Term
| What is the typical source of non-protein nitrogen for ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to feed, where else can ruminants be exposed to very high urea levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| In most cases of ammonia poisoning, there are mistakes in mixing or as a result of feeding supplements containing a high percentage of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species are susceptible to ammonia poisoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species are MOST susceptible to ammonia poisoning? Why? |
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Definition
-ruminants
-because hydrolysis of urea to ammonia by rumen microorganisms in the rumen |
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Term
| What is the most common case in which ruminants have ammonia toxicity? |
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Definition
| -failure to gradually adapt ruminants to diets with NPN |
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Term
| What determines the rate of release of ammonia? |
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Definition
| -amount of NPN ingested, amount of urease present in the rumen, and the pH of the rumen contents |
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Term
| What is the pH of a normal rumen? What of that with ammonia poisoning? |
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Definition
-normal: 5.8-7.6
-ammonia-poisoned: 8-12 |
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Term
| What physiologically happens to cause ammonia poisoning in ruminants? |
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Definition
| -rumen flora microorganisms are overwhelmed by excess ammonia produced during urealysis, the ammonia dissolves in rumen fluids, takes on protons to form ammonium ions and thereby increases the pH |
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Term
| How does ammonia alter rumen metabolism? How does this appear systemically? |
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Definition
-ammonia inhibits Kreb's cycle thus there is a compensatory increase in anaerobic glycolysis with resultant lactic-acidemia
-RUMEN AKALOSIS WITH BLOOD ACIDOSIS |
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Term
| How quickly following ingestion of ammonia can clinical signs start? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs seen in ruminants with ammonia-poising? |
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Definition
-frothy salivation
-depression
-hyperirritability
-grinding of teeth
-pain
-bloat and regurge, especially in sheep |
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Term
| What lesions do you see on the necropsy of a ruminant with ammonia poisoning? |
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Definition
-odor of ammonia in the rumen
-no definitive lesions but there is pulmonary edema evident
-bloat
-carcasses decompose more rapidly and are described as parboiled |
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Term
| How do we definitively diagnose ammonia poisoning in a ruminant? |
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Definition
| -smell of ammonia and rumen pH |
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Term
| If the rumen pH is below 5 what do you think? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat a ruminant with ammonia poisoning? What is the prognosis? |
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Definition
-cold water and vinegar via stomach tube
-not-so-great prognosis even if we get to them early b/c next day have to reinoculate the rumen |
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Term
| Why do we use vinegar to treat ammonia poisoning? |
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Definition
| -acetic acid reduces the rumen pH and converts ghe readily absorbed ammonia present in ruminal fluids tothe relative innocuous ammonium ion |
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Term
| What is the common name for Fumonisins toxicity? What is the terrible name? |
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Definition
-Moldy Corn Disease
-Leukoencephalomalacia |
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Term
| What is the toxic principle of Moldy Corn Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fungus produces fumonisins? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Corn that can cause MOldy Corn Disease can be identified grossly. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, can look completely normal |
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Term
| True or False: The presence of F. moniliforme in corn is diagnostic for Moldy COrn Disease. |
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Definition
| -FALSE< not diagnostic since nearly all corn in the USA is contaminated, depends on how much is there |
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Term
| Which species are susceptible to Moldy Corn Disease? |
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Definition
| -horses, ponies, and donkeys |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action of fumonisins in moldy corn disease? |
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Definition
| -alteration in sphingolipid concentrations and functions |
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Term
| IN regards to the neurotoxic syndrome of Moldy Corn Disease, the clinical signs have a (fast/slow) onset due to ingestion of (high/low) leels of toxin over a (long/short) period of time. |
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Definition
| -clinical signs have a fast onset due to ingestion of low levels over a long period of time |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with the neurotoxic syndrome due to MOldy Corn Disease? |
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Definition
-TPR normal
-depression
-ataxia
-blindness
-hysteria
-head is held low
-convulsions |
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Term
| With the hepatotoxic syndrome seen with Moldy Corn Disease, clinical signs are (fast/slow) and occur due to a (high/low) amount of ingestion over a (long/short) time. |
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Definition
| -clinical signs are slow and are due to high levels of ingestion over short period of time |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with the hepatotoxic syndrome due to modly corn disease? |
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Definition
| -icterus, edema of face, and oral petechia |
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Term
| What is the lesion seen in horses due to Moldy Corn Disease? |
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Definition
| -Leukoencephalomalacia with secondary hepatoencephalopathy |
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Term
| How do we diagnose moldy corn disease? |
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Definition
| -history and ELISA-based screening test for fumonisin |
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Term
| For equine species, the FDA recommends that the non-roughage portion of the diet contains less than ___ppm furomonisin. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do yellow star thistle and russian napweed cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What species is susceptible to Chewing Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| To what Genus does yellow star thistle belong? |
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Definition
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Term
| Were in the US does Chewing Disease most commonly occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the toxic principle of chewing disease? Are dried plants still toxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Clinical signs of Chewing Disease begin after consumption of roughly how much ellow STar Thistle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Chewing Disease in the horse? |
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Definition
-hypertonicity of facial and lip mm
-tongue lolling
-chewing movements but unable to otain food or to swallow it
-drops food after chewing it
-cannot drink normally |
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Term
| In the case of chewing disease, what causes death? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the characteristic lesion seen in the horse due to chewing disease? |
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Definition
| -Nigropallidoencephalomalacia |
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