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Anat 100 - Nervous System
CNS & PNS
80
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/07/2011

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Term
NEURON
Definition
Nerve cells that conduct impulses
Term
NEUROGLIA
Definition
Specialized connective tissue cells that support, protect and hold together neurons.
Term
AXON
Definition
Single elongated projection from a nerve cell body that transmits impulses away from cell body.
Term
DENDRITE
Definition
Branching projections from the nerve cell body that carry signals to the cell body
Term
NEURILEMMA
Definition
Outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell, essential to regeneration of injured Axons.
Term
MYELIN
Definition
White, fatty insulating substance formed by Schwann cells, surrounds some Axons.
Term
OLIGODENDROCYTE
Definition
Cell creates myelin in CNS, fatty insulator
Term
SCHWANN CELLS
Definition
Cell creates myelin in PNS
Term
NODE OF RANVIER
Definition
Small gaps between segments of the myelin sheath
Term

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

(PNS)

Definition
Outside of the CNS
Term
SENSORY NEURON
Definition
Conducts sensory signals to CNS
Term
MOTOR NEURON
Definition
Conduct motor signals away from the CNS
Term
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Definition
Difference between positive and negative charged neuron
Term
DEPOLARIZATION
Definition
A stimulus such as pressure, light, temperature or chemical change...results in charge of one segment of the neuron
Term
ACTION POTENTIAL
Definition
Different charges between outside & inside membrane or positive/negative charge
Term
REFRACTORY PERIOD
Definition
Brief period after inhibation when the neuron recovers
Term
SYNAPSE
Definition
Spce or junction between two neurons or a neuron and an effector organ
Term
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
Definition
The actual space in the synapse
Term
PRESYNAPTIC NEURON
Definition
The neuron sending the signal (before the synapse)
Term
POST SYNAPTIC NEURON
Definition
The neuron or muscle fiber receiving the signal (after synapse)
Term
ACETYLCHOLINE
Definition
Stimulates skeletal muscles and acts primarily on the parasympathetic nervous system
Term
EPINEPHRINE
Definition

(aka; Adrenaline) Can be or inhibitor, depending on type of receptor bound

Found in CNS

(fight or flight)

Term
NOREPINEPHRINE
Definition

Can excite or inhibit & found in CNS.

Causes constriction of skeletal blood vessels, involved in emotional responses "feel good" neurotransmitter

Term
DOPAMINE
Definition

Generally excitatory. Found in brain and ANS

Emotions, moods & regulation of motor control

Term
HISTAMINE
Definition
Stimulant, released by mast cells as part of inflammatory process
Term
SEROTONIN
Definition
Usually works as inhibitor in the CNS. Synthesized into melatonin, affects biologic cycles, sleep & moods.
Term
ENDORPHINES & ENKEPHALINS
Definition
Endogenous morphines block the brain from feeling pain. Inhibitory & found in CNS, retina & intestinal tract
Term
SUBSTANCE P
Definition
Excitatory & found in brain, spinal cord, gastrointestinal tract. Transmits pain information
Term
GRAY MATTER
Definition
Unmyelinated nervous tissue, particularly that found in the CNS
Term
WHITE MATTER
Definition
Myelinated nerve fibers, particularly those found in brain and spinal tissue
Term
BASAL GANGLIA
Definition
Small collections of gray matter that assist in coordination
Term
CEREBRUM
Definition
Largest of brain divisions in uppermost region of cranium. Past memories & motor response
Term
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Definition
Thin layer of matter that is gray because of dendrites, contains folds
Term
CONVOLUTIONS/GYRI
Definition
Folds in cerebral cortex
Term
SULCI
Definition
Gyri folds separated by creases
Term
FISSURES
Definition
The deepest sulci
Term
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
Definition
Divides cerebrum into left/right hemispheres
Term
CENTRAL SULCUS
Definition
AKA, Fissure of Rolondo, separates frontal & parietal lobes
Term
CORPUS COLLESUM
Definition
Located underneath gray matter. Function to connect left/right hemispheres
Term
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Definition
Located in the interior of cerebrum, importsant in emotional responses; fear, rage & pleasure
Term
FRONTAL
Definition

Lobe: Anterior cerebrum

Personality, intellect & cognition and motor skills

Term
PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS
Definition
Manage motor control of muscles
Term
BROCA'S AREA
Definition
Part of Frontal Lobe. Controls speech
Term
PARIETAL
Definition
Lobe: Next to parietal bones, contains post-central gyrus. Receives and evaluates sensory info; temp, pressure, touch, taste, pain
Term
POST CENTRAL GYRUS
Definition
Primary sensory area of brain. Part of Parietal Lobe
Term
TEMPORAL
Definition

Lobe: Next to temporal bone.

Hearing and smell

Term
WERNIKE'S AREA
Definition
Part of Temporal Lobe. Understanding language
Term
OCCIPITAL
Definition

Lobe: Anterior to occipital bone.

Mechanical control; eyesight

Term
INSULA OF REIL
Definition
5th Lobe: Under lateral fissure. Limbic system, gives us feeling of what is real, true, important
Term
INTEGRATIVE OR ASSOCIATIVE FUNCTIONS OF CORTEX
Definition
Include all activities that occur in cerebrum after sensory signals received, before motor responses sent
Term
BRAIN STEM
Definition
Primitive portion of brain that contains centers for vital functions & reflex actions; vomiting, coughing, sneezing, posture
Term
MIDBRAIN
Definition

"mesencephalon"

Contains reflex centers for visual and auditory stimuli & correlates info about muscle tone & posture

Term
PONS
Definition

Middle of brain stem, between brainstem and medulla.

Breathing, eye movement, facial expressions, REM

Term
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Definition
Connects pons w/spinal cord
Term
DIENCEPHALON
Definition
Found between the cerebrum and midbrain and contains the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Body
Term
THALAMUS
Definition
Created from gray matter of nerve cell bodies deep in white matter of cortex. Relay station from sense organs of cerebrum
Term
HYPOTHALAMUS
Definition
Below Thalamus and above Pituitary gland. Regulates functions such as Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Appetite, Pleasure, Temp, ANS function
Term
PINEAL BODY
Definition

Gland: Found on Dorsal side of diencephalon

(hormone=melatonin)

Term
RETICULAR ACTIVATION
Definition
Structural and functional part of brainstem. Maintains arousal levels in cerebral cortex and alerts changes in homeostasis
Term
CEREBELLUM
Definition
2nd largest part of the brain. Involved with balance, posture, coordination and movement
Term
VENTRICALS
Definition
4 fluid-filled chambers in brain; 1 in each cerebral hemisphere
Term

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

(CSF)

Definition
Fills 4 ventricles. Flows throughout the brain & spinal cord, provides cushioning and protection
Term
CHOROID PLEXUS
Definition
Produces CSF
Term
MENINGES
Definition

Brain & spinal column protected by 3 membranes called Meninges.

Dura Mater=outermost

Arachnoid Mater=2nd layer

Pia Mater=3rd layer

Term
DURA MATER
Definition

Outermost meninges layer.

White, tough, fibrous connective membrane

(tough mother)

Term
ARACHNOID MATER
Definition

2nd layer meninges.

Cobweb like, containing many blood vessels

Term
PIA MATER
Definition

3rd layer meninges. Thin & adheres directly to spinal cord & brain

(delicate mother)

Term
EPIDURAL SPACE
Definition
Found between skull & Dura Mater. Contains fatty connective tissue
Term
SUBDURAL SPACE
Definition
Found between Dura Mater & arachnoid membrane. Filled with cushioning serous fluid
Term
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
Definition
Found between arachnoid and pia mater. Contains CSF
Term
FORAMEN MAGNUM
Definition
Opening in the base of the skull. Spinal cord passes though from brain stem
Term
SPINAL NERVES
Definition
31 pairs (segments); 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
Term
SEGMENT
Definition
Section of spinal cord that corresponds to a single pair of spinal nerves
Term
CONUS MEDULARIS/FILUM TERMINALE
Definition
Terminal end of spinal cord
Term
CAUDA EQUINA
Definition

Spinal and lower lumbar nerves

(horse tail)

Term
DORSAL ROOT
Definition
"Sensory Root" - 1 of 2 roots attached to the spinal cord
Term
VENTRAL ROOT
Definition

"Motor Root" - 2 of 2 roots attached to the spinal cord

Term
TRACTS
Definition
Pathways of White Matter on the outside of the spinal cord
Term
ASCENDING TRACTS
Definition
Conduct sensory impulses such as pain, touch and temperature UP to the brain 
Term
DESCENDING TRACTS
Definition
Conduct motor impulses from the brain DOWN the cord to the spinal nerves
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