR
  • sympathetic NS vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
Term

Aldosterone causes?

released from?

Definition
  • increase in Na+ and water reabsorption
  • increase in Blood Volume
  • increase in BP

Adrenal cortex

Term

Anuria is?

results from?

Definition
  • abnormally low urine output
  • results from low glomerular BP
Term
4 basic steps in urine formation?
Definition
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
  • concentration
Term
Tubular Reabsorption?
Definition

reclaims useful solutes like Na, glucose and AA's

also reclaims fluids

Term

is Na reabsorption active or passive?

3 membranes?

Definition
  • active
  • luminal - strong electrochemical gradient
  • basolateral - Active transport 3 Na and 2 K w/ need of ATP
  • peritubular cap endothelium
Term
transport maximum is?
Definition
  • the maximum amount of solute that can be reabsorbed into body
  • every solute has one
Term
if glucose remains in urine in high concentration what will be the effect of urine output?
Definition
increase. more solute = more water
Term
passive tubular reabsorption is?
Definition

positively charged Na and K create a electrochemical gradient that passively allows movement of Cl and HCO3.

Obligatory water reabsorption

Term
solvent drag?
Definition
as H20 leaves tubules, relative concentration of remaining substances go up.  Then they follow their gradient and leave the tubule
Term
Things not reabsorbed are?
Definition
things not lipid soluble or too large to pass through
Term
tubular secretions?
Definition
moves substances from blood in peritubular caps to Proximal tubule, distal tubule, or collecting duct
Term
reabsorption in PCT moves what? secretion moves what?
Definition
  • glucose, AAs, ions, vitamins, lipid soluble substances.
  • most active reabsorbing cells
  • Secretes wastes like urea, uric acid, creatinine
  • regulates pH of body by secreting H+ and HCO3
Term
loop of henle purpose? ascending/descending?
Definition

conservation of water

ascending - movement of water out, not solute

descending - movement of solute out, not water

Term
DCT reabsorbs? purpose? Hormones?
Definition
  • water and salt
  • to regulate Blood volume and BP
  • Aldosterone - produced in adrenal cortex because of low blood Na or high K or low BP. causes reabsorption of Na and secretion of K, increases Blood volume and BP
  • ANF - inhibits water and Na reabsorption - lowers BP and volume
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