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| Governor of Virginia appointed by King Charles I. |
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| Indentured servant who led rebellion that caused panic, fear of indentured servants, and the eventual adoption of African slaves for labor. |
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| A person (usually an indebted English person) selling their self into temporary servitude in America. |
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| Granted 50 acres to Americans who paid for the passage of an indentured servant (this was to get rid of debtors, criminals, and overpopulation in England) |
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| Sermons where the reverend preached hellfire and damnation and in general chastised the people. |
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| The treacherous route slaves were brought to America from Africa on. |
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| Primarily sparked by indentured servants' anger over William Berkeley's friendly policies towards the Indians. They burned Jamestown to the ground, attacked the Indians, and chased out Berkeley. A bunch of them were killed for their crimes. Led by Nathaniel Bacon. |
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| A rebellion in New York City caused by class tension, specifically between German-Americans and the English. (1689-1691) |
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| A decline in conversions sparked this during 1662. It allowed for partial church membership for those who hadn't yet had the Puritan "covenant with God." |
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| First leader of the First Great Awakening, in the 1730s and 40s. Started in Northhampton, Mass., where he preached super strict Puritanism and Calvinism. |
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| Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur |
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| A French man who observed Americans and noted their growing culture and individuality (in the 1700s) |
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| An American preacher who was inspired by Jonathan Edwards in 1738 and was an important leader in the First Great Awakening. He was an incredibly powerful orator. |
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| A newspaper editor in New York City who printed an article criticizing the governor and was charged with seditious libel. His lawyer was Alexander Hamilton. He was found not guilty, an important step towards freedom of speech. (1734-1735) |
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| (1753-1784) A slave girl turned poet. |
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| A Scots-Irish movement against Indians. They marched on Philadelphia in 1764. |
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| A movement of the 1730s and 40s that emphasized a return strict Puritanism and Calvinism. It was characterized by the emotional and passionate preaching of "new light" preachers, like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. It was one of the first purely American movements, separate from England. |
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| Excessive and extortionate amounts of money charged for rent. |
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| A movement in North Carolina led by the Scots-Irish, in which they fought with corrupt officials. (1760-1771) |
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| "Old lights" were the old preachers who didn't support the emotion and histrionics of the Great Awakening. "New lights" were passionate preachers who participated in the Great Awakening. |
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| American shippers would travel to the African Gold Coast for slaves, trade slaves in West Indies for molasses, and then carry molasses to New England to make into rum. It was a highly profitable business, and when the Molasses Act was passed in 1733, they were angry and rebellious against England. |
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| An act in 1733 that taxed all molasses not from British colonies. It was designed to kill American trade with the French West Indies. It pissed Americans off and they smuggled and bribed their way around it. |
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| Trees that the English would mark off for use solely by the Royal Navy for masts. |
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| Known as the "Great Commoner." Was a general in the French-Indian war who planned attacks on Quebec and Montreal, greatly influencing the outcome of the war. (Pittsburgh is named after him!) |
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| An Ottawa leader who led a rebellion against the British directly after the French-Indian War. This violence inspired the Proclamation of 1763. |
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| A war of the Americans and English against the French and the Indians. Began with fighting over the Ohio River Valley. Started officially in 1756. The French focused their efforts on Europe, which let the Americans win more easily. Ended in 1763. It influenced the American Revolution because the Americans saw that Britain wasn't invincible, the British refused to recognize the American military leaders who had fought in the war, the British thought the Americans were cowardly, the Americans traded with the French during the war so Britain forbade all exports out of America, and the Proclamation of 1763 forbid Americans to settle the new land won from the French. |
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| French people living in Acadia (now Nova Scotia) who the British uprooted in 1755 during the Fr.-Ind. War. They scattered down to New Orleans and Louisiana. |
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| A meeting in Albany, New York, in 1754, which called for representatives from all colonies. Only seven showed. The immediate purpose was to keep the Iroquois as allies. The longer-range goal was improved colonial unity (this was important later during the American Rev.) |
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| A proclamation issued in 1763 by England which prohibited Americans from settling in the new land won from the French beyond the Appalachians. It was supposed to prevent new troubles with the Indians (inspired by the Pontiac Rebellion), but the colonists were angry about it and blatantly defied the act. |
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| Acadians who moved down to Louisiana and New Orleans after 1755 and established their own French/ American/ Southern culture. |
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| A French proclamation in 1598 which granted limited tolerance to the Protestant Huguenots, who had been fighting the Roman Catholics. After this, there was more peace in France, so they were able to turn their sights on colonization. |
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| "Father of New France." Founded Quebec in 1608. |
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| French explorer who floated down the Mississippi River in 1682 and established Louisiana. |
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| A French explorer who founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers from moving into the Ohio River Valley. You can remember his name by the brand of car made in Detroit that is named after him. |
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| Important political figure during the American Revolution. Led Boston Tea Party in 1773. |
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| The man who proposed the Townshend Acts of 1767 |
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| One of the founding fathers. Helped to draft the constitution. Husband of Abigail Adams. |
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| The first man killed in the Boston Massacre of 1770. Considered the first "martyr" of the Revolution. |
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The king of England during the American Revolution. A good person, but a tactless ruler.
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| The belief of a country that wealth is power, and the country should export more than it imports, getting raw materials from colonies. The colonies buy the manufactured goods of the mother country. This was good for America particularly during the period of Salutary Neglect, when they could get away with smuggling relatively easily. London paid huge bounties to American shipbuilders, Virginia tobacco planters had the monopoly of the British market, Americans enjoyed the rights of Britains, and were protected by the English army and navy without paying taxes. However, mercantilism stifled Americans' economic initiative and favored the Southern colonies. Virginia planters were ripped off by British middle men. The colonists felt they were being used by the mama country. |
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| "No taxation without representation" |
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| The cry of colonists who felt they couldn't be taxed if there was no one representing them in Parliament. |
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| When a king rejects/vetoes an act of parliament |
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| George Grenville claimed that each member of Parliament represented all British subjects, and therefore the Americans were represented, but that wasn't good enough for them. |
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| A group of colonists that organized boycotts of British goods and tarred-and-feathered violators. |
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| An act in 1774 that allowed trials without juries and allowed the French to stay in the Ohio River Valley, which the Americans wanted for their own. This was actually all designed to benefit the French (who were used to trials without juries), but the Americans got angry about it. |
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| A declaration that went along with the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, which said that Parliament had the power to "bind" the colonists. This was more metaphorical, but it still made the colonists mad. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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Definition
| A 1774 gathered of representatives from the states. Twelve of thirteen colonies were present. They didn't want independence, but they did draw up a list of grievances and wrote the Declaration of Rights. They planned to meet again in 1775. |
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| An act in 1764 that taxed imported sugar from the West Indies. Eventually the tax was lowered. |
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| Acts proposed by Charley Townshend in 1767. They were an indirect customs duty taxing paper, lead, paint, tea, and glass. The taxes were going to pay government salaries. Smuggling increased as a result. |
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| Act in 1765 which required certain colonies to provide food and shelter for British troops. People who violated this act were tried in Admirality Courts without a jury. |
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| Incident in Bostom in 1770, on March 5th, when some 60 colonists taunted and threatened ten redcoats. The redcoats then shot and killed about 11 Americans, including Crispus Attucks. |
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| System implemented by the First Continental Congress which called for a complete boycott of all British goods. |
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| One of George Grenville's acts in 1765 (along with Quartering Act). Imposed a stamp tax to raise money for the military. It was repealed in 1766 after American boycotts hurt the British economy. |
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| Gathering in 1765 of 27 representatives from nine colonies to discuss the Stamp Act. They drew up a statement to the king and Parliament, but the statement was ignored in England. However, it signaled growing intercolonial unity. |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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Definition
| Letter writing networks that exchanged news and information about the resistance against Britain. They started in Boston but grew to all colonies. Later, they became some of the first state congresses. |
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| German mercenaries hired by Britain to fight during the American Revolution. Americans felt betrayed when Britain did this, and it helped to sever some of the emotional ties that still bound Americans to England. Later many of the Hessians settled in America and became successful farmers. |
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| British courts that punished colonists who violated all of the various acts. They were sometimes corrupt and there weren't juries. |
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| An incident on December 16th, 1773, when Bostonians dressed as Indians dumped crates of tea off of British cargo ships. The tea was from the British East India Company, which had extra and was able to sell it very cheaply in America. Americans, however, thought this was Britain's attempt to make them swallow the tea tax, and therefore rebelled. Britain later retaliated with the Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston. |
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| Colonists who supported Britain |
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| A series of acts passed by Britain in 1774. They included the Boston Port Act, the Quebec Act, a new and improved Quartering Act, an act which allowed royal officials in America to be tried in England, and the Massachusetts Government Act, which said that the king would appoint all government officials in Mass., and town hall meetings were severely limited. |
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| A general during the American Revolution. He fought for the Americans at first but then defected to the British. |
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| A man who motioned for independence from Britain at the Second Continental Congress. |
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| A naval officer for the Americans during the American Revolution who was a bamf. |
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| Main author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third president of the United States (The Revolution of 1800). |
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| A general during the American Revolution. Helped negotiate French support for the Americans |
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| An orator and politician, and one of the Founding Fathers. He was the one who said, "Give me liberty or give me death!" |
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| A politician, founding father, and diplomat. He negotiated Jay's Treaty with Britain in 1794. |
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| Privately owned armed ships that fought for the Americans in the Revolution. "Legalized pirates." They brought in much needed money, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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Definition
| A meeting on May 10th, 1775, where all thirteen colonies were represented. They didn't initially plan for independence; they just wanted to keep fighting with Britain until their grievances were addressed. They appointed George Washington to head the army besieging Boston. |
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| A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine (T-Paine. Lolololol anyways) in 1776 that said that the colonists should stop half supporting England and half fighting it, and they should start fighting for independence. This was very important and a lot of people read it and became devoted to the cause of independence. |
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| Americans who were still devoted to Britain during the American Revolution. They were called "tories," after the dominant political faction in England. |
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| Americans who supported the Revolution during the American Revolution. They were also called "whigs," after the minority/opposition political faction in England. |
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| A treaty between the British and Americans that ended the American Revolution. It was negotiated by Ben Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams. France wanted to control the negotiations so they could partially control America, but John Jay defied them and negotiated the peace treaty himself. The treaty ceased the fighting and granted America all the land from the Great Lakes to Florida. In return, America was supposed to not persecute the Loyalists/Tories and pay off their debts to Britain. |
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| Wife of John Adams. She advocated women's rights. |
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| A collection of self-governing states. |
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| Governmental system where different branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) can balance each other out and spread the power evenly. |
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| The fear that if the vote were given to the uneducated masses, they would become a voting "mob" and promote disorganization and anarchy. |
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| Governing a nation as a republic, through democracy (the people get to vote and elect officials) |
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Definition
| The belief that the government should be controlled more by the states than by a central federal government |
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| Where the people control everything (by the vote). Expressed by Ben Franklin as a form of government where the rulers are the servants of the people, the sovereigns. |
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| An association of sovereign states that cooperate and work together on some things. |
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| The decision to scrap the Articles of Confederation and compromise between the "large state" or Virginia plan, and the "small state" or New Jersey plan. The compromise is also called the Connecticut compromise (hey look, they both start with "C," you should remember that). |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| America's first "constitution." Bound the states loosely together, but it was inadequate because it had weak executive and judicial branches, no taxes, easily circumnavigated tariffs. It couldn't directly control people, each state had one vote in congress, 2/3 vote for all measures in Congress. In general, it sucked. |
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| Safeguard against the "mobocracy." The electors would represent the people and elect candidates for them. This, combined with popular vote, would determine who got elected. |
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| Provided that the land in the "Old Northwest" (Modern midwest-area) would be sold off to pay the national debt. The land would be divided in townships six miles square, with 36 square mile sections inside. The 16th section was to be sold to benefit the public schools. |
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| "Three-fifths" compromise |
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Definition
| The decision that each slave would be worth 3/5 of a vote. |
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| A law in 1787 that provided that an area would be a territory under the government; then, when the area had 60,000 residents, it could apply for statehood. |
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| People who opposed the federalists and supported states' rights over federal government. Generally farmers, working class, lower class. |
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| An uprising in 1786, where backcountry farmers in debt demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers. Their leader was Captain Daniel Shays. Led to a fear of the "mobocracy." |
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| Advocated federal government over states' rights. Generally lived in the east/New England. Upper class, educated. |
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| Also known as the Virginia plan. Said that both houses of a bicameral Congress should be based on population, which would give larger states the advantage. |
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| Also known as the New Jersey plan. It said that each state should get an equal number of representatives in the bicameral Congress. This would favor the small states. [image] |
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Definition
| Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to convince the states (primarily New York) to ratify the Constitution. |
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| He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in 1793 in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution. He went a little overboard with his attempts to get America on France's side, thinking that because of the Jeffersonian Republicans, all Americans supported France. He was eventually ordered to leave. |
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| The French Foreign Minister. In 1797, envoys of John Adams went to meet with him in France to patch bad feelings over Jay's Treaty (which was with the British, France's enemies). This caused the XYZ affair and two years of hostilities, which were settled by the Convention of 1800. |
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| Interpreting the Constitution strictly, with little room for interpretation. |
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Definition
| Powers that the Constitution implies but does not give outright (for example, the power of the president to have the cabinet) |
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| A tax on imports or exports |
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Definition
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Definition
| A tax on the sale or production of specific goods |
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| Holds that America was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is consequently a creation of the states. Therefore, the states have the power to say when the federal government has overstepped the limits of its authority. |
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Definition
| A group of advisors to the president. Not specifically stated in the Constitution. |
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| The first ten amendments to the Constitution. Gave rights and liberties to the American people. |
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| A treaty made by John Jay with Britain. Britain promised to evacuate all of their posts on US soil (although they'd already promise this earlier and had failed to follow through), and consented to pay damages for the seizures of American ships. The US in turn agreed to pay off their remaining debts to Britain. This angered the French, the Jeffersonians, who supported the French, and the South, who would be paying off most of the debts. This solidified Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party |
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Definition
| Ended the period of hostilities with France after the XYZ affair. France agreed to annul their previous treaty with the US, and the US agreed to pay the damages of American shippers (instead of making France pay them). After this, the US was always wary of peacetime military treaties. |
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| A proclamation made by Washington in 1793 that said that America was neutral in the fight between Britain and France. This angered the antifederalists and Jeffersonians, who supported France, but made the federalists happy. |
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Definition
| A rebellion in Pennsylvania in 1794 against Hamilton's whiskey excise tax. Washington summoned the militia of several states to crush the rebellion, but it quickly dispersed without much violence. It was a small rebellion, but it demonstrated the power of the government. However, critics said Washington overreacted. |
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Definition
| Treaty in 1795 with Spain granted America free navigation of the Mississippi and some land north of Florida. |
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| Since everyone was suddenly all anti-French, the federalists took the opportunity to muzzle the Jeffersonians. The Alien act was designed to get rid of immigrants (generally antifederalist). It raised the residence requirements from five to fourteen years and allowed the president to deport and imprison foreigners. The Sedition Act said that anyone who criticized the government unfairly could be fined and imprisoned. |
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Term
| Washington's Farewell Address |
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Definition
| An address given by George Washington in 1796, in which he advised avoiding permanent alliances with other countries. |
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Term
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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Definition
| Resolutions by Thomas Jefferson in Kentucky and James Madison in Virginia in 1798 and 1799 that said that they wouldn't follow the Alien and Sedition Acts. They used compact theory to support their arguments. |
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| People who followed Thomas Jefferson. Antifederalists, strict constuctionists, farmers, working class, immigrants, supporters of France. |
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Definition
| Act of Congress in 1789 that established federal courts, particularly the Supreme Court. Established the position of Attorney General. |
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Definition
| A 1795 treaty with the Indians, where they ceded their land in the Ohio country. |
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Definition
| Envoys of President John Adams in France were asked by three French go-betweens, called X, Y, and Z, to pay $250,000 just to talk to French foreign minister Talleyrand. They refused to pay, and fury over the affair led to hostilities with France, resolved later by the Convention of 1800. |
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Definition
| An American explorer who explored the southern lands of the Louisiana Purchase in 1806 and 1807. |
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Definition
| Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until 1835. Through his cases he helped lay the basis for how the Constitution is interpreted by the Supreme Court. |
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Definition
| Thomas Jefferson's vice president. Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. |
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Definition
| Shawnee Indian who organized Indian tribes to fight against encroaching Americans. He was defeated by future president William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811, and was killed in 1813 at the Battle of the Thames. |
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Definition
| Tecumseh's brother Tenskwatawa, who became a religious leader to the Shawnee tribe after he had a vision that he should forsake white temptations like alcohol. |
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Definition
| Son of John Adams and 6th president of the United States. He supported high tariffs and internal improvements, and had a generous policy towards the Indians. Was elected in 1824 as the result of the "Corrupt Bargain." |
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Term
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Definition
| The spoils system. Rewarding governmental positions to supporters. |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review, and possible invalidation, by the Supreme Court. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity and the outcome of which can lead to the removal of that official from office. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forcing men into the navy without notice. The British in particular did this to American shippers before and during the War of 1812. The Chesapeake incident is an example of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopted in 1810 under President James Madison, this bill worked off of the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 (which itself worked off of the Embargo). The bill said that America could trade with all of the world, but that if either England or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would not trade with the country that did not repeal. Napoleon took America up on the offer with little intention to hold to the agreement. |
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Definition
| One of the last acts of the Federalist party, it created 16 new federal judgeships and judicial offices. Legend told that President John Adams stayed up until midnight on his last night in office to sign the commissions of the "midnight judges." This was an attempt to keep Federalist judges in their spots when antifederalist Jeffersonians took over. John Marshall was one of these judges. |
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Definition
| When Jefferson took office in 1800. It was sort of a revolution in the sense that it showed that there could be a peaceful change of parties in the presidents' office. |
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Definition
| When a British frigate overhauled the US frigate, the Chesapeake, and demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The captain of the Chesapeake refused, and the British fired on the ship, killing three Americans, wounding 18, and taking back their deserters by force. This caused outrage in America and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. |
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Definition
| A Supreme Court case regarding William Marbury, one of John Adams' "midnight judges," whom Secretary of State James Madison refused to give his commission to. The Supreme Court said that what Marbury based his case on was unconstitutional, which made the Supreme Court the final word on constitutionality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Warring in France and Britain caused Jefferson to issue this act in 1807, which forbade the export of all goods from the United States. This extremely hurt the economy of America. Illicit trade and smuggling boomed. It was repealed on March 1, 1809, and replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act (and later Macon's Bill No. 2). |
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Term
| Louisiana Purchase Treaty |
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Definition
| A treaty between America and France which gave America all of Louisiana. Napoleon needed the funds to support his wars, and wanted to keep America friendly, so he sold the land for $15 million. Jefferson worried that it was unconstitutional, but he let it go. Lewis and Clark were sent on an expedition to explore the new land. |
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Term
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Definition
| An 1809 act that formally reopened American trade with all nations of the world except France and England after the Embargo. |
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Definition
| Jefferson's navy fleet of little coastal crafts, which were small and frail and generally ineffective. However, they were used with success in the Tripolitan War in 1801 against North African pirates. |
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Definition
| Strong pride in one's country. |
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Definition
| The battle at which William Henry Harrison fought Tecumseh. Also, William Henry Harrison's nickname when running for presidency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plan devised by Henry Clay for internal improvements, high protective tariffs, a Bank of the United States, and other things. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tariff on goods imported to a country that is designed to protect the industry and manufacturing of that country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federally funded construction projects like roads and canals. |
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Definition
| Fought with Tecumseh at the battle of Tippecanoe and also at the Battle of the Thames. Ran for president under nickname "Tippecanoe" with vice president John Tyler, and died after only a few weeks in office. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole. |
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Definition
| Noncolonization was a principle of the Monroe Doctrine proclaimed by United States president James Monroe in 1823. It stated that the Americas should undergo no further colonization by European powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the first writers to use American scenes and themes, along with Washington Irving. This emphasized the nationalism in post-War of 1812 America. |
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Term
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Definition
One of the first writers to use American scenes and themes, along with James Fenimore Cooper. This emphasized the nationalism in post-War of 1812 America.
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Term
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Definition
| When a country refuses to enter into any alliances, foreign trade or economic commitments, or international agreements, in hopes of focusing all of its resources into advancement within its own borders while remaining at peace with foreign countries by avoiding all entanglements of foreign agreements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treaty signed in 1814 between Britain and America which ended the War of 1812. They simply agreed to stop fighting and surrender conquered territory. |
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| A period under President Monroe of general nationalism and tranquility. However, there were still the issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands, as well as growing sectionalism and beginning conflict over slavery. |
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| An economic downturn under President Monroe which caused deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtor's prisons. It was caused by overspeculation on frontier lands. It made western farmers hate the Bank of the United States, and cut back some of the post-War of 1812 nationalism. |
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| A treaty between Britain and America in 1818 which settled boundary disputes on the Great Lakes and allowed for the joint occupation of Oregon. |
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| A convention of Federalists before the Battle of New Orleans in 1814 and 1815 to seek redress of their grievances and find secure financial assistance from Washington. They made a bunch of recommendations, but when it turned out the War of 1812 was over and the Battle of New Orleans was won, they were ignored, and the Federalist party died out. |
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| A protective tariff which eventually sparked the South Carolina conflict and the Compromise of 1833. |
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| Maryland tried to impede the Second Bank of the United States, and the Supreme Court (under John Marshall) ruled that the bank was constitutional. |
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| War hero of the Battle of New Orleans turned President of the United States, introducing Jacksonian democracy. Supported the working class/farmers. Had a harsh indian removal policy (Trail of Tears). Widely used the Spoils System. |
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| A Supreme Court case that settled that the power to regulate interstate commerce belonged to Congress. |
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| Dartmouth College v. Woodward |
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| A Supreme Court case under John Marshall which said that states couldn't mess with the private charters and contracts of companies. |
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| A doctrine of President James Monroe that asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries but that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. |
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| Russo-American Treaty of 1824 |
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| A 1824 treaty between America and Russia which granted Russia the area above Oregon. |
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| An 1820 compromise negotiated by Henry Clay which admitted Missouri as a slave state but also admitted Maine as a free state, therefore keeping the balance between slave and free states. It also prohibited all future slavery north of 36 30', the southern boundary of Missouri. |
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| A House of Representatives bill that said that no more slaves could be brought into Missouri and provided for the gradual emancipation of slaves already there. This angered slave-owning Southerners. The bill was defeated in the Senate. The Missouri Compromise eventually solved the problem. |
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| Proposed in 1817 by John C. Calhoun in Congress, this bill would have distributed $1.5 million towards internal improvments. But James Madison vetoed the bill. |
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| Powerful South Carolinian politician who wrote about nullification and secession. |
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| A politician and orator from Kentucky known as the "Great Compromiser." Proposed the "American System." Opposed to the Manifest Destiny and Annexation of Texas. |
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| A politician and orator who opposed Andrew Jackson and later supported the Whigs. He gave a famous speech about preserving the Union which encouraged many people to volunteer to fight during the Civil War. |
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| Boosted tariff rates to 48.4%, the highest they had ever been. This enraged the farmers and the "common man" and caused ill-feelings toward the Republicans. |
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| Granted pensions to disabled Civil War vets, endearing the GAR (Grand Army of the Republic) to the Republican party (as well as using up Grover Cleveland's surplus). |
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| The ratio of silver to gold that the Populist party advocated. |
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| An economy based on both gold and silver. |
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| A strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel mill that erupted into violence. US troops were used to break the strike. |
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| Laws made specifically to segregate and control blacks. |
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| Free-silver-advocating Democrat. |
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| Led a march of the unemployed on Washington; not very successful. |
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| Led by Socialist Eugene V. Debs, this strike was crushed by federal troops. |
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| A bill that lowered the McKinley Tariff and included a graduated income tax. The income tax, however, was struck down. |
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| A famous speech by William Jennings Bryan in which he passionately advocated free silver. |
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| A bill under McKinley that raised the tariff again. |
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| Stated that paper money was to be redeemable in full in gold. |
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| Progressives who exposed social ills in books and articles |
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| A muckraker who launched a series of articles in McClure's unmasking corruption in the cities and the alliances between big business and government. |
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| Exposed the evils of the Standard Oil Company |
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| Wisconsin governor who curbed the trusts and became a Progressive hero. |
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| Roosevelt's deal for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources (3 C's) |
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| Fined railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them. |
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| Restricted free passes of railroads. |
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| Said that meat shipped over state lines was subject to federal inspection. |
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| Wrote "The Jungle." Intended it to expose the plight of immigrant laborers, but it was most successful at encouraging consumer protection from unsafely prepared food. |
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| Tried to prevent mislabeling of foods and drugs. Also wanted to make sure European markets would trust American products. |
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| 1902 act that initiated irrigation projects in the arid western states and began the giant Roosevelt Dam. |
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| Investing abroad to encourage foreign trade and relations. |
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| Notably, split Republican party on tariff issue. |
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| Ballinger opened public lands to corporate development, and was criticized by conservationists. Said conservationists were then fired by Taft. Scandal abound. |
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