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| people legally entitled to vote for office holders |
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| Proposed law placed on the ballot by a citizen |
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| an initiative or referendum that provides a basis for political action |
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| Proposed by a body of legislature but only goes into effect if supported by the voters |
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--Based on population
--Right now there's 435 members
--The leader of the house of reps. is called the speaker and he has the duty to organize and make the rules for the house |
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| Establishes the major party's agenda |
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| Leader of the minority party and set it's agenda |
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--Two reps per state (100 total)
--Vice president can vote to break a tie
--In the case that the V.P is not present, the president pro tempore takes his place
--No limit for how many terms you can serve
--Has power of confirmation (judges appointed by the president and others) |
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| Used to get around the fillibusters, you must have 60 votes. This greately shortens the amount of debate time allowed |
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--Veto
--National Constituency (elected by the whole nation and not just by a few people)
--Head of the party
--Appoint officials with congress' consent
--Pardon (except himself in case of impeachment)
--Recommend
--Inherent Executive power (can do things and withhold information fom congress)
--commander-in-chief of the army and navy |
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--Amendments to the constitution
--Ignore Ruling
--Impeachment
--Retention Elections
--Pack the Court (fill the court room with a lot of judges that want one thing to influence a courts decisions, there is no limit to how many judges you can have it works well in all levels of court except the circuit court because the circuit court there are already a lot of judges so it doesn't. John Adams did this just before the next person was about to take office. So he packed the court with justices of his own party before he lost office to keep the next president from having much authority.
--Case and Controversy (all cases must have a real person involved and actual controversy. Controversies in the past are not considered |
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--John Adams appointed 42 new justices of the peace before he left office. When the new president Thomas Jefferson came into office he denied those newly appoined justices their right to take office.
--Marbury took this to the supreme court because of a law that said he could, but the court decided that they wouldn't hear the case because of a certain interpretation of the Constitution.
--This was a smart move and was unique because through this move they stipulated judicial review. |
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| A slave's owner set him free, but he was enslaved by another man. He sued, but it was ruled that while he did have state citizenship he was not a national citizen and did not have the right to sue. |
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| No titles of royalty. Tried to overturn Dread Scott. No slavery or involuntary servitude except on punishment of crime. Abolishes slavery almost, there are loopholes. |
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| No state cannot deny any citezen the rights given them by the federal government. fills in the loopholes in the 13th amendment. |
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| Political and civil rights. many societal rights. Amendments only apply to government activity and that private or state activities are not bound. Supported seperate but equal doctrine. |
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compelling governmental interest
narrowly tailored to achieve that goal or interest
the law or policy must be the least restrictive means for achieving that interest |
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important governmental interests
substantially related means
--things like sexual harassment |
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a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational ...
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn |
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The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to limit the civil rights ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States) |
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| brown v. board of education of topeka, kansas |
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| overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. |
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The spatial and social separation of populations that occurs without legal sanction.
www.let.rug.nl/usa/GEO/glossary.htm |
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segregation that is imposed by law
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn |
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| intended to guarantee that equal rights under any federal, state, or local law could not be denied on account of sex. The ERA, written by Alice Paul and introduced in every Congress since 1923, failed to gain ratification |
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After the American Civil War, laws were enacted in many Southern states and municipalities to promote segregation of Blacks from Whites. ...
blackpioneers.albertasource.ca/resources/glossary.html |
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| upheld the constitutionality of the doctrine of “separate but equal” public accommodations for blacks and whites. |
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| an expression could be punished if it could lead to illegal behavior |
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| freedom of speech must be balanced against other competing public interests at stake in particular circumstances |
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13th 14th and 15th
abolished slavery, redefined civil rights, and gave the right to vote to all adult men |
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| illegally obtained court evidence cannot be used in court |
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| state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys. |
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| Evidence obtained without a search warrant cannot be used in a trial |
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| accused persons must be told their rights by police |
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| courts decide how to incorporate the bill of rights on a case by case basis |
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An order issued by the supreme court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case for which it will hear on appeal.
courts.delaware.gov/How%20To/court%20proceedings/ |
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| the way legislation is interpreted and applied |
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| presents before the courts the position of the presidential administration |
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| overturning of a lower court's decision |
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| to send a case to a lower court |
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| court official that has the authority to see that judicial orders are carried out |
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| previous court ruling that is applicable to a current case |
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1. The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government.
2. State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. |
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| courts should rule narrowly to avoid overturning past court decisions |
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| stare decisis can be ignored at times with changing circumstances |
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one of the twelve federal United States courts of appeals that cover a group of states known as a `circuit'
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn |
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| List the different levels of local and national courts |
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Supreme court
Court of Appeals
District court |
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| government workers are hired based on political loyalty |
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| close connection between agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees |
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| organization of officials with responsibility for a specific task |
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| avoid OMB cuts by appealing to allies in congress |
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| gave blacks the right to vote after the civil war. |
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| the president's political status can be used to influence to public's support of the president's agenda |
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| executed simply by not signing a bill into law |
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| providing funding for governmental activities and programs that have been authorized |
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| providing statutory authority for a government program or activity |
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| party leaders give more than one committe responsibility for considering a bill. |
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| valuntary group within congress |
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| only white male property owners could vote |
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| property and tax requirements eliminated |
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--The fifteenth amendment in 1970 extended the franchise to black males, but persecution among the states disenfranchised them until the late 1960's, when the voting rights act put the national government in control of the way the southern states held their elections
--1890, wyoming, the first state to let women vote in national elections
--1916, women had gained the right to vote in 12 states including calif. in 1910 and illinois in 1913 |
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| 23rd amendment to the constitution which grants residents of the district of columbia the right to vote for presidential electors. All mentally competent law abiding Americans could now vote for president |
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| the year when all 48 states were given the right to vote just before the 1920 presidential election. Women also gained the right to vote. |
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| --26th amendment lowered the official voting age to 18. Before this, all voters had to be at least 21. Convicted felons still cannot vote since the post revolutionary war era. |
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