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ANAT 316 Test 1
Neuroscience
244
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/21/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the two components to the skull?
How many bones in each?
Definition
The facial skeleton and the cranial vault
14 and 8
Term
What bones can't you see from the frontal view?
Definition
The occipital bone and the palatine bones
Term
Which is the only bone not directly attached to the skull from the frontal view?
Definition
mandible
Term
Which bones feature alveolar processes?
Definition
the maxilla and the mandible
Term
What three foramina, that allow the passage of nerves, can be seen from the anterior (frontal view)
Definition
Superior orbital notch, inferior orbital foramen, and the mental foramen
Term
Where is the mental foramen found?
Definition
in the mandible
Term
List Anterior to posterior from nasal bones to occipital
Definition
Nasal bones and maxilla and madibel, then syzogmatic bone, and then zygomatic arch, then temporal bone, then occipital
Term
What makes up the zygomatic arch?
Definition
the temporal process of the zygoma and zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Term
What part of the sphenoid is posterior to the zygomatic?
Definition
The greater wing of the sphenoid
Term
What are the two aspects of the temporal bone?
Definition
the squamous section (above the the arch) and the petrous section below the arch
Term
what aspect of the sphenoid exists below the zygomatic arch?
Definition
the lateral pterygoid plate
Term
What makes up the temporal fossa?
Definition
The squamous temporal bone, the greater wing of teh sphenoid and lower portion of parietal bone
Term
What are two features on the pertrous temporal bone?
Definition
the thin styloid process (anterior) and the mastoid process (posterior)
Term
What bone do you find the EAM in?
Definition
In the temporal bone
Term
What is joined at the coronoid suture?
Definition
Frontal bone and parietal bone
Term
What suture joins the parietal and occipiatl bone
Definition
lambdoid suture
Term
What is the area called where the parietal, frontal, sphenoid and temporal bones join?
Definition
The pterion!
Term
What is the area called where the parietal, frontal, sphenoid and temporal bones join?
Definition
The pterion!
Term
What is the area called where the parietal, frontal, sphenoid and temporal bones join?
Definition
The pterion!
Term
Where do the parietal bones unite?
Definition
The saggital suture
Term
Where do the parietal bones unite?
Definition
The saggital suture
Term
What articulates with the atlas? where?
Definition
the occipital condules at the atlanto occipital joint
Term
What lies between the occ condyles?
Definition
the foramen magnum (for the spinal cord to pass through)
Term
What is the suture that separates the frontal from parietal bones
Definition
coronal suture
Term
What are considered the posterior nasal apertures?
Definition
the nasal choaenae
Term
what separates the choanae
Definition
the vertical vomer bone
Term
What makes up the hard palate?
Definition
Palatine bones (posteriorly) and the palatine processes of the maxilla anteriorly
Term
what lies laterally to the nasal choanae?
Definition
the medial and lateraly pterygoid plates of the sphenoid and the inferior orbital tissue
Term
Describe Sofrosty
Definition
A person is sitting on the sella tursica, with his hands in the optic canal. From top to bottom is the superior orbital fissure, the foramen rotundum, the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
Term
What makes up the floor of the anterior cranial ossa?
Definition
the Horizontal plate of the frontal bone and the cribriform plate and crista galli of ethmoid
Term
What is the considered the roof of the orbit?
Definition
horizontal plate of frontal bone
Term
What marks the posterior border of the anterior cranial fossa?
Definition
the lesser wing and jugum of the sphenoid, along with teh anterior clinoid processes
Term
Why is the middle cranial fossa butterfly shaped?
Definition
Because the sphenoid body is the body of the insect and greater wing and temporal bone as the butterfly wings
Term
Where are the superior orbital fissues found?
Definition
between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid
Term
What makes up the majority of the posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
The occipital bone featuring the foramen magnum
Term
What is found in the vertical wall of the petrous temporal bone?
Definition
the internal acoustic meatus
Term
What is found in the wall of the foramen magnum?
Definition
the hypoglossal canal (carrying the hypoglossal nerve)
Term
Where are the sphenoid sinuses?
Definition
within the body of the sphenoid
Term
Where are the greater wings attached to the sphenoid body?
Definition
From the floor of the middle cranial fossa (part of the temporal fossa)
Term
What does the jugum do?
Definition
Connects the two lesser wings
Term
What exists between the medial and lateral pterygoid plates
Definition
the pterygoid fossa
Term
What makes up the ethmoid bone?
Definition
vertical and horizontal palte, and two lateral masses
Term
What is the vertical plate in the ethmoid aka?
Definition
critsa galli (horizontal plate is the cribriform plate)
Term
What exists within the nasal component of the ethmoid?
Definition
The two lateral masses with ethmoidal air cells, the superior and middle nasal concahe, and the vertical plate
Term
what does the vertical plate of the ethmoid form?
Definition
half of the bony nasal septum
Term
what is the inferior nasal conchae part of?
Definition
Not the ethmoid! it forms part of the lateral wall of the nose
Term
What part of the hard palate is the palatine process of the maxilla?
Definition
the anterior 4/5ths
Term
what two foramina lie in the maxilla?
Definition
the infraorbital and incisive foramina
Term
What is the vertical arm of the mandible called? horizontal arm
Definition
the ramus, and the arm is the body
Term
Where do the two halves of the mandible meet?
Definition
the mental protuberance
Term
is the mandible paired?
Definition
no! unpaired
Term
what are the two processes of the mandible?
Definition
The condyloid (posterior and aka as the articular process) and coronoid (anterior and pointy)
Term
what part of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the termporal bone to form the TMj?
Definition
the condyloid process
Term
What formane is found deep in teh angle of the mandible?
what does it do?
Definition
the mandibular foramen (not the mental one)
It allows passage of nerves to teeth
Term
What processes does the zygomatic bone have?
Definition
frontal, maxillary and temporal processes
Term
what does the zygomatic bone contribute towards?
Definition
the wall and lateral border of the orbit and the lateral half of the inferior border and floor of orbit
Term
Where is the lacrimal bone located?
Definition
medial wall of the orbit, forms the opening of the nasolacrimal duct
Term
what bone hangs below the floor of the mouth supported by various muscles?
Definition
the hyoid
Term
what does the hyoid suspend?
Definition
the larynx
Term
what three features does the hyoid have?
Definition
the body, superior and inferior cornu
Term
What are the three main parts of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
Term
What makes up the cerebrum
Definition
the telencephelon and diencephelon
Term
What three structures make up the brain stem?
Definition
Mid brain, pons and medulla
Term
What are the three poles of the brain
Definition
frontal, temporal and occipital
Term
What is the most recently evolved area of the brain?
Definition
the telencephelon
Term
What divides the telenecephelon in L and R hemispheres?
Definition
the saggital fissue
Term
What does the horizontal fissure seperate?
Definition
the telencephelon from the cerebellum
Term
What does the lateral fissure seperate?
Definition
the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe (upper part of the cerebrum)
Term
what are the four lobes of the telencephelon?
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and occipital
Term
What does the central sulcus divide?
Definition
tThe frontal from parietal
Term
what divides parietal lobe from occipital?
Definition
the parieto occipital sulcus
Term
What are gyri and sulci?
Definition
Areas of the cortex that are either bumps (gyri) or valleys (sulci)
Term
Name the six most prominent sulci in the cerebrum
Definition
Central, precentral, post central, parieto-occipital, calcarine, and cingulate
Term
What does the calcarine sulcus separate?
Definition
above and below the optical cortex
Term
What does the cingulate sulcus separate?
Definition
Above the cingulate gryus, which rests on the corpus callosum
Term
What is the role of the precentral gyrus area? Post central?
Definition
Motor Cortex, Sensory
Term
What are the four components of the diencephalon?
Definition
Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus
Term
What is the role of the thalamus
Definition
Main sensory nucleus of the brain handling every sense apart from smell
Term
Role of hypothalamus?
Definition
Below the thalamus and connected directly to the pituitary gland, which hangs from it
Term
What does the grey matter contain in the brain? inside or outside?
Definition
contains the cell bodies of the neurons and these are confied to the cortex and the basal ganglia
Term
What things in the brain are grey matter?
Definition
basal ganglia and cortex
Term
What re the structures in the basal ganglia?
Definition
Lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus) caudate nucleus, and amygdala
Term
What makes up the lentiform nucleus
Definition
The putamen (the outer cell) and the globus pallidus (the most central cell). the globus is also light staining
Term
What is the role of the amygdala
Definition
the base emotional activity (primitive)
Term
What is at the same level as the basal ganglia?
Definition
the thalamus and internal capsule (things made of white matter - axons)
Term
What is white matter made of?
Definition
axons
Term
What are three types of axon fibres?
Definition
Association fibres (can be short, mediu, or long) - within on e hemisphere

Commisural Fibres - communication between hemispheres
Projection fibres - communicate between different levels of the brain
Term
What are the types of commisural fibres?
Definition
small anterior commisure, tiny posterior commisure and the huge corpus callosum
Term
what are the parts of the corpus callosum?
Definition
Genu (anterior), long body (middle) and large posterior splenium
Term
Where are there the most dense site of fibres in the CC
Definition
in the splenium (second densest in the genu)
Term
What defines projection fibres
Definition
Those that pass from one leve of the nervous system to another
Term
examples of projection fibres
Definition
Pyramidal tract fibers
Term
path of pyramidal tract fibres
Definition
Motor cortex --> Internal capsule --> Cerebral Peduncles --> Pons --> medulla --> Spinal Cord --> Spinal level of target tissue
Term
What are the two large fiber bundles in the midbrain?
Definition
The anterior cerebral penduncles and the posterior the paired superior and inferior colliculi (little bumps)
Term
Where can you find the mammillary bodies?
Definition
Anterior surface of the midbrain
Term
What occurs at the junction of the midbrain and the pons?
Definition
attachment of cranial nerves II and IV
Term
What does the pons bridge?
Definition
The two hemisphere
Term
What nerves emerge from the pons's anterior surface
Definition
CN V
Term
What is continous with the medulla
Definition
the spinal cord
Term
what lies on the anterior surface of the medulla?
Definition
the paired pyramids and the olives laterally
Term
what role does the cerebellum have? how does it connect to the brain stem?
Definition
coordination, connects with the brainstem via the large middle cerebellar peduncles
Term
What does the mammilary body do?
Definition
its a nucleus for sensory and memory activity
Term
Where does the spinal cord extend from and end in?
Definition
Extends in the spinal canal from the foramen magnum down to around L1/2
Term
How many spinal nerves are there?
Definition
32
Term
Do spinal nerves leave above or below their respective vertebra
Definition
From C1 - C7, it;s above, but then C8 leaves above T1, and then after that its below
Term
What is the conus medullaris?
Definition
The place where the spinal cord tapers, and is attaches to the sacrum via the filum terminal
Term
what does the filum terminale do
Definition
attaches the sacrum to the conus medullaris
Term
What are the nerves below L2 called?
Definition
The cauda equina
Term
What are the enlargements called for the upper and lower llimbs?
Definition
Cervical and lumbar enlargements
Term
In the spinal cord, what is the grey matter?
Definition
The central H
Term
What do the anterior / Ventral horns do?
Definition
They are responsible for motor efferent signals
Term
What does sensory signalling in the spinal cord?
Definition
the dorsal - posterior and afferent roots
Term
What exists between Ti and L2 in the spinal cord?
Purpose?
Definition
the small intermediate horns, for sympathetic nerves
Term
What is wide and what is narrow: the posterior groove and anterior sulcus?
Definition
The anterior sulcus is wide, and the posterior groove is narrow
Term
What are the three funiculi in the SC
Definition
Posterior, lateral and anterior
Term
What is the role of the ventricles?
Definition
Hollow chambers and ducts that are continuous with the narrow central canal of the SC
Term
Describe the shape of the lateral ventricles
Definition
Anterior horn - frontal lobe
Posterior horn - occipital lobe
Inferior horn - temporal lobe
Body - parietal lobe
Term
What is the part of the lateral ventricles that joins the body and inferior horn?
Definition
The atrium
Term
What is found in the atrium of the lateral ventricles?
Definition
the choroid plexus and CSF
Term
How do the lat. ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle?
Definition
Via the foramen of munroe
Term
Where is the 3rd ventricle located? how does it join the 4th ventricle?
Definition
Between the two halves of the thalamus, via the aqueduct of sylvius
Term
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Definition
Between the pons and the medulla in front and the cerebellum behind
Term
What do the foramina of luschk and magendie do?
Definition
They allow teh CSF to escape the ventricular system, and travel into the subarachnoid space
Term
What is the 4th ventricle continuous with?
Definition
The central canal of the spinal cord
Term
What are the three layers of CT that encase the CNS, outer to inner?
Definition
Dura, Arachnoid and PIA
Term
Where does the dura mater invaginate? (2)
Definition
Into the saggital fissure to form the Falx Cerebri and into the horizontal fissure to form the tentorium cerebelli
Term
How far down the vertebral canal does the dura mater extend?
Definition
until the sacrum
Term
What is the epidural space?
Definition
A fat filled space between the dura mater and the vertebral column (note: not present in the brain as it attaches to the skull)
Term
What layer of the CNS contains the blood vessels?
Definition
The arachnoid mater
Term
In the cranial vault, what is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater? importance?
Definition
the subarachnoid space, this is where the CSF circulates
Term
In the vertebral column, how is the arachnoid connected to the dura and pia mater?
Definition
Connected firmly to the dura, but loosely to the pia via Denticulate ligaments
Term
what are the denticulate ligaments
Definition
how the arachnoid connects to the pia mater in the vertebral column
Term
What happens if at the falx cerebri, the dural venous sinuses get blocked?
Definition
you get hydrocephalous
Term
What is consider the outer layer of the CNS
Definition
the pia mater, because it sits firmly on the superficial cortex and the outer surface of the SC
Term
Describe CSF
Definition
produced in ventiicles by the choroid plexus from filtered arterial blood
Term
What roles does the CSF have?
Definition
metabolic roles, and protective as it provides a shock absoprtive function
Term
How does it pass through the subarachnoid space?
Definition
Via the root of the falx cerebri and the superior saggital sinus.
Term
what are arachnoid villi?
Definition
pockets of arachnoid mater that lie in the superior saggital sinus. Filter the CSF
Term
Where does the superior saggital sinuses filter to?
Definition
They filter to the internal jugular vein
Term
What are cisterns? what's the largest?
Definition
Large openings of the subarachnoid space, largest is the lumbar cistern created when the SC terminates at L1/2. (place for spinal tapping)
Term
What two sources does the brain receive blood from?
Definition
Internal Carotid and the vertebral arteries
Term
How do the Internal Carotid and the vertebral arteries reach the skull?
Definition
via the carotid canal, and the foramen magnum
Term
Track the path of the vertebral arteries
Definition
Enter via foramen magnum, anatastomse to form the basilic arteries (runs up the pons), it then bifurcates to form the two posterior cerebral arteries. These arteries connect to the middle cerebral via the posterior communicating arteries
Term
track the path of the internal carotid artery
Definition
enters via the carotid canal, and as it reaches the sella tursica, it splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. The anterior cerebral are connected together via the anterior communicating artery.
Term
What is the circle of willis
Definition
the two posterior cerebral arteries, the posterior communicating, the middle cerberals, the anterior cerebrals and the anterior communicating. This system surrounds the pituitary
Term
What arteries supply the saggital surface of the brain?
Definition
the anterior and posterior cerebral
Term
What supplies the perirphery of the outer cortex of the brain?
Definition
the anterior and posterior cerebral
Term
What supplies the centre of the brain?
Definition
the middle cerebral artery (as it comes through the lateral fissure)
Term
what supplies the cerebellum?
Definition
the superior and inferior cerebellar arteries, while the SC gets blood from the vertebral arteries at the superior end and from the aorta lower down
Term
how does the SC gets blood?
Definition
from the vertebral arteries (at superior end) and from the aorta lower down
Term
Where do the veins of the brain empty?
Definition
into the dural venous sinuses - that drain into the internal jugular vein
Term
What is the function of the somatic system?
Definition
voluntary motor control and general sensation information
Term
how many nerves in the somatic system
Definition
31 or 32 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Term
What happens when spinal nerves exit the SC?
Definition
They exit via the intervertebral formaina and split into a small dorsal ramus and a large ventral ramus
Term
Why are the sacral nerves unique?
Definition
they split into rami before they exit the foramina
Term
Where are the cell bodies of the motor nerves located?
Definition
in the anterior horn and their axons run into the ventral root
Term
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory nerves located?
Definition
in the DRG
Term
What does the autonomic system do?
Definition
Provides involuntary motor control and visceral sensory perception
Term
What are the main 6 sensory modalities?
Definition
Touch, pain, T, joint position, vibration, touch (non-discriminatory)
Term
How are sensory modalities carried?
Definition
Via the spinal and certain cranial nerves
Term
Where is the first synapse for most sensory nerves?
Definition
in the DRG (and then a second axon of the same neuron carries the signal up the spinal cord in one of several tracts)
Term
What are the two most important sensory tracts?
Definition
The dorsal columns and the antero-lateral columns
Term
What modalities do the dorsal columns (fasiculi) carry?
Definition
Discriminatory touch, joint position (proprioception) and vibration.
Term
Where do the fibres of the fasiculus gracillis run from? fasiculus cuneatus?
Definition
Gracillus only run from below T6 and travel medially, where those above T6 travel in the more lateral column (cuneatus)
Term
Where do the fibers from the gracillis and cuneatus synapse?
Definition
In the nucleus gracillis and cuneutus
Term
Where do the axons from the gracillis and cuneatus crossover?
Definition
The axons, after they synapse in the nuclei, cross over at the level of the lower medulla (where the nuceli are)
Term
How do the dorsal column pathways ascend the brain stem?
Definition
via the medial lemniscus
Term
Where is the second synapse for dorsal column axons?
Definition
In the thalamus (all senses except for smell)
Term
How do dorsal columns pathways get from the thalamus to the sensory cortex?
Definition
Via the thalamus they go through the internal capsule and end on the post central gyrus (for sensory)
Term
What does the atnerolateral colum carry?
Definition
Crude touch, pain and temperature sensations.
Term
Where do the sensory nerves from the anterolateral column synapse?
Definition
Synapse in the dorsal horn (unlike the dorsal columsn whose first synapse is in nuclei)
Term
Where do anterolateral axons decussate?
Definition
Immediately after synapse, so at the level of the vertebrae, then ascends in anterolateral tracts
Term
Where is the second synapse for the anterolateral tracts?
Definition
In the thalamus (after going via the medial lemniscus)
Term
Where does the anterolateral tracts go after reaching the thalamus
Definition
via the internal capsule to the sensory cortex, specifically the postcentral gyrus
Term
What is the most direct motor pathway?
Definition
the corticospinal tract
Term
Describe the pathway of motor nerves from cortex to site?
Definition
Initiated in pre-central gyrus or premotor cortex, travel down through the internal capsule, the cerebral peduncles, the pons and then through the pyramids of the medulla.
Term
When do motor neurons decussate?
Definition
At the level of the lower medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract
Term
Where do the lateral corticospinal tract motor neurons cross over?
Definition
at the level of the lower medulla
Term
Where do neurons of the anterior corticospinal tract cross over?
Definition
close to level of termination (i.e. not medulla)
Term
Where do all corticospinal fibers terminate?
Definition
In the anterior horn of the spinal cord where they synapse with the large anterior horn neurons
Term
where do anterior horn neurons leave the spinal cord?
Definition
in the ventral root (to form the spinal nerve with the dorsal root sensory axons)
Term
What motor tracts make up the extra-pyramidal system?
Definition
the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
Term
Where do the extrapyramidal tracts come from?
Definition
Not the pyramids!haha, no seriously.
They come from lower parts of the brain and brain stem,
Term
role for extrapyramidal tracts?
Definition
Muscle tone, extensor function
Term
Can the extrapyramidal tracts take over the pyramidal system if necessary?
Definition
apparently yes
Term
What are the 12 CN?
Definition
Olfactory, Optic, Oculmotor, Trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vesibulococlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal
Term
List from 1-12, whether the CN are sensory or motor
Definition
S,S, M, M, B, M, B, S, B, B, M, M
Term
Where does CN 1 originate and what path does it take?
Definition
In the olfactory mucosa of the upper mucosa, and travels through the cribriform plate and enters the olfactory bulb. The nerves synapse in the bulb and the secondary nerves form the olfactory nerve which runs back to the rhinencelphelon (olfactory cortex)
Term
Describe the path of CN II
Definition
The optic nerve fibres leave the retina and form the paired optic nerves which pass through the optic canal. They then coalesce, and past the optic chiasm they form the left and right optic tracts.
Term
Where do CN II nerves synapse?
Definition
in the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus
Term
Where do CN III and IV emerge from the brain stem?
Definition
At the junction of the midbrain and pons
Term
Where does CN VI exit the brain stem
Definition
Junction of pons and medulla
Term
What do CNs III, IV and VI supply?
Definition
the extraocular muscles:
CN III - Superior and inferio rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superiors

CN IV - Superior Oblique
CN VI - Lateral Rectus
Term
Where do CNs III, IV and VI leave the cranium?
Definition
Via the superior orbital fissure and into the orbit
Term
What four components of the trigeminal nerve are there?
Definition
The motor component, maxillary, mandibular, and the opthalamic component
Term
Where does the opthalamic component of CN V leave?
Maxillary? Mandibular?
Definition
superior orbital fissure,
Foramen Rotundum, and the foramen oval
Term
What is the motor component of CN V carried by? where does it exit?
Definition
the madibular nerve, the pons (only one to do so)
Term
What are the three sensory components of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
Opthalamic - forehead
Maxillary - Cheek
Mandibular - Jaw
Term
Where does FAcial Nerve CN VII leave the brain stem? Exit the skull?
Definition
Lateral to CN VI and passes through the IAM. Passes through middle ear and exits skull via stylomastoid foramen
Term
How many branches are there of the CN VII? what do they do?
Definition
5 branches, and innervate the muscles of facial expression
Term
What sensory function does CN VII have? Parasympathetic role?
Definition
anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic supply to salivary glands
Term
Where do CN VIII leave the brain stem
Definition
Lateral to CN VII (the facial nerve) and enters the IEM
Term
What does the CN VIII do?
Definition
brings sensory information regarding sound and position back from the internal ear
Term
Where is the CN IX?
Definition
The glossopharyngeal nerve is attached to the medulla below where CN vII (the vestibulococlear nerve) exits.
Term
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do? (3)
Definition
it provides parasympathetic innervation to the salivary galnds, motor innervation to styopharyngeus muscle, and sensory innervation to posterior third of tongue and pharynx.
Term
Where does CN IX exit?
Definition
via the jugular foramen
Term
What is the vagus nerve?
Definition
CN X ,the great parasympathic nerve of the thorax and abdomen
Term
Other than parasympathetics, what does the vagus nerve do?
Definition
sensory and motor innervation to the larnyx.
Term
Where does the vagus nerve exit?
Definition
Leaves below CN IX, leaving the medulla. Exits with CN IX via the jugular foramen
Term
Where are rootlets for CN XI found?
Definition
upper cervical levels, and they coalesce and travel upwards to the foramen magnum
Term
Where does CN XI exit? what does it do?
Definition
Via the jugular foramen
Supplies the trapezius and sternomastoid muscles
Term
Where does the CN XII arise?
Definition
The hypoglossal nerve arise from rootlets that exit between the pyramid and olive of medulla.
Term
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit?
Definition
Via the hypoglossal canal
Term
What does the hypoglossal nerve supply?
Definition
the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Term
Where do sympathetic nerves arise from
Definition
Levels T1- l2
Term
Where do parasympathetic nerves come from?
Definition
CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral levels S-2,3,4
Term
What is the thoracolumbar system?
Definition
sympathetic
Term
Give two activities of the SNS
Definition
shunt blood away from viscera and towards skeletal muscles, and cause release of EPi evoking flight or fight response
Term
What two general targets do autonomic nerves have?
Definition
the body walls, limbs, and superficial ehad and neck
Organs systems within the torso
Term
What nerve system leads to the organs within the torso
Definition
the splanchnic nerves
Term
Where do sympathetic nerves exit?
Definition
Through the ventral root
Term
What is the somatotopic arrangement?
Definition
That axons travelling to a higher target tissue will exit through the higher nerve roots (near T1)
Term
How do sympathetic nerves enter the sympathetic trunk
Definition
via the white ramus communicans
Term
If a neurons synpase in the trunk at a given level, where does it go?
Definition
It leaves via the grey ramus to its target tissue at that level
Term
how are the sympathetic trunk ganglia arranged in the cervical region?
Definition
They are arranged in three segments (superior, middle ad inferior)
C1-5, C5-6, C7-8
Term
what splanchnic nerves don't sysnpase in the sympathetic trunk?
Definition
the thoracic and lumbar nerves
Term
what path do splanchnic nerves to the aorta take?
Definition
They pass directly through their corresponsding sympathetic ganglian and emerge anteromedially as the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves before synpasing in the abdominal (preaortic) ganglia
Term
What do CNs III, VII, and IX serve?
Definition
III carries efferent neurons for pupil and lens
VII and IX serve salivary and lacrimal glands
Term
describe the path of the vagus nerve fibers?
Definition
It carries preganglionics to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen, including the GI tract as far as 2/3rds the length of the transverse colon
Term
Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise?
Definition
From S2-4
Term
What forms the Enteric Plexus?
Definition
the VAgus and pelvic splanchnic nerves
Term
what controls blood flow to the penis or clitoris?
Definition
the pelvis splanchnics
Term
what do the thoracic organs receive innervation from?
Definition
Splanchnic nerves t 1-4
Term
What supplies the visceral heart?
Definition
C1-T4
Term
What does the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve do?
Lesser thoracic splanchnic?
Lumbar splanchnic?
Definition
synapses in the celiac ganglion and innervates the foregut
midgut via the superior mesenteric ganglion
Hindgut
Term
what do the least splanchnic nerves do?
Definition
they innervate the kidneys
Term
Describe the path of CN III?
Definition
Carries preganglionic axons to the ciliary ganglion, which synapses and send postganglionic fibers to the sphincter puillae and teh ciliary muscles
Term
Describe path of CN VII
Definition
carries presynaptic fibers that synpase in pteryogopalatine ganglion, and then the post ganglionic fibers go direct to the lacrimal gland
Term
What do Cranial nerves 7 and 9 innervate?
Definition
They innervate the salivary glands
Term
Where do CN VII fibers synapse?
Definition
Submandibular ganglion (innervate the submandibular and sublingual glands)
Term
Where does CN IX go?
Definition
to the otic ganglion, and then to the parotid gland
Term
what does the vagus nerve supply in the cranial regions?
Definition
The smooth muscle in the pharynx and larynx (along with all organs in the thorax)
Term
what does the vagus suplly in the adbomen?
Definition
the GI tract and associated glands as far as 2/3rds down teh transverse colon (not hindgut). P
Term
where does the parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut come from?
Definition
the pelvic splanchnic nerves (alos the pelvic organs)
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