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| a land bridge, land was exposed 600 miles connecting Alaska and Russia, Native Americans followed animal herds across this bridge |
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| Arrowheads found in New Mexico, used arrowheads for hunting, used hyde of animals for shelter and clothing, Bones were used for tools |
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| 1500 BC, beginning to plant food --> villages and small towns start to develop |
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First major tribe to utilize agriculture
Lived in the "four corners" of the United States (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico.)
500 miles of irrigation ditches from mountains
Built first roads
Developed a trade network (crops -> meat)
Lived off the Three Sisters (corn, beans, squash)
Drought hits in 1200 AD an crops fail
Abandoned their cities and take up smaller cities in New Mexico, in pueblo villages |
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| Mound builders, built pyramids to bury their dead, like the Egyptians, used dirt, also raised platforms to be closer to the sun god, started around 800 AD in Eastern St. Louis, believed in human sacrifice, Mississippi River provided great soil, 20,000-30,000 people in its height, drought in 1400 AD, people left because there wasn't enough food for their huge population, descendants dispersed through Eastern United States |
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| Part of Eastern Woodlands, lived along the Great Lakes, very war-like, hunters and gathers, also had games, controlled the center of what is the United States |
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| Villages in upstate New York, Pennsylvania, and upper Ohio. 1450 came together. Formed an alliance with 5 smaller tribes against the Algonquians from 1450 to late 1700s. Women held political power in the tribe |
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Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga
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| These five tribes made up the Iroquois |
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Algonquians, Iroquois, Muskogean
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| These three tribes made up the Eastern Woodlands |
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Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Natchez
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| These four tribes make up the Muskogeans |
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| Very war-like, very advanced for their time, Mexico was original name, Spanish gave them the name they have today, had a sun god, human sacrifice, 20,000 sacrifices per year, some cannibalism |
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| Built in the middle of the lake, 250,000 people, part of Aztec empire |
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| In Peru, South America, 2,000 miles of the Pacific coast of South America, very advanced, built more than 24,000 miles of roads, advanced bureaucratic system, had technology to make iron weapons, 9 million citizens in 1492, weak immune system, population went from 76 million to 3 million in 150 years due to disease and overwork |
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| Mid-1300s, vicious plague from the subcontinent of India, killed 1/3 of Europe's population |
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| Time when inventions came out to help with farming, etc., Important invention in 1455 was the printing press, which led to the mass production of books. Much of Europe was illiterate. |
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sent 1095 to capture Jerusalem --> successful
helped open up Chinese trade
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| Traveled from Italy to China in 1200s, took 20 years, brought back tea, silk and porcelain, journey helped rejuvenate the fascination with Chinese goods |
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| Published Travel in 1477 after his journey to China |
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| For slavery and Ethiopia, which was rumored to be Christian |
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| Why did Portugal want Africa? |
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| Portuguese were major players to the _______ industry. |
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| Funded to travel to the New World by Spain in 1492, reached Bahamas, first European on New World, discovered Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Haiti, thought he was in islands of the Phillipines |
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| 1510 - lands on Caribbean coasts of Panama, discovers Pacific Ocean, shows there is another ocean between what Columbus found, and China, beheaded for not being a good Catholic. |
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| set to determine the circumference of the Earth, claims Guam and the Philippines in Spain, shot in the chest by a Filipino |
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| Gold and silver (wanted to find in the new lands) and religion (used to justify for the gold) |
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| What were the motivations of the Spanish? |
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| given expedition with 600 men and sent to Mexico, burned ships, take over Aztecs or die trying, took over Aztecs ruler, burns down Tenochtitian and Aztec empire in 1521 |
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| Invades Incan Empire, takes Incan emperor hostage, Incans pay ransom worth 50 years of gold production in Europe, takes money and kills emperor and much of court, empire collapses |
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| Traveled though South East, maps area for the first time |
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| searched for the seven cities of gold, first to see the grand canyon |
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| entrustment of land by king of Spain |
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| stopped practice of overworking Indians, this was only in theory, several land owners ignored this |
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| found mountain that was essentially pure silver, stamped into coins and sent a massive amount to Spain, inflation occurs |
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| born in New Spain to Spanish parents |
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| Born in New Spain to Spanish men and Indian women |
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| New World brought vegetables, potatoes, and tomatoes; Old World brought diseases, horses, and sugar |
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| Looked for a water route connecting Atlantic to Pacific, found St. Lawrence River, thought it was the route |
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| Wanted to make money in the fur industry in Canada |
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| What were the French motives of colonization? |
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| French gave them diseases, but besides that they were really nice to them, learned their customs and traditions. |
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| What are some French-Indian problems? |
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| First to travel down the Mississippi River and discover where it empties into the Gulf of Mexico |
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| No economic diversity, no women, King hired 700 unmarried women to be sent there |
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| What were some problems with New France? |
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| 1609 - Dutch explorer sent to map coast of North America, discovered Manhattan River and Hudson River |
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| Bought Manhattan Island from Indians for less than $30, New Amsterdam |
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| The _____ take over New Amsterdam and all its possessions and call it New York |
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| In 1662, _______ had the most diverse population of Europe, with free slaves |
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| Made voyage to New World in 1497, discovered Eastern Canada and Mass. area |
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| 1585 - A base developed by Elizabeth I for pirates, off of the coast of North Carolina, collapses suddenly |
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| 1606 - First joint stock company, club of rich people, obtained charter to colonize North America, Virginia |
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| It was established in the middle of a powerful Indian tribe, English and Indians start fighting, and half of the original settlers died |
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| What were some problems with Jamestowne? |
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| Becomes governor of Jamestowne, put people to work planting food so they could survive winter months |
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| As he was hooking up with Pocahantes, he notices the Indians smoking tobacco, becomes a major cash crop of Virginia |
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| Pilgrims were known as ______ because the broke away from the Church of England to start their own religious services |
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| They arrived in November and didn't have food for the season |
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| What were the early problems with Plymouth? |
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| Greets Pilgrims in English, teaches them how to plant food, hunt, and survive |
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| The South Atlantic System |
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| Europe traded sugar for slaves across Atlantic to Caribbean Islands |
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| Couldn't read/write, couldn't travel in groups, couldn't sue masters, white master could not be convicted for killing a slave |
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| What were some of Virginia' slave codes? |
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_____ was a major cash crop in the Carolinas
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| 1630, seeking religious freedom, made up of Puritans, believed church of England was corrupt |
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| gave "City on a Hill" sermon" |
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| The Laws and Liberties of Mass (1648) |
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| theocracy (church and state), biblical laws, everyone had to pay taxes to the church, hypocritical |
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| Minister of Mass. Bay, had revolutionary ideas about church, thought to split from church of England and split church and state, asked to peace out, founded Rhode Island |
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| spoke in public at a church meeting, peaced out to Rhode Island, killed by Indians |
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| Oglethorpe est the last colony, buffer between S. Carolina and Florida, all criminals, no alcohol, Oglethorpe peaced out and it was better |
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Most people in the Southern colonies were _______ _______
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| 1676 - servant that goes against aristocrats, burns down Jamestowne, sets up government for this people |
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| College of William and Mary |
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| school fo elite planter;s children |
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| Major exports of the Southern colonies? |
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| William Penn gets money that the king owed his father, gets this land instead. practiced religious tolerance, attracts protestants, everyone could vote, agricultural capital of the world |
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| divides land around Pittsburg and sells it |
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| 100,000 _______ immigrants immigrated to Pennsylvania between 1685 - 1775 |
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| tells French to leave in 1754, builds Ft. Necessity, surrenders and goes back to Virginia |
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| thought to form semi-independent country with 13 colonies with approval of English parliament (Albany Plan) |
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| 1755, Edward Braddock and his troops march in bright red coats in a line and get destroyed by the French |
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| commander in chief, massive invasion of Canada, 20,000 British + 20,000 militia vs 16,000 French, DEEEStroyed |
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| Early problems leading to the American Revolution |
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| British troops were being kept in private homes unwillingly, recruited army by kidnapping random people |
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