Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1868

United States recognizes The Black Hills as part of the Sioux reservation, closing the land to whites. Soon overrun by gold prospectors starting The Black Hills war.

Red Cloud

Oglala chief and leader of Red Cloud’s war, ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie.

George Armstrong Custer

American officer killed at Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 (aka Custer’s last stand)

Little Bighorn

Sight of the slaughter of General Custer’s troops. Most famous Indian victory. Those involved were later tracked down and captured. 

Sioux Wars

Series of conflicts between United Stats and some Indian allies against various subgroups of Sioux Indians. Earliest conflict was 1854 at the battle at Fort Laramie where Sioux warriors killed several American soldiers and ended 1890 during the Ghost Dance War. 

Wovoka

A Paiute Indian that preached a “new” religion that promised the return of the old ways that would reunite its practitioners with departed ancestors if they abstained from alcohol, lived in peace, and followed a prescribed ritual- Ghost Dance. 

Chief Joseph

The successor of his father, Elder Joseph, who was a converted Christian. In the midst of the Gold Rush on their Naz Perece reservation, the federal government took away over 6 million acres of it and that made Elder Joseph pissed off. Once he died, the Young Joseph was in charge and left with the backlash of what happened earlier. After many efforts to fight against the taking of his peoples land, he relunctantly lead his people off the reservation. Some got upset and started killing white settlers, which lead to the army perusing them. But, he surrendered with the knowledge that he and his people would return home. It took many years though.

Detribalization

to lose tribal names/customs- can be forced upon tribal group

Dawes Act

Indians gain citizenship, every male 16+ years allotted 160 acres of land, no land for women in a matriarchal society, exception of Iroquois and Navajo, whom voted against it because of the Indians, surplus land could be sold, lead to detribalization among most tribes. 

Oklahoma

The home of many new indian reservations- where Indians were pushed 

Boarding Schools

A place where Indian children were sent to not only separate them from family but also reduce the amount of Indianization they receive. Attendance was mandatory and students suffered from trachoma, tuberculosis, and suicide. 

Imposed program of civilization on Plains Indians to attempt to immerse them in white culture, member of Friends of the Indians. 

physician, writer, and reformer. Sent to school with tribal attitude to “conquer”, advocated educating the Sioux in American ways, became prominent as a “Red Progressive” 

Francis La Flesche

first Native American anthropologist. He was born on a reservation in Omaha, Nebraska in 1857 and died in 1932 near Macy, NE. Received Bachelor of Jurisprudence and Master of Laws from National University of Law School, 1892. He contributed a lot to the ethnographic record of the Osage and Omaha tribes.

Buffalo Bill

William Fredrick Cody- American Solider, buffalo hunter, and showman. Received a medal of honor for being a scout with the US Army. After that, he started a wild-west show that went on tour all across the US and Europe. It featured Native Americans and a white-winning themed fight. Though it portrayed how incidents in America went down with the NA’s, it allowed white people to meet NA’s and not feel threatened by them. 

Alfred Kroeber

Surveyed the dialect of Native American groups. 

Luther Standing Bear

Luther Standing Bear was born Ota Kte on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Standing Bear was raised as a traditional Sioux, growing up in Nebraska and South Dakota and was a hereditary chief of the Dakotas. He was one of the first students to attend the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. He held various jobs including teacher, minister and clerk. In 1898 he toured with the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show which lead him to California and the world of acting. In the 1920's and 1930's he fought to improve conditions for Indians on the reservations, writing several books about Indian life and government policy. Standing Bear was a member of the National League for Justice to the American Indian, Oglala Council, Actor's Guild of Hollywood, and Indian Actor's Association.

John Collier

Commissioner of Indian Affairs of 1933-1945, mastermind of the Indian New Deal. Realized how much Indians had to offer.

Indian Reorganization Act

Elanor Roosevelt and John Collier. Indians on Reservations were allowed to establish loval self-government, federal government to train Indians on land management, public health, law enforcement. Terminated Dawes Act

Code Talkers

The Navajo language was used during WWII to talk amongst American sliders. 

Citizenship

What’s grated to someone in a nation if the nation sees fit. 

Ira Hamilton Hayes

was a Pima Native American and a United States Marine corporal who was one of the six flag raisers immortalized in the iconic photograph of the flag raising on Iwo Jima during World War II.

Termination

Terminated a reservation, given American citizenship, no tribe was actually terminatied under Truman but the act was signed by Truman the tribe terminated by Eisenhower. 10-15% of tribes will be terminated

Relocation

Indian tribes on reservations in areas that white settlers wanted to live had to be relocated

National Congress of American Indians

1947; Founded to fight discrimination; speaking for the older generation 

National Indian Youth Council

1960; Demanded Native American participation in determining the policy that effected NA lives; Speaking for the new generation

(AIM- 1968) started by Clyde Bellecourt, Dennis Banks, and George Mitchell. An aggressive agenda that in turn generated a revival of Indian nationalism on many reservations and promoted the Indian identity and culture that the termination and relocation programs were designed to eradicate. They were the main activist group for American Indian rights. They staged the siege at Wounded Knee and protest in Washington DC. 

Trail of Broken Treaties

A caravan done by AIM in 1972 to go all across America bringing attention to all the treaties broken by the government against the first nations.

Alcatraz

1969 a group of young Indians seized Alcatraz Island, a disused federal penitentiary in San Francisco Bay. Under the name “Indians of All Tribes,” they issued a “Proclamation to the Great White Father,” ironically employing the rhetoric of old treaties to demonstrate their grievances and demand reparations for confiscated land and the hundreds of treaties with Indian nations that the United States had broken.

20 Points

10 points when AIM takes over Alcatraz, 20 points included Indian Policy Statements. Advocated the following: the repeal of the 1871 federal statute that ended treaty making; the restoration of treaty making status to Native governments; the establishment of a commission to review treaty violations; the resubmission of unratified treaties to the Senate; that all Indians be governed by treaty relations; and, the elimination of all state jurisdiction over American Indian affairs

Fish-Ins

Pacific NW tribes enforcing their right to fish there.  Form of a sit-in as a form of protest.

Dr. Connie Pinkerton-Uri

A Choctaw physician working at the Indian Health Service (IHS) facility in Claremore, Oklahoma, uncovered evidence that Indian women were being sterilized there, apparently without their informed consent. 

Diné College

The first tribal college on the Navajo Reservation (called the Navajo Community College). Students before had to leave the reservation and enter an alien nation to get a college education. 

American Indian Religious Freedom Act

Congress declaimed it’s intention to “protect and preserve for American Idians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express and exercise” their traditional religions, “including but not limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rights.” 

Leonard Crow Dog

head medicine man of the AIM, lead sun dance, married Mary Crow Dog, activist, was put in jail in NY for his activism. 

Mary Crow Dog

She was a standout AIM activist and feminist. Half blooded indian, raised catholic and almost against Indianization. After staying in a catholic boarding school, she wanted to get more in touch with her Indian part. She became and activist and stayed with AIM in a lot of their protests.

after getting very drunk at a bar, he was attacked by 4 white man, and left out to die in the cold. This lead to AIM going to where he died and persue a case. 

Pan-Indianism

a movement promoting unity among different American Indian groups

Richard Oakes

Mohawk American Indian activist who traveled across the US and ended up in the Bay Area. He was a sober Indian. Encouraged Indians to get an education. Headed the takeover at Alcatraz. 

California v. Cabazon

Court case from California (where gambling is outlawed), the supreme court ruled in 1987 that despite of the public law, the sate that permitted any form of gambling could not prohibit Indians from operating gambling facilities. This opened up gambling for many other Indians. 

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act

a tribe that wants to operate Class III or “casino-type” gambling must request that the state in which its lands are located enter into negotiations for a “comact” in which the tribe and state work out issues of jurisdiction, revenue sharing and other questions relating directly to the operating of casinos. If a state fails to negotiate “in good faith,” the tribe may sue in federal court. 

Ishi

Ishi was the last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people of the U.S. state of California. Widely acclaimed in his time as the "last wild Indian" in America, Ishi lived most of his life completely outside modern culture. Ishi means “man” in the Yana language.

Grattan's Attack

John Grattan led his command to the Indian village, demanded the killer of an immigrant’s cow to be delivered, and opened fire. When the smoke killed, Grattan and his men lay dead. This set the stage for man than twenty years of open warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army. 

Manifest Destiny

the idea that America was destined to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans.

Sand Creek

After gold was discovered in Colorado, thousands of settlers poured into the area, transforming the front rang of the rockies and the plains and destroying the Cheyenne Indians’ way of life. Tensions escalated. In 1864, a band of Indians was chillin’ at Sand Creek when Colonel J. M. Chivington and the Third Colorado Cavalry attacked them. Even though the leader at the time, Black Kettle, raised a white and American flag, they were still attacked and some 720 people, mostly women and children, were butchered. Word of the massacre spread across the plains, Indian warriors retaliated and the war that settlers feared became a reality. 

Chief Illiniwek

The official mascot and symbol of the University of Illinois  and the view of several American Indian groups and supporters that the mascot was a misappropriation of indigenous cultural figures and rituals and that it perpetuated stereotypes about American Indianpeoples.

Pequot

Pequot people are a tribe of Native Americans who, in the 17th century, inhabited much of what is now Connecticut. They were of the Algonquian language family. The Pequot War was an armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) which occurred between 1634 and 1638. Hundreds were killed; hundreds of prisoners sold into slavery to the West Indies. Other survivors were dispersed. At the end of the war, about seven hundred Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity.

Hard Rock Café

After a lot of success with their 6 casinos, the Seminole tribe in Florida purchased Hard Rock International for $965 million. 

Tribal Nations Embassy

NCAI was established in 1944 in response to the termination and assimilation policies the US government forced upon tribal governments in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign nations. To this day, protecting these inherent and legal rights remains the primary focus of NCAI.

NAGPRA

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) Federal law that requires remains of Indians returned to their descendants. Most notably: Kennewick Man and Ishi’s brain.

Myth that explains the origins of psychoactive peyote and its use as medicine by the Sioux.

Wounded Knee

Occupation of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge reservation by Oglala Lakota. Standoff with FBI/US Marshals lasting 71 days.

Proclamation to the Great White Father, 1969

 Proclamation made by Indians occupying Alcatraz Island claiming it as their own. Offered $24 in crafts as “payment” for the island.