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American Studies II CP
Midterm Exam Review
111
History
9th Grade
01/28/2010

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Cards

Term
Bill of Rights
Definition
First 10 amendments to the Constitution; protected individual's rights
Term
Northwest Ordinance
Definition
Enacted in 1787, significant achievements of Articles of Confederation; established a system for becoming a state in the western territories
Term
George Washington & Precedent
Definition
Precedent - act/statement becoming example to be followed; GW - how long term should be, title Mr. President, etc.
Term
Cabinet
Definition
group of federal leaders; advisers to the President
Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition
Washington's secretary of state; 3rd pres.; ambassador to France; didn't believe in strong central government; founded Jeffersonian party
Term
Alexander Hamilton
Definition
Washington's Treasury Secretary; officer in Revolutionary Army; believed in s.c. government; founded federalist party
Term
Hamilton's Financial Plan
Definition
assuption -> 1) tariff - tax on imported goods 2) Bank of US established in 1791
Term
First National Bank
Definition
Hamilton establishes in 1791; benefited Northerners
Term
Two-party system
Definition
started when Jefferson opposed Hamilton's Financial Plan
Term
(Jeffersonian) Republicans
Definition
strict view of constitution; favored weak central government; opposed National Bank
Term
Federalists
Definition
loose view of constitution; favored strong central government; favored National Bank
Term
John Adams
Definition
Washington's VP (federalist) & 2nd President; ran and won pres. elections in 1796 & 1800
Term
Whiskey Rebellion
Definition
1794 - caused by opposition to tax on whiskey; 12,000 men of US army were sent to stop the riots
Term
XYZ Affair
Definition
French agents demanded 10 million in bribe; Americans refused bribe; led to undeclared naval war
Term
Alien and Sedition Acts
Definition
1) gave president power to arrest & deport foreign citizens 2) naturalization increased from 5 to 14 yrs 3) 'false' accusations on government led to trials
Term
Nullification
Definition
rejection, as in when a state judges a federal law to be unconstitutional
Term
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Definition
argued that states had right to nullify a law; showed their defiance of federal power
Term
States' Rights
Definition
powers that the Constitution neither gives to federal government nor denies to states
Term
Midnight Judges
Definition
last-minute appointments of judges with the Federalist beliefs made by Adams just before Jefferson took office
Term
John Marshall
Definition
Federalist leader; Chief Justice under Adams in 1801; held power for 34 years
Term
Judicial review
Definition
power of federal courts to review state laws & state court decisions to determine if they are Constitutional
Term
Marbury v. Madison
Definition
1803 Supreme court case (established judicial review); Marbury was refused spot of justice by Madison when Madison was appointed as midnight judge
Term
Louisiana Purchase
Definition
US bought French territory in 1803 for $15 million
Term
Lewis & Clark expedition
Definition
Journey by Lewis & Clark through Louisiana Purchase in 1804-1806
Term
Jefferson & expansion/limits on government power
Definition
Jefferson believed in weak central government, but he bought Louisiana; no document said he couldn't
Term
Embargo
Definition
ban/restriction on trade
Term
Embargo Act
Definition
1807 - outlawed almost all trade with foreign countries; really only hurt the US
Term
Assimilation
Definition
process by which people of one culture are forced to merge with another
Term
Tecumseh
Definition
Indian chief
Term
Battle of Tippecanoe
Definition
1811 - in Indian Territory between US & Native Americans
Term
James Madison
Definition
4th US President; called father of Constitution
Term
British Impressment
Definition
act of forcing people into military service; British attacked US ships and stole people for service
Term
Chesapeake Incident
Definition
example of impressment
Term
Causes: War of 1812
Definition
Britain was being blamed for Indian attacks on US villages; impressment/Chesapeake Incident
Term
Results: War of 1812
Definition
Treaty of Ghent ends war; US loses; no land exchanged
Term
Treaty of Ghent
Definition
signed in1814; ended War of 1812
Term
Missouri Compromise
Definition
1820 - agreement calling for admission of MO as a slave state; ME as a free state; no slavery above 36⁰ 30' N parallel
Term
Second Great Awakening
Definition
religious movement in early 1800s
Term
Adams - Onis Treaty
Definition
1819 - treaty between US & Spain; Spain ceded Florida to US
Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition
US should expand to its natural borders (sea to sea)
Term
Oregon Trail
Definition
from Independence, MO to Oregon; used by pioneers to the west in 1840s
Term
Independence, MO
Definition
small town where groups would meet to cross trails to the west
Term
California Gold Rush
Definition
1848 - mass migration to California following the discovery of gold
Term
Texas Annexation
Definition
US took Texas from Mexico
Term
Cotton Gin
Definition
machine that separates seeds from raw cotton; invented by Eli Whitney
Term
Slavery
Definition
most slaves work in a field, some learn local trade; backbreaking agricultural work
Term
Industrial North
Definition
PRODUCTS: coal, manufacturing LABOR SOURCE: mostly machines
Term
Agricultural South
Definition
PRODUCTS: cotton LABOR SOURCE: slaves
Term
Cotton Belt
Definition
common 1850s nickname for states from SC - TX; economies relied almost completely on cotton
Term
Nat Turner
Definition
runaway, slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia
Term
James Monroe
Definition
nationalist, 5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings
Term
Monroe Doctrine
Definition
Declaration by Pres Monroe in 1823; by John Q Adams; US would oppose efforts of any other nation to control any part of the Western Hemisphere
Term
John Quincy Adams
Definition
author of Monroe Doctrine, Adams-Onis Treaty, Secretary of State under Monroe
Term
Corrupt Bargain
Definition
Jackson & Adams were against each other, eventually congress was given the decision with Clay in charge; Clay made Adams win and in turn, Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State
Term
The Age of Jackson
Definition
government & democracy changes; common man became more powerful
Term
National nominating convention
Definition
delegates from the states gather to decide on the party's presidential nominee; replaced the caucus system
Term
Spoils system
Definition
giving appointed offices as rewards from the successful party in an election
Term
Mudslinging
Definition
negative campaigning
Term
King Andrew the First
Definition
nickname for Andrew Jackson because people felt he had too much power
Term
Indian Removal Act
Definition
1830 - law calling for Pres to give land to Native Americans in part of LA Purchase in exchange for land taken from them in the east
Term
Trail of Tears
Definition
forced movement of Chrokees in 1838 to land west of the Mississippi River
Term
Whig Party
Definition
believed in strong government & against Jackson; want to improve country with roads, buildings, etc.
Term
Martin Van Buren
Definition
Jackson's VP, pres of US & Jacksonian-Democrat; voted of of office during panic of 1831
Term
John Tyler
Definition
VP to Martin Van Buren; pres after Harrison dies; southern Democrat
Term
William Henry Harrison
Definition
against Van Buren for Presidency, won; died 1 month after taking office from pneumonia; military hero
Term
Henry David Thoreau
Definition
tanscendentalist; wrote Walden; against Mexican War; didn't pay taxes and went to jail
Term
Temperance Movement
Definition
an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption
Term
Horace Mann
Definition
reformer, MA; mostly about education; against slavery
Term
Abolitionists
Definition
people against slavery and expansion of slavery
Term
Underground Railroad
Definition
network of escape routes that provided protection & transportation for slaves fleeing north
Term
Harriet Tubman
Definition
conductor on underground railroad; freed more than 300 slaves
Term
Frederick Douglass
Definition
former slave who advocated freedom
Term
William Lloyd Garrison
Definition
white abolitionist; wrote the Liberator
Term
Sojourner Truth
Definition
freed slave who promoted religious ideals & abolition of slavery (Isabella Baumfree)
Term
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Definition
female activist who organized Seneca Falls Convention
Term
Seneca Falls Convention
Definition
1848 - 1st women's rights convention in US
Term
Nativism
Definition
policy of favoring native - born Americans over immigrants
Term
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Definition
Controversial novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe about slavery
Term
James K. Polk
Definition
president; democrat; went to war with Mexico for Manifest Destiny
Term
Mexican War
Definition
between US & Mexico from 1846 - 1848; US wins land
Term
Zachary Taylor
Definition
Whig; winner of 1848 presidency; issues were slavery
Term
Compromise of 1850
Definition
agreement designed to stop expansion of slavery
Term
Henry Clay
Definition
wrote Compromise of 1850 & Missouri Compromise; statesman from KY; founder of Whig Party; was never president
Term
Border dispute
Definition
Texas thought its border was the Rio Grand/Mexico thought its border was the Nueces River; led to Mexican War
Term
Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo
Definition
signed in 1848; ends Mexican War
Term
Oregon Territory
Definition
Treaty of 1846 put it 49⁰ parallel
Term
Mexican Cession
Definition
after the Mexican War US gained this land (SW section) for $15 million
Term
Gadsden Purchase
Definition
30,000 square miles from Mexico in present-day NM & AZ for $10 million
Term
John C. Calhoun
Definition
opposed Compromise of 1850; senator of SC
Term
Millard Fillmore
Definition
13th President & promoted Compromise of 1850; whig and northerner
Term
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Definition
series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery in the territories
Term
Free-Soilers
Definition
person dedicated to preventing expansion of slavery into western territories
Term
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Definition
1854 - law that called for creation of the two territories; popular sovereignty would be in the territories
Term
Fugitive Slave Act
Definition
Part of Compromise of 1850; law ordering all citizens of US to return slaves
Term
Republican Party
Definition
formed in 1850s to end EXPANSION of slavery
Term
Popular Sovereignty
Definition
policy of letting people in a territory decide if slavery would be allowed there
Term
Dred Scott Case
Definition
1857 - Supreme court decision stating slaves were not citizens, living in a free state did not make you free; Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
Term
John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
Definition
Brown led an attack on a pro-slavery settlement
Term
Bleeding Kansas
Definition
disputes all over territory led to violence
Term
Freeport Doctrine
Definition
1850 - Douglas was going to abolish slavery; southerners didn't like this
Term
Election of 1860
Definition
Lincoln wins vs. Douglas & John Bell
Term
Jefferson Davis
Definition
President of Confederate States of America (CSA)
Term
Border States
Definition
In civil war: DE, MD, KY, MI, (WV in later years); had slaves but did not join the confederacy
Term
Fort Sumter
Definition
in harbor of Charleston; confederate attack here marked start of war
Term
Lincoln on slavery
Definition
against slavery & to stop expansion (not necessarily abolish it)
Term
Advantages of North
Definition
Larger population (21 v. 9 million); diversified economy; industrialized; control of sea; food production; more railroad & telegraph lines
Term
Advantages of South
Definition
'home field advantage'; better leadership; civilians used to guns; cotton? NO - couldn't be traded
Term
Anaconda Plan
Definition
by Winfield Scott; union's plan to win war; 1) gain control of MS river and split CSA in two 2) Naval Blockade 3) defend Washington & maintain constant pressure on Richmond
Term
Southern Plan
Definition
war of attrition; mainly defensive war; try to get foreign countries as allies
Term
1st Battle of Bull Run
Definition
taught US that war would be long and bloody
Term
Copperhead
Definition
During Civil War, an antiwar Northern Democrat
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