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| an institution with the power to make and enforce laws for a group of people |
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| shared characteristics of human behavior that nearly all people have |
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| people who think about the ideal form of govt. |
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| main question of political philosophers |
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| What is the human nature tendency of humanity? |
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| a state of being free from any government control or authority |
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| How have governments originated in society (two theories) |
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Thomas Hobbes- divine right of kings
John Locke - social contract |
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| idea that people give up their individual sovereignty in return for peace and order provided by the state |
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| a governments rightful authority over its citizens |
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| rights that a person has for simply being human |
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| Four major functions of govt |
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| Providing services, Maintaining Order, Promoting Values, Resolving Conflict |
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| a government whose citizens have the power to directly change laws |
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| a government whose power comes from the people, and those people elect a leader to serve the public good |
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| a govt with a monarch that represents a ceremonial head of state, most of the power of govt lies elsewhere |
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| a government run by a small group of people |
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| a government with one leader who has absolute power |
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| 3 types of power distribution in govt. |
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| unitary, federal, confederal |
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| 2 major types of government |
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authoritarian- run by a single leader with absolute power
democratic- run by the people |
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| power is held in a central govt |
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| power is distributed between local, state, and national government |
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| state governments come together on common goals |
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| 4 Philosopher's views on the state of nature |
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Hobbes- leads to a society where everyone lives with fear and danger of a violent death, life is solitary, nasty, brutish, and short
Locke- natural rights still existed in a state of nature and were inalienable
Montesquieu- in a state of nature individuals would be so fearful that they would avoid violence and seek to live in a society
Rousseau- savages in a state of nature become free, equal, peaceful,and happy |
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| 4 Philosopher's views on where sovereignty is vested |
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Hobbes- king was best form of sovereign (more resolute and consistent)
Locke- representative government
Montesquieu- separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers
Rousseau- people would be their own "sovereign", general will would make laws for public good |
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| 4 Philosopher's views on the social contract |
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Hobbes- sovereign makes and enforces laws to secure a peaceful society in return for absolute power from people
Locke- an agreement between people and sovereign, people had right to revolt against king if power was abused
Montesquieu- no description of social contract, state of war leads to laws and govt.
Rousseau- rights given up to community, not king |
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| 4 Philosopher's Views on the structure of government |
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Hobbes- absolute monarchy
Locke- representational govt/constitutional monarchy (supreme authority resides in law making legislature)
Montesquieu- republic
Rousseau- direct democracy (religion weakened and divided state, ownership of property caused war) |
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| a government in which a single person holds absolute power (form of monarchy) |
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| a ruler who seeks complete control over all aspects of citizens' lives (political, religious, social, cultural, even personal activities |
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| government with totalitarian ruler |
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public interest or well-being of society as a whole
-govt serves public good |
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| a government in which a single person holds absolute power (form of monarchy) |
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| ruler seeks complete control over all aspects of citizens' lives (political, religious, social, cultural, and personal activities) |
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| a govt. with a totalitarian leader |
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| public interest or well-being of society as a whole |
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| a govt's authority comes from people |
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| protection of individual rights |
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| a govt's duty to protect its citizens natural rights |
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| a government whose power is limited by a rule of law |
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| 1215, signed by King John, established a rule of law over England |
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| monarchs could no longer levy taxes without the nobles' approval, gave people right to a fair trial, no double jeopardy |
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| England's law making legislature, gained more power after Magna Carta, lessening the king's power |
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| 3 separate branches in govt. with power to check or restrain powers of other branches |
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| What was America like before Columbus' first landing? |
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| was a wide expanse of land with many different native tribes, pine forests were dominant |
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| land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska 12,000 to 4,000 years ago (allowed first natives to come to North America) |
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| people who move from place to place (first Americans) |
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| lifestyle where women collect food and men hunt (common among nomads) |
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| raising animals to provide as food or supply source |
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| the use of farming and domestication enabled nomads in America to settle in one place (7,000 years ago) |
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| different lifestyles in a society that are affected by climate, geography, and resources |
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| land use of Native Americans |
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| did not believe in ownership of property, used to hunt |
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| What was going on in Europe that caused Columbus and other Europeans to explore? |
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Renaissance- brought on age of exploration
-trade routes to India and Asia were too dangerous by land, better sailing technology (caravel) |
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| period during Renaissance in which a desire to explore in order to increase wealth and power spread among European nation-states |
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| period of European history during which the Roman Empire collapsed and caused a widespread lawlessness through Europe (500 AD-1500, religion dominated peoples lives) |
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| system of small, individual governments in Europe that followed fall of Roman Empire when nobles took over |
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| leading institution in medieval Europe |
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Holy Wars between Christians and Muslim turks over Palestine (Holy Land)
-boosted trade between Europe and Middle East |
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| time of "rebirth" for Europe during which trade with the East brought prosperity, population growth, better education, and new ideas (began in Italy) |
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| effects of renaissance (3) |
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| fresh interest in ancient knowledge, more interest in a meaningful life on Earth, catholic church questioned (Galileo- sun ctr of universe) |
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| Impact of European colonies on America |
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natives- wiped out by disease, others treated brutally and enslaved
Europe- quest for wealth, Columbian Exchange |
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a country with a central govt. that is able to rule over a large are with a distinct border and culture
-arose after nobles lost their wealth in crusades and kings were able to unite countries together |
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| Spanish explorer (originally Italian) who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 in search of a west-ward trade route to india, unknowingly discovered and colonized the Americas |
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| a settlement whose main purpose is to take advantage of resources in order to maximize profit for sponsoring country |
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| Portugal, Spain, England, France (responsible for majority of countries in America) |
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| 1607- first permanent settlement in America |
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| settlers originally landed here but were driven out by Chesapeake Indians and relocated to Jamestown |
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| 3 Reasons why Jamestown was ideal location |
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| near river, on a peninsula which enabled easy protection from Indian attacks, easy to see warning of Spanish invasions by sea |
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| native who ruled the Jamestown area, attacked Jamestown |
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| Indians role in Jamestown |
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| supplied and created a dependence on corn from colonists |
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| responsible for keeping Jamestown alive, appointed himself leader |
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| Powhatan's daughter, saved Cpt. Smith's life, later married John Rolfe which created peace with Indians |
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| man with no manual skill, useful for force of knowledge and council |
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| sponsor of Jamestown colony |
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| gave colonists each their own block of land to take care of and make profit, free market capitolist system |
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| Who were the Pilgrims and why did they come to America |
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| British separatists who came to America to gain religious freedom from Church of England |
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| German monk who wanted to separate from the Roman Catholic Church, launched Protestant Reformation, opposed indulgences and simony |
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| remissions that the Pope claimed would forgive sins |
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| the sale and purchase of church positions |
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| Luther's list of complaints against the Catholic Church that he posted on a church door in Wittenburg, Germany |
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| to kick out the church and condemn to hell |
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| the movement founded by Martin Luther to form a new religion separate from the Catholic Church |
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| Priesthood of all believers, Justification by faith alone, sola scriptura |
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| One must approach god through faith, church, priests, and sacraments, salvation is achieved by faith but not without works, Pope is head of church as well as the Bible and one's consience |
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| replacement of Catholic Church, King was in charge not Pope, King Henry VIII established it to attain a divorce |
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| What are the essential details about the Plymouth Colony? |
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| established in Cape Cod, 1620, established by British Pilgrims and Puritans who were seeking religious freedom, supposed to settle in Province town, Virginia, but were driven out |
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| an agreement signed by the Pilgrims (1620) establishing a form of govt. in the Plymout colony where laws were just and equal, self-govt. |
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| movement of 20,000 English settlers to New England and Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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| Leader of Massachusetts Bay Colony, believed govt. was inseparable from religion, quoted "city upon a hill" "eyes of the world upon us" |
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| a government ruled by religious authority, Massachusetts Bay Colony was one |
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| spiritual evidence used in court at witch trials |
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| people who disagreed with Puritan beliefs |
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| separatist minister who believed in religious tolerance and separation of church and state, established Providence, Rhode Island, believed settlers should buy land from Indians, not take it |
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| believed that people did not need a minister's teaching to be spiritual |
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| 1692- witch hunt hysteria in Salem NH, that was fueled by political disputes between neighbors over land. |
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| pastor during witch hunt, failed merchant from West Indies |
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| boundary dispute in salem between |
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| Salem Village (Putnams) and Salem Town (Nurse and Corey) |
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| salem witch judge, only to apologize after for convicting innocent peopel |
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| Samuel Paris' slave, first to be accused of witch craft |
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| idea that Puritans were in an agreement with God, obedience=blessing and protection |
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| certain people that have been Predestined to go to Heaven or Hell (the elect- obeyed god and lived pure life) |
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| culture where everybody is pressured in to believing the same form of Christianity |
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| salutary neglect ends with Proclamation of 1763 (soldiers and tax collectors present in colonies) |
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| Stamp Act- stamp tax on all legal documents in colony (violent protests- tarred and feathered collectors) |
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| Stamp Act repealed due to numerous protests and boycotts |
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Declaratory Act- England declared power to tax colonists in all cases whatsoever
Townshend Acts- laws passed by Charles Townshend that put tax on lead, paint, paper, glass, and tea imported from Britain |
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| Tea Act, Boston Tea Party (tea party was radical, display of colonists' rejection of England) |
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Intolerable Acts- British closed Boston port, gave royal gov. power over Boston, more rules for quartering soldiers
First Continental Congress- met in Philadelphia and sent list of grievances to Britain, created force of minutemen |
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Battle of Lexington- General Thomas Gage ordered by King George III to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock, 700 British vs. 70 colonists
2nd Continental congress- chose George Washington to lead Continental Army and made decision to write Declaration of Independence |
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| influenced by Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by Thomas Jefferson, approved and copied on July 4th, started rebellion |
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