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Analysis of Blood
Lab VI
49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/15/2012

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Cards

Term
What do red blood cells (erythrocytes) look like on a slide?
Definition
small pink/violet stained cells. Most abundant. Lack nuclei
Term
What do platelets (thrombocytes) look like on a slide?
Definition
Abundant cell fragments, much smaller than RBC, irregiular in shape and often stained purple
Term
What is the approx ratio of RBC:WBC?
Definition
100:1
Term
What do white blood cells (leukocytes) look like on a slide?
Definition
Larger than RBC, prominent purple-stained nuclei
Term
What are teh five major kinds of white blood cells in human blood?
Definition
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
Term
What are the two common white blood cell kinds?
Definition
neutrophils and lymphocytes
Term
What are teh three uncommon or rare white blood cell types?
Definition
eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
Term
What are the two granulated white blood cell types?
Definition
neutrophils, eosionophils
Term
What are the agranulated white blood cell types?
Definition
Lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils
Term
What are the common features of a Neutrophil?
Definition
nucleus usually divided into 3-7 lobes, occasionaly U-shaped. cytoplasm usually pink/violet. most common WBC. Granulated
Term
What are common features of the lymphocytes?
Definition
usually small, some are larger. Large, round nucleus usually fills most of the cell. cytoplasm (pale blue) is limited to a thin rim around nucelus. 2nd most common WBC. Agranulated
Term
Common features of monocytes?
Definition
large cells, nucelus usually an irregular oval, kindey-shaped, or U-shaped. cytoplasm is usually pale blue. uncommon. Agranulated
Term
Common features of eosinophils?
Definition
abundant coarse, red or pink granules in cytoplasm. nucleus usually 2-lobe or figure-8 shaped. rare. granulated
Term
Common features of basophils?
Definition
coarse purple granules in cytoplasm, vary in size. nucelus irregular, pale purple; often obscured by the granules and difficult to see. most rare WBC. Granulated
Term
What gives red blood cells their red color?
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
What is the principal function of hemoglobin?
Definition
transport oxygen through the bloodstream
Term
WHat is hemoglobin?
Definition
A large protein composed of four amino acid chains joined together?
Term
What is contained within each amino acid chain mass?
Definition
A heme group
Term
What is a heme group made up of?
Definition
Composed of complicated rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms, surrounding an iron atom
Term
How does the oxygen molecules attach to the heme?
Definition
attach via the iron atoms in their centers
Term
What kind of disease is sickle-cell anemia?
Definition
A genetic disease
Term
How is sickle-cell anemia acquired?
Definition
when a child inherits an abnormal version of a gene for hemoglobin from both parents
Term
How does sickle-cell anemia affect the hemoglobin molecules?
Definition
Causes them to stick to each other when they are deoxygenated
Term
When the hemoglobin molecules stick together what happens to their shape?
Definition
Form stiff rods which distort the shape of the RBC stretching them into oval, crescent or irregular shapes
Term
What happens to Sickled RBC's due to their shape?
Definition
Easily damaged, torn open while in circulation or destroyed by the spleen or liver. Chronic anemia
Term
What makes sickling become more severe and widespread?
Definition
When the concentration of oxygen in the blood is lower-as during heavy exercise or an infection
Term
WHat happens during a sickling crisis?
Definition
Many RBC's become sickled and cause clogs, depriving tissue of their circulation.
Term
What tissues can be deprived/compromised while of circulation during a sickling crisis?
Definition
lungs, muscles, joints, heart, spleed, and kidneys
Term
What symptoms do people with sickle-cell anemia exhibit?
Definition
excruciating pain and infections become more common
Term
What do repeated episodes of severe sickling do?
Definition
Produce chronic damage to organs and eventually lead to premature death.
Term
What is acute lymphocytic leukemia?
Definition
cancer of the lymphocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow
Term
What happens to blood production as a result of acute lymphocytic leukemia?
Definition
Uncontrolled production of huge numbers of abnormal and immature lympochyte and a reduction in the production of the other types of blood cells
Term
What does acute lymphocytic leukemia cause in terms of symptoms?
Definition
Usually rapid, leading to infections, fever, sorethroat, bleeding from the nose and mouth, and anemia
Term
Which population does Acute lymphocytic leukemia?
Definition
Children
Term
What is the purpose of a differential white blood cell count?
Definition
help diagnose disease conditions that alter the abundance of these cells
Term
What are the normal range of neutrophils?
Definition
40-70%
Term
What is the range of eosinophils?
Definition
1-4%
Term
What is the normal range of basophils?
Definition
less than 1%
Term
What is the normal range of lymphocytes?
Definition
29-45%
Term
What is the normal range of monocytes?
Definition
4-8%
Term
What is the purpose of a red blood cell count?
Definition
Estimate the density of rbc's in the blood
Term
What can unusually low density of red blood cells mean?
Definition
blood loss due to injury, destruction, deficient production
Term
What is hemolysis?
Definition
destruction of rbc
Term
What can hemolysis be caused by?
Definition
inherited disorders, certain external drugs/toxins
Term
What do low rbc densities result in?
Definition
anemia
Term
What happens as a result of anemia?
Definition
reduced ability to transport oxygen through the bloodstream
Term
What is polycythemia?
Definition
unusually high density of rbc's?
Term
What can polycythemia result from?
Definition
living at high altitudes, chronic heart and lung disease, or heavy smoking
Term
What is a hematocrit?
Definition
packed rbc volume, used for estimating red blod cell abudnace
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