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ANA 209 Exam 3
ANA 209 Exam 3
268
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
03/27/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Cranial Nerves - motor division of PNS

 

Definition

1) Somatic fibers connecting the brain to the skin and skeletal muscle fibers

2) Autonomic (Viscermotor) fibers connecting the brain to the viscera

Term
crainal and spinal nerves that comprise the PNS
Definition
CNS is connected to the peropheru of the body by
Term
Spinal Nerves - motor division of PNS
Definition

1) somatic fibers connecting the spinal cord to the skin and skeletal muscles

2) autonomic (viscermotor) fibers connecting the spinal cord to the viscera

Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
cell bodies w/in the brain and spinal cord responsible for autonomic innervation of the skin and viscera
Term
ANS
Definition
controls gland secreton and smooth/cardiac muscle contraction
Term

1) Sympathetic - thoracolmbar

2) Parasympathetic - cranio-sacral

3) the PNS

Definition

ANS nerve cell bodies are found in the CNS: 1 and 2

-processes of these cells form "nerves" and they are found in 3

Term
Sensory (afferent) function of NS
Definition
Internal and external monitoring of changes in heat, touch, CO2, light
Term
integrative (asociation neurons) of NS
Definition

-nerve impulses (signals) are brough together

-perception, memory, thought, intelligence, instinctual behavior

-coordinate and control all body activites using motor systems

Term
Visceral motor division or ANS
Definition
Composed of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisons
Term
Motor (efferent) function of NS
Definition
from CNS -> PNS -> effector (muscles and glands)
Term
Neuron (nerve cell)
Definition
the structual and functional unit of the nervous system
Term
Neuroglial cells of CNS
Definition

-supporting cells of the neuron

-act as physiological enviornment controllers as well as the connective tissue (CT) of the CNS

Term
CNS
Definition
there is no CT proper in the
Term
Neuron
Definition
Has tremendous demand for oxygen and nutrients so blood supply is critical for survival
Term
Neuron
Definition
No regeneration (mitosis), all formed before birth
Term
Neuron
Definition
continuously forms new and remodels old connections, therefore continuously syntheizing new proteins and other molecules
Term
neuron
Definition
communicate by releasing chemical signals (NTs) which stimulate muscle or other nerve cells
Term
neruon
Definition
must receive stimulation to develop and maintain connections to survive
Term
neurotrophic factors
Definition
molecules that neurons take up from surrounding neurons or supporing cells
Term
Nissl Substance (bodies)
Definition

found filling the majority of the neuron cell body

-membranous sacs of rER and associated free ribosomes

Term
Axon hillock
Definition

the entryway into the axon

-acts as a funnel for cytoskeletal elements (neurotubules and neurofilaments) entering the axos thus keeping Nissle substance out

Term
Nissl substance
Definition
found in the dendrites but NOT the axon
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition

very large and well developed

-produces synaptic (neurotransmitter) vesicles

-site of membrane recycling

Term

Cytoskeletal (structural) elements

 

Definition
- Neurofibrils, neurofilaments (intermediate filaments found specifically in neurons) and neurotubules (microtubules)
Term
Axon
Definition
exhibits branches called collaterals
Term
Axons
Definition

-can be myelinated

-contain lots of nerofilaments

-function in conducting/transmitting the AP away from cell body towards target organ

Term
Dendrites (..dendritic arborizations)
Definition
rarely myelinated and branch profusely at angle of 45 degrees or less - giving the appearance of a tree branching- which is why they are referred to as...
Term
dendritic spines
Definition

-small bumps on dendrites surface

-sites of axo-dendritic synapses

Term
synapse
Definition
meeting point b/w a neuron and any other cell
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition

-found in organs of special sense

-olfactory epithelium (nose-smell) and retina of the eye (sight)

 

Term
bipolar neuron
Definition
each nerve cell body has 2 processes at opposite ends of the cell, one Axon and one Dendrite
Term
Multipolar neurons
Definition

-large star-shaped (stellate) cells, characterisitc of motor neurons

-contain only one axon and numerous dendrites

Term
pseudounipolar nerons
Definition

originally bipolar, but process fused during development to form single process (central (axon) and peripheral (dendrite) processes)

-found in dorsal root ganglia

Term
sensory (afferent) neurons
Definition

-found in the PNS (dorsal root/spinal) ganglia (pseudounipolar neurons)

-take sensory stimuli from the perophery into the CNS (brain or spinal cord)

Term
Interneurons (association neurons)
Definition

multipolar neurons

-relay the sensory message either up or down the spinal cord for interpretation

-confined to CNS

Term
motor (efferent) neurons
Definition

-multipolar neurons

-take the action message from the CNS to the effector organ (muscles or glands)

Term
myelin
Definition
acts as an electrical insulator and increases the velocity of impulse conduction along the axon
Term
oligodendrocyte
Definition
In the CNS, myelin is formed by
Term
Schwann cell
Definition
in the PNS, myelin is formed by
Term
Nodes of Renvier
Definition
interruption (gaps) of myelin sheath at intervals along the length of the axon
Term
Internode
Definition
portion of axon, b/w nodes of ranvier, myelinated by a schwann cell or oligodendrocyte
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
during wrapping process the cell squeezes its cytoplasm out of the 'wrap' leaving only concentric layers of empty cell membrane =
Term
one segment (internode) of one neuronal process
Definition
in the PNS, one Schwann cell wraps (myelinates)
Term
oligodendrocyte (type of neuroglial cell)
Definition

In CNS, a single (1) myelinates a single portion of numerous neuronal processes

-each cytoplasmic process contacs a neuronal process and wraps one internode

Term
Schwann cell
Definition
In PNS, a single (1) can support amny axons in the unmyelinated state - rather than a single myelinated internode
Term
endoneurium (inner layer PNS nerve)
Definition
the CT tat surrounds each individual nerve fiber, or axon in PNS
Term
perineurium (middle layer PNS nerve)
Definition
the CT that wraps groups of nerve fibers (axons) into bundles or fascicles in PNS
Term
epineurium (outer layer PNS nerve)
Definition
the thick layer of CT that wraps the entire nerve (collection of axons) in PNS
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
Brain with damage (lesions or plaques) are caused by
Term
Schwann cells
Definition

myelinate fibers but may also support them in an unmyelinated state

-only associated with the nerve cell processes

Term
Satellite and capsule cells
Definition

support the cell body of a neuron in a ganglion of the PNS

-only assocaited with the neuron cell body

Term
Neuroglial (support) cells of the CNS
Definition

-do not propagate nerve impulses

-maintain the chemical enviornment necessary for nerve function

-secrete neurotrophic factors

Term
Neuroglial (support) cells of the CNS
Definition

-form scar tissue after injury

-form brain tumors

-all are capable of mitosis

Term
1) astrocytes 2) oligodendrocytes 3) microglia 4) ependymal cells
Definition
Neuroglial cell types (CNS)
Term
astrocytes
Definition

-structural support b/w capillaries and neurons

-form blood-brain barrier

-monitor and control extracellular enviornment in the CNS

Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition

-CNS myelin forming cells

-guide development of neurons

Term
microglia
Definition

-phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris

-protective cells doing the job of macrophages in the PNS

Term
ependymal cells
Definition

-columnar-like cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

-assocaited with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Term

1) Dura mater (tough mother)

2) Arachnoid membrane (spider-like)

3) Pia mater (delicate mother)

Definition
Supporting meninges of brain
Term
meninges
Definition
connective tissue membrane that wrap the brain and spinal cord
Term

Dura mater

1) periosteal layer 2) meningeal layer

Definition

-outermost and toughest meninge CT

-double layered membrane (1 and 2)

Term

periosteal layer (dura mater)

1) epidural hematoma

Definition

-attached to bone of skull

-trauma may cause bleeding b/w bone and dura = 1

Term
meningeal layer (dura mater)
Definition
will separate to form walls of the dural sinus and rejoin to form a dural fold
Term
dural fold
Definition
two layers of meningeal dura
Term
Epidural hematoma
Definition
-commonly caused by the middle meningeal artery which supplies blood to the meninges and calvaria
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition

-delicate, non-vascular layer b/w the dura mater and pia mater

-exhibits spider web-like extensions that cross the subarachnoid space

Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
located b/w the arachnoid and pia mater and contains CSF
Term
arachnoid granulations
Definition

evaginations of aracnoid into a dural (venous) sinus

-one-way flow (escape) of CSF from subarachnoid space into venous blood in the dural sinus

-commonly found inserting into the superior sagittal sinus

Term
pia mater
Definition

delicate, highly vascularized layer that is intimately applied to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

-connected to arachnoid by the web-like trabeculae

Term
ventricles
Definition

interconnected cavities of brain located deep within that are continuous with the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord

-all filled with CSF

Term
choroid plexus
Definition
-structure responsible for secreting CSF, located within the ventricular system
Term
arachnoid granulations
Definition
CSF is constantly secreted within the ventricles, escapes the surrounding subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord, and then leaks into the dural venous sinuses via the
Term

1) lateral ventrivles (1st and 2nd)

2) interventricular foramen

3) third ventricle

4) fourth ventricle

Definition
(1) extend into the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes. They each empty via an (2) into a median, unpaired (3) found beneath the corpus callosum. The cerebral aqueduct leads down to the (4)
Term

-left lateral aperture

-right lateral aperture

-median aperture

Definition
3 openings of the 4th ventricle that allow CSF to escape into the subarachnoid space
Term
4th ventricle
Definition
continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
Term
choroid plexus
Definition

-secretes CSF (500 ml/day)

-specialized tufts of pia mater and their underlying capillaries

Term
choroid plexus
Definition
majority located in lateral ventricles, but small amounts also found in the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Term
Functions of CSF
Definition

-CNS components (brain and spinal cord) 'float' weightlessly

-supports these structures and prevents brain from crushing the spinal cord

Term
Functions of CSF
Definition

-fluid buffer (shocl absorber) for protection when you bump your head

-pathway for wastes

-diffusion medium for nutrients/drugs

Term
dural folds
Definition
formed from two layers of meningeal dura
Term
venous (dural) sinuses
Definition

venous channels formed by the separation of the periosteal dura from the meningeal dura mater

-some venous channels are formed within the meningeal layer of the dura ONLY

Term

1) venous sinuses

2) dural fold

Definition
In serveral places inside the cranial vault, the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura separate to form 1. After forming the 1, the two layers of meningeal dura come together to form a 2.
Term
dural folds
Definition
designed to separate and support the various lobes of the brain
Term
tentorial incisure
Definition

-anterior opening in the tentorium cerebelli that through which the brainstem passes

-not a dural fold

Term
Superior sagittal sinus
Definition

located in the superior border of the flax cerebri

located b/w the periosteal and meningeal dura

Term
inferior sagittal sinus
Definition

located on the inferior edge of the flax cerebri

-contained in the meningeal dural ONLY

Term
straight sinus
Definition
located at the junction of the flax cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
Term
confluens of the sinuses
Definition
located on the internal occipital protuberance
Term
transverse sinuses
Definition

lead from the confluens of the sinuses toward the sigmoid sinuses

-located b/w the periodteal and meningeal dura

Term
sigmoid sinuses
Definition

lead inferiorly from the transverse sinuses down to the internal jugular veins at the jugular foramen

-located b/w the periosteal and meningeal dura

Term
internal jugular vein
Definition

reveives the blood from the sigmoid sinus

-drains venous blood back to the brachiocephalic vein and into the superior vena cava

Term

1) vertebral arteries

2) internal carotid arteries

Definition
blood supply to the brain is from two separate sources, two sources from major vellels in root of the neck are:
Term
arterial circle of Willis or the cerebral arterial circle
Definition
On the inferior surface of the brain is an anastomotic (a communication b/w two vessels) circle of arteries referred to as the:
Term
Basilar artery
Definition
artery in brain which is not bilateral
Term
cerebrum
Definition

sensory and motor functions

-higher memory, reasoning

Term
cerebellum
Definition
coordination of voluntary movements
Term
Brain stem
Definition
visceral activities, interconnections
Term

1) bumps (gyri)

2) grooves (sulci)

Definition
The surface area of the brain is increased by convolutions
Term
gray matter
Definition
the cerebral cortex is composed of
Term
gray matter
Definition
where 75% of the neuron cell bodies of the brain reside
Term
white matter (fiber tracts)
Definition
lies deep to the cortex
Term
Nuclei
Definition
collections of neuronal cell bodies WITHIN the CNS are called
Term
Ganglia
Definition
Collections of neuronal cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS (ie in the PNS) are called
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
thick band of fiber tracts that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Term

1) Association tracts

2) Commissural tracts

3) Projection tracts

Definition
3 main types of tracts in the cerebrum
Term
association tracts
Definition
fiber tract in cerebrum that connect neurons in the same area
Term
commissural tracts
Definition
fiber tract in the cerebrum that connect neurons in one cerebral hemisphere with neurons in the contralateral (opposite) hemisphere (ie corpus callosum)
Term
projection tracts
Definition
fiber tract in cerebrum that transmit impulses from cerebrum to other areas of the brain and spinal cord (ie ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord)
Term
frontal lobe
Definition

lobe controls voluntary motor control

 

Term
parietal lobe
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
primary auditory corex
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
primary visual cortex
Term
insular lobe
Definition
receives sensory input/involved with emotions relating to sensory input
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition

-voluntary control of skeletal muscle

-personality

-higher intellectual processes (concentration, planning, and decision making)

Term
Parietal lobe
Definition

-cutaneous and muscular sensations

-understanding speech

-formulating words to express yourself

Term
temporal lobe
Definition

-interpretation of auditory sensations

-storing (memory) auditory and visual experiences

Term
Occipital lobe
Definition

-integrates movement in focusing eye

-conscious perception of vision

Term
thalamus and hypothalamus
Definition
make up the Diencephalon
Term
thalamus
Definition
receives almost all incoming sensory information
Term
hypothalamus
Definition

-regulates hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland

-thermoregulation

-circadian rhythms

-autonomic effects (flight-or fight)

-food and water intake

Term
primary motor cortex
Definition

-contains large pyramidal neurons

-the fibers cross during descent in the area of the medulla (located in brainstem)

-controls skilled, voluntary movements of the limb and trunk

Term
premotor cortex
Definition
motor association area
Term
Broca's area
Definition

-coordinates tongue, lips, and larynx

-involved in ability to pre-plan all movements then send them back to primary and premotor cortex

Term
Prefrontal cortex (frontal eye field)
Definition

-controls voluntary movements of the eye

-damage causes loss of ability to look towards an object

Term
Sensory areas of the cortex
Definition
located posterior to the central sulcus in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
Term
primary somatosensory (somesthetic) cortex
Definition

-located along the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

-involved with conscious awareness of general somatic senses (touch, pain, etc)

Term
Somatosensory association area
Definition

-located in the parietal love just posterior to the postcentral gyrus

-integrates different sensory inputs (touch, pressure, etc) into a comprehensice evaluation of what is being felt

Term
primary visual cortex
Definition

-located in occipital cortex

-damage here results in functional blindness = no conscious awareness of what eye has viewed

Term
visual association area
Definition

-covers most of the occipital lobe of cerebrum

-interprets and evaluates visual stimuli, relating them to past visual experiences

-Damage here results in the inability to understand what you are seeing

Term
primary auditory cortex
Definition
auditory information interpreted here (loudness, rhythm, and pitch)
Term
auditory association area
Definition
allows interpretation of sounds such as bang, thunder, scream, etc.
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
area responsible for recognizing spoken words
Term
Gustatory (taste) cortex
Definition
involved in conscious awareness of taste stimuli
Term
primary Olfactory cortex
Definition

receives olfactory stimuli from CNI (olfactory tact)

-responsible for the conscious awareness of smell

Term
midbrain, pons, medulla
Definition
brain stem is made up of
Term
midbrain
Definition
reflex centers
Term
pons
Definition
communications b/w cerebrum and cerebellum
Term
medulla
Definition

-cardiac and respiratory centers

-decussation (crossing) of the pyramids (corticospinal tracts), as well as all of the rest of the ascending and descending tracts

Term
cerebellum
Definition
covered by the tentorium cerebelli
Term
tentorium cerebelli
Definition

-a horizontally oriented dural fold that keeps the cerebrum from crushing the underlying cerebellum

-covers cerebellum

Term

1) maintain posture and balance

2) maintain muscle tone

3) coordinate voluntary muscle activity; reflex center for position of body

Definition
3 main functions of the cerebellum
Term
cerebellum
Definition
monitors and makes corrections of muscoskeletal activites while they are underway
Term
foramen magnum (inferior opening into the skull) as a cointinuum of the medulla oblongata
Definition
Spinal cord begins at the
Term
b/w 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae (L1/2)
Definition
spinal cord ends..
Term

1) 31

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

Definition

there are (1) segments to the spinal cord, each of which gives rise a pair of spinal nerves (right and left)

(2) # and name descending

 

Term

1) cervival enlargement (C5-T1)

2) lumbar enlargement (L1-S5)

Definition
2 enlargements of the spinal cord
Term
brachial plexus
Definition
a cervical enlargement (C5-T1) gives rise to the (1) supplying the upper limb
Term
lumbosacral plexus
Definition
the lumbar enlargement (L1-S5) forms the (1) supplying the lower limb
Term

1) conus medullaris

2) L1/L2

Definition
the spinal cord terminates at tapering end called the (1) @ (2)
Term
filum terminale
Definition
an extension of the pia mater coming off the end of the spinal cord and anchoring the cord to the coccyx
Term
cauda equina
Definition
spinal nerves that supply regions below L2 extend downward through the dural sheath as the..
Term
gray matter
Definition
located in internal spinal cord in an H-shaped (butterfly) configuration
Term
dorsal gray horns
Definition
gray matter that contains sensory association neurons
Term
ventral gray horns
Definition
gray matter that contains motor neurons
Term
intermediolateral gray horn
Definition
may be found in spinal cord levels T1-L2
Term

gray commissure

1) central canal

Definition
links the two sdes of the gray matter and contains the (1) of the spinal cord
Term
posterior, anterior, lateral
Definition
white matter is divided into areas or funiculi
Term
functions of spinal cord
Definition

conduct impulses up/down

center for reflexes

Term
ascending (sensory) tract
Definition
Spinal cord tract takes sensory information to the brain for interpretation
Term
descending (motor) tract
Definition
spinal cord tract takes motor information down to spinal cord
Term
intervertebral foramen
Definition
spinal nerves exit the spinal cord at each vetrebral level via the
Term
31 pairs (one pair of spinal nerves per spinal cord level)
Definition
there are 1 pairs of spinal nerves
Term

1) dorsal root

2) ventral root

3) intervertebral foramen

Definition
Each spinal nerve is formed by a 1 and 2, the true spinal nerve is very short - essentially exiting the 3
Term

1) dorsal ramus

2) ventral ramus

Definition
each spinal nerve immediately divides into a 1 and 2 as they exit the intervertebral canal
Term
dorsal root
Definition
carries sensory fibers from the periphery back to the spinal cord and is therefore an incoming route or afferent pathway
Term
dorsal root (spinal/sensory) ganglion
Definition
the sensory fibers neuron cell body is located on a swelling on the dorsal root - the..
Term

1) motor fibers

2) outgoing route (efferent)

Definition
the ventral root carries (1) from the CNS out to the peripheral aspects of the body. Therefore, it is an 2
Term

1) T2-T12

2) dorsal ramus

3) ventral ramus

Definition
Spinal nerves from spinal cord levels (1) remain segmental in nature. This means the 2 and 3 remain separate
Term
plexus
Definition
In segmental spinal nerves (T2-T12), the ventral rami do NOT form a
Term
dorsal ramus
Definition
the 1 of a spinal nerve passes posteriorly and branches extensively to innervate the muscles and skin of the back
Term
ventral ramus
Definition
the 1 of a spinal nerve passes outward to innervate the lateral and anterior aspects of the body wall
Term

1) lateral cutaneuous branch

2) anterior cutaneous branch

Definition
The ventral ramus passes anterolaterally and gives off superficial brances 1 and 2 that will innervate the muscles and skin of the lateral and anterior aspects of the body wall
Term
dermatome
Definition
together, the dorsal and ventral ramus on one side will innervate a C-shaped band of skin called a
Term
Herpes Zoster (virus)
Definition
follows the path of a dermatome. The virus lies dormant in the spinal nerve ganglion, and may be induced by stress/low immune system. A series of blisters appears along the path of the dermatome
Term
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
Definition

-follows the path of a dermatome

-virus lies dormant in the spinal nerve

-may be induced by stress etc.

Term
ventral horn
Definition
motor fibers neuron cell body of is found in the
Term

1) ventral rami

2) plexus (web)

Definition
in regions above T2 and below T12 (non-segmental nerves), the 1 may branch and anastomose with eachother to form a 2. This allows information from multiple spinal cord levels to enter a single nerve
Term
phrenic nerve
Definition
Non-segmental nerve innervated from spinal cord levels C3,C4, and C5
Term
dorsal rami
Definition
are NEVER involved in plexus formation and always remain segmental
Term

1) cervical plexus (C1-C4)

2) brachial plexus (C5-T1)

3) lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)

Definition
3 main plexuses of the spinal cord - each designed to bring multiple spinal cord levels to a single nerve (in each case the dorsal rami remain segmental)
Term
C1-C4
Definition
cervical plexus
Term
C5-T1
Definition
brachial plexus
Term
L1-S4
Definition
lumbosacral plexus
Term

-musculocutaneous n.

-axillary n.

-radial n.

-median n.

-ulnar n.

Definition
The brachial plexus (C5-T1) form the following nerves:
Term
femoral n and obturator n
Definition
The lumbar plexus (L1-L4) forms the following nerves:
Term
common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
Definition
the Sciatic nerve is composed of:
Term

Sciatic nerve (common fibular n. and tibial n.)

pudendal n.

Definition
the Sacral plexus (L4-S4) forms the following nerves:
Term

motor only (exclusively efferent)

sensory only (exclusively afferent)

mixed (contain both motor and sensory)

Definition
Functionally the cranial nerves can be:
Term

1) somatic (CNS to skin and skeletal muscle; conscious)

2) autonomic (CNS to viscera; unconscious)

Definition
cranial nerves can be viewed as having 1 or 2 components
Term
cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, and X)
Definition
Cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic efferent (visceromotor) fibers
Term

1) parasympathetic ganglia

2) "intramural" ganglia

Definition
the cranial nerves containing parasympathetic components have 1 associated with them. In general, these ganglia are located in the wall of the target organ and are called 2
Term
sympathetic fibers
Definition
Cranial nerves do NOT contain
Term

1) 12

2) CN I

3) CN XII

Definition
Ther are 1 pairs of cranial nerves (CN) which are numbered sequentially according to their origin cephalocaudally (2 is most cephalic while 3 is most caudal)
Term
olfactory nerve (purely sensory)
Definition
CN I
Term
Optic nerve (purely sensory)
Definition
CN II
Term
Vestibulocochlear nerve (purely sensory)
Definition
CN VIII
Term

2 divisions of trigeminal nerve (purely sensory)

1) ophthalmic division (V1)

2) maxillary division (V2)

1 division of trigeminal nerve (motor and sensory mixed)

3) mandibular division (V3)

Definition
CN V
Term
trochlear nerve (purely motor)
Definition
CN IV
Term
Abducens nerve (purely motor)
Definition
CN VI
Term
Accessory nerve (purely motor)
Definition
CN XI
Term
Hypoglossal nerve (purely motor)
Definition
CN XII
Term
Oculomotor nerve (motor and parasympathetic)
Definition
CN III
Term
facial nerve (motor, sensory, and parasympathetic)
Definition
CN VII
Term
Glossopharyngeal nerve (motor, sensory, and parasympathetic)
Definition
CN IX
Term
Vagus nerve (motor, sensory, and parasympathetic)
Definition
CN X
Term

-1) Olfactory (CN I)

-2) Optic (CN II)

-3) 2 divisions of Trigeminal (CN V)

V1 ophthalmic division

V2 maxillary division

-4) Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

Definition
purely sensory cranial nerves
Term

-1) Trochlear (CN IV)

2) Abducens (CN VI)

-3) Accessory (CN XI)

-4) Hypoglossal (CN XII)

Definition
purely motor cranial nerves
Term

1 division of trigeminal (CN V)

-mandibular division (V3)

Definition
motor and sensory (mixed) cranial nerves
Term
Oculomotor (CN III)
Definition
motor and parasympathetic cranial nerves
Term

-1) Facial (CN VII)

-2) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

-3) Vagus (CN X)

Definition
motor, sensory, and parasympathetic cranial nerves
Term

olfactory Nerve (CN I)

1) sensory

Definition

Cranial nerve that arises from the superior portion of the nasal cavity and synapses in the olfactory bulb located on the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

Modality = 1

Term

1) bipolar olfactory neurons

2) bipolar neuron

3) olfactory bulb

Definition
In the Olfactory nerve (CN I), Peripheral processes of 1 detect odor chemicals and relay this information (via central processes of the 2) to neurons within the 3
Term

Optic Nerve (CN II)

1) visual cortex

2) cerebrum

3) sensory

Definition

cranial nerve that conveys information about visual stimuli and transmits it to the 1 in the 2

Modality = 3

Term

Occulomotor Nerve (CN III)

1) superior rectus

2) inferior rectus

3) medial rectus

4) inferior oblique

5) ciliary muscle

6) sphincter pupillae muscle

 

Definition

cranial nerve that:

1) Motor = innervates 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles (voluntary muscles) in the eye (1-4)

2) Parasympathetic = innvervates the smooth muscles of the 5 and 6

 

Term

Parasympathetic component of Occulomotor nerve (CN III)

1) ciliary muscle

2) sphincter pupillae muscle

Definition

1) assist the eye in lens accommodation (adjusting the size of the lens for near/distant objects)

2) constrict the pupil to decrease the amount of light entering the eye

Term
[LR6SO4]3
Definition
formula to remember innercation of extraocular muscles
Term

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

1) superior oblique

2) brainstem

3) motor

Definition

Cranial nerve that innervates one extraocular muscle, the 1, which moves the eye downward and away from the midline (abduction)

-arises from the posterior portion of the 2

modality = 3

Term

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

1) V1 - ophthalmic division (sensory)

2) V2 - maxillary division (sensory)

3) V3 - mandibular division (sensory and motor)

Definition
Cranial nerve that supplies sensory innervation to the face scalp. Consists of 3 divisions (1-3)
Term

1) Mandibular division V3 (CN V trigeminal nerve)

2) temporalis

3) medial pterygoid

4) lateral pterygoid

5) masseter

Definition
In addition to carrying sensory fibers, the (1) also carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication (2-5)
Term
Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
Definition
can result of divisions of the trigeminal nerve are infected or obstructed by nearby structures (ie vessels)
Term

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

1) Lateral rectus

2) motor

Definition

cranial nerve that innervates one extraocular muscle, the 1, which moves the eye laterally

modality = 2

Term

1) lateral rectus

2) medial rectus

Definition
if the 1 nerve is damaged, the eye will deviate toward the midline, b/c the 2 is unopposed
Term

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

1) ear

2) parotid gland

3) temporal

4) zygomatic

5) Buccal

6) mandibular

7) cervical

 

Definition

Cranial nerve that exhibits

1) Sensory: taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

2) Parasympathetic: innervation to the submandibular/sublingual gands, the lacrimal gland, and to general glands in the oral and nasal cavity

3) motor: muscles of facial expression. motor branches exit the skull behind the 1 and travel through the 2 before branching into (3-7) muscles

Term
Bell's palsy (CN VII: facial nerve)
Definition
results in temporary paralysis of muscles of facial expression, usually due to viral infection
Term

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

1) sensory

 

Definition

Cranial nerve that provides special sense of balance (vestibule and semicircular canals) and hearing (cochlea)

Modality = 1

Term

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

1) pharynx

2) tongue

3) carotid sinus

Definition

Cranial nerve that exhibits:

1) motor: stylopharyngeus attaches to the styloid process and the back of the pharynx

2) Sensory: sensation to the back of the 1; taste to the posterior 1/3 2; sensory to 3 (detects changes in blood pressure)

3) Parasympathetic: innervation of the parotid gland

Term
1) CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve
Definition
Damage to the 1 may present a reduced gag reflex
Term
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Definition

Cranial nerve that exhibits:

1) Motor: muscles of the pharynx and larynx

2) Sensory: taste sensations (@ back of throat); external ear; larynx; organs in the thoracic and abdomen

3) parasympathetic: to smooth muscles of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Term
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Definition
Called the "wandering nerve" b/c it travels from the lower portions of the brainstem to structures within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Term

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

1) Motor

Definition

Cranial Nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius.

Modality = 1

Term
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) (CN XI: accessory)
Definition
turns the head to the opposite side when it contracts (bilateral contraction flexes the head)
Term
Trapezius (CN XI: accessory)
Definition
contraction allows various movements of the shoulder (ie shrug the shoulders)
Term

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

1) motor

Definition

cranial nerve that innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. It produces small movements of the tounge needed in speech production, swallowing, and movement of food.

modality = 1

Term
Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Here
Definition
Phrase to remember cranial nerves
Term
ANS
Definition
division of the NS responsible for regulating the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (regulates visceral functions)
Term

sympathetic division (stimulatory)

1) thoracolumbar

Definition
-arises from thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord segmments (T1-L2) - (1) in origin
Term

parasympathetic division (inhibitory)

1) Carniosacral

Definition
arises from nuclei in the brain stem and sacral regions of the spinal cord (S2-S4) - 1 in origin
Term

1) vasoconstricts

2) inhibition of secretion (expect sweat glands)

3) decrease peristalsis

4) stimulates increase in heart rate and force of beat

5) bronchodilates

6) constriction of sphincters

7) inhibits bladder emptying

8) ejaculation

9) dialation of puplis

Definition

Sympathetic NS affects..

1) blood vessels

2) glands

3) peristalsis

4) heart

5) lungs

6) sphincters

7) micturation

8) genitalia

9) puplis

Term

1) vasodilates blood vessels

2) stimulation of gland secretion

3) increase peristalsis

4) decreases heart rate and force of beat

5) bronchoconstricts lungs

6) relaxation of sphincters

7) stimulates bladder emptying

8) erection

9) constriction of pupils

Definition

Parasympathetic division of ANS affects..

 1) blood vessels

2) glands

3) peristalsis

4) heart

5) lungs

6) sphincters

7) micturation

8) genitalia

9) puplis

Term

1) intermediolateral horns (IML)

2) T1-L2

3) autonomic ganglia

4) postganglionic fibers

5) parasympathetic fibers

Definition
Preganglionic neuronal cell bodies of the sympathetic division of the ANS are located in the 1 of grat matter in spinal cord levels 2, they synapse in a 3 distant from the effector organ and have relatively short preganglionic fibers and long 4 - compared to the 5
Term

1) brain stem

2) spinal cord levels S2-S4

3) intramural or terminal ganglion

4) preganglionic fibers

5) postganglionic fibers

Definition
Preganglionic neuronal cell bodies of the Parasympathetic division are located in the 1 and 2, they synapse in the wall of the effector organs in an 3. This creates much longer 4 and very short 5 - compared to sympathetic fibers
Term

1) sympathetic trunk (paravertebral)

2) prevertebral (collateral)

3) intramural (terminal)

Definition
3 types of ANS ganglia
Term

1) sympathetic trunk (paravertebral)

2) prevertebral (collateral)

3) Intramural (terminal)

Definition

Sympathetic division of ANS uses 1 and 2 ganglia

Parasympathetic division uses 3 ganglia

Term
sympathetic trunk (paravertebral)
Definition
chain of ganglia on both sides of vertebral column
Term

Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

1) celiac

2) superior mesenteric

3) inferior mesenteric

Definition
-located on the surface of the abdominal aorta at the base of the 3 major branches of the abdominal viscera (1-3)
Term
intramural (terminal) ganglia
Definition
ganglia very close to, or in the wall of, the effector organ
Term

1) white ramus commincans

2) gray ramus communicans

Definition
Two small connectors 1 and 2 connect the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve to the paravertebral ganglion chain
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
surrounded by many blood capillaries that are especially fenestrated
Term
General body senses
Definition

-widespread throughout body

-simple in structure

-touch, cold-heat, pain

Term
special body senses
Definition

-localized to specific structures/areas of the body

-highly complex

-taste, sight, hearing and balance, smell

Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
low threshold for chemical concentrations
Term
pain receptors
Definition
low threshold for tissue damage
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
low threshold for changes in temperature
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
low threshold for pressure or movement
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
low threshold for light
Term

1) olfaction (smell)

2) gustatory (taste)

3) chemoreceptors

Definition
1 and 2 senses related, both are 3
Term
olfactory receptor cells
Definition

located on upper aspect of nasal cavity

-neruons surrounded by columnar epithelial cells

-cilia on ends of knob-like expansions project down into the nasal cavity

Term

1) gustatory cells

2) supporting cells

Definition
In gustation, taste cells which are modified epithelial cells called 1 are located in barrel-shaped accumulations of cells called taste buds. 1 are surrounded by 2
Term

1) facial nerve (CN VII)

2) gloddopharyngeal (CN IX)

3) Vagus nerve (CN X)

Definition
Gustation Nerve pathway - 1 via the chorda tympani for the anterior 2/3 of tongue; 2 for the posterior 1/3 of tongue; 3 for the posterior pharyngeal wall and epiglottis
Term

1) CN VII or CN IX

2) brainstem

3) medulla

4) thalamus

5) gustatory cortex in parietal lobe

 

Definition
Gustation Nerve Pathway 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5
Term
static equilibrium
Definition
detects vertical or horizontal acceleration (like moving up or down in an elevator)
Term
dymanic equilibrium
Definition
detects rotational movement (like spinning)
Term

Static Equilibrium

1) vestibule

2) utricle

3) saccule

Definition

-senses position of the head

-maintains stability and posture of the head and body

-located in the 1 - bony chamber b/w semicircular canals and cochlea. 1 contains membranes 2 and 3

Term

- steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

-thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Definition
lipid-soluble hormones
Term

1) Amine hormones - dopamine and epinehrine

2) Peptide/protein hormones - anterior/posterior pituitary hormones, calcitonin/PTH, and insulin

Definition
Water-soluble hormones
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