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American History II
glossary and key items
830
History
Undergraduate 1
01/27/2015

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Term
ABC programs
Definition
those implemented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression to give relief to the unemployed
Term
Affirmative Action
Definition
programs designed to overcome past discriminatory actions such as providing employment opportunities to members of a group that were previously denied employment because of racial barriers
Term
Amendment
Definition
the modification of the constitution or a law
Term
Appeasement
Definition
the act of making concessions to a political or military rival
Term
Big Stick Diplomacy
Definition
Using American military power to fortify the diplomatic policies of the United States
Term
Big Three
Definition
leaders of the three major allied powers (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin)
Term
Bill of Rights
Definition
the first ten amendments to the Constitution
Term
Bipartisan
Definition
politics that emphasizes cooperation between the major parties
Term
Black Tuesday
Definition
October 29, 1929, the day the stock market fell about 40 points with 16.5 million shares traded
Term
Block grants
Definition
federal money provided to a state or local government for a general purpose, such as reducing crime or improving education, with relatively few requirements on how the states can spend the money
Term
Brown Vs. Board of Education Topeka
Definition
the Supreme Court declared the doctrine of "separate but equal" unconstitutional
Term
Cabinets
Definition
the heads of the various departments in the Executive branch who aid in the decision-making process
Term
Capital punishment
Definition
the execution of an individual by the state as punishment for heinous offenses
Term
Caucus
Definition
a closed meeting of Democratic Party leaders to agree on a legislative program
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Definition
legislative act that removed racial barriers in all places vested with a public interest
Term
Class Action Suit
Definition
a lawsuit filed on behalf of a group of persons with a similar legal claim against a party or individual
Term
Cloture
Definition
parliamentary procedure for ending debate and calling for an immediate vote on a pending matter
Term
Conference
Definition
a meeting between committees of the two branches of the legislature to reconcile differences in pending bills
Term
Conglomerate
Definition
a corporation that has many businesses in unrelated fields
Term
Containment
Definition
strategy that called for containing communism and preventing it from spreading any further
Term
Contras
Definition
Right-wing guerillas who fought the leftist Sandinista government of Nicaragua
Term
Court Packing
Definition
the act of placing members of the same political party on the bench so that opinion of the court will be consistent with the political party's (seen most dramatically with Franklin Delano Roosevelt)
Term
Crime of '73
Definition
What pro-inflation forces called the demonetization of silver
Term
De Facto Segregation
Definition
segregation that results from nongovernmental action; administered by the public
Term
De Jure Segregation
Definition
legally established segregation
Term
Democrat
Definition
any member of the Democratic Party, one of two major parties in the U.S.; party's lineage traces to Jefferson's Democratic Republican Party (1792)
Term
Deregulation
Definition
the act of reducing or eliminating
Term
Desegregation
Definition
the removal of racial barriers either by legislation or judicial action
Term
Dixiecrats
Definition
Southern Democrats who opposed Truman because of his support of civil rights; nominated Strom Thurmond for president in 1948 campaign
Term
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
Definition
the Supreme Court upheld the right of a slave owner to reclaim his property after the slave had fled into a free state
Term
Eminent Domain
Definition
the power of a government to seize private property for public use, usually with compensation to the owner
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
a belief that one's ethnic group is superior
Term
Executive Agreement
Definition
informal agreements made by the executive with a foreign government
Term
Filibuster
Definition
a senator who gains the floor has the right to go on talking until the senator relinquishes the floor to another
Term
Foreign Policy
Definition
treaties, agreements, and programs focusing on the relations between the United States and other nations
Term
Franchise
Definition
the right to engage in the electing of public office holders
Term
Gerrymander
Definition
redrawing of congressional districts in order to secure as many representative party votes as possible
Term
Gideon vs. Wainwright
Definition
case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1963 that established the right to legal representation for all defendants in criminal cases
Term
GOP
Definition
Grand Old Party-Republican Party
Term
Hoovervilles
Definition
empty spaces around cities where the homeless would set up empty shacks in which to live
Term
Impeachment
Definition
the process used to remove certain officials, including the President, from office
Term
Interest Group
Definition
group of persons who share some common interest and attempt to influence elected members of the government
Term
Iran-Contra Affair
Definition
Political scandal involving the selling of arms to Iran so that the profits from these sales could be used to fund the contras in Central America
Term
Jim Crow Laws
Definition
laws designed to promote racial segregation
Term
Kennedy, John F.
Definition
in 1960 became the youngest man elected president of the United States; established the Peace Corps in 1961; issued challenge to NASA to land a man on the moon; assassinated in 1963
Term
King, Jr. Martin Luther
Definition
civil rights leader who fought for the rights of minorities by the use of peaceful civil disobedience
Term
Lame Duck
Definition
a defeated office holder after that person has lost their re-election, but is still in office until the newly elected official is sworn in
Term
League of Nations
Definition
international organization to promote peaceful resolution of international conflicts; called on all members to protect the territorial integrity and political independence of all nations; replaced by United Nations
Term
Line-Item Veto
Definition
the objection by the president to a single item in a piece of legislation; this authority, signed into law by President Clinton in 1996, was unsuccessfully challenged as unconstitutional by six members of Congress, with the U.S. Supreme Court saying the plaintiffs had no legal standing to bring a case
Term
Lobbying
Definition
activities aimed at influencing public officials and the policies they enact
Term
Malcolm X
Definition
radical Muslim leader who wanted a total separation of the races
Term
Mapp vs. Ohio
Definition
the Supreme Court recognized that evidence seized without a search warrant cannot be used.
Term
McCarthyism
Definition
the act of seeking out subversives without cause or need (seen during the 1950s when Senator Joseph McCarthy stoked fear of Communism)
Term
Miranda vs. Arizona
Definition
1966 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court decided that all persons who are detained or arrested must be informed of their rights
Term
Moral Majority
Definition
Christian conservatives, led by the Rev. Jerry Falwell, who favored prayer and teaching of creationism in public schools, opposed abortion and pornography, and backed a strong national defense
Term
Muckrakers
Definition
investigative journalists and authors which exposed corruption in business and government
Term
NATO
Definition
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; pledged that an attack against one was an attack against all
Term
Naturalization
Definition
process by which persons acquire citizenship
Term
New Deal
Definition
legislation championed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression that provided a safety net
Term
Nixon, Richard M.
Definition
the only president of the United States to resign after being confronted with impeachment (because of his alleged actions in the Watergate scandal)
Term
Nonproliferation Treaty
Definition
an agreement not to distribute nuclear arms to countries that do not have them
Term
Open Door Policy
Definition
declared that trade with China should be open to all nations
Term
Original Intent
Definition
a doctrine of Constitutional interpretation that says Supreme Court Justices should base their interpretations of the Constitution on its authors' intentions
Term
Partisan
Definition
political opposition drawn along party lines
Term
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Definition
Supreme Court ruling that established the rule of "separate but equal" as being constitutional
Term
Political Question
Definition
constitutional question that judges refuse to answer because to do so would encroach upon the authority of Congress or the president
Term
Poll Tax
Definition
the requirement of a person to pay for the right to vote
Term
Populist
Definition
a political coalition of agrarians with urban workers and the middle class; goals included monetization of silver, a graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, telegraph, telephone systems, an eight-hour workday, and a ban on private armies used to break up strikes
Term
Progressivism
Definition
political movement calling for rejuvenation of free enterprise capitalism and the destruction of illegal monopolies; also called for civil service reform and honest and efficient government
Term
Public Opinion
Definition
the beliefs, preferences, and attitudes about an issue that involves the government or society at large
Term
Reagan, Ronald W.
Definition
two-term president during the 1980s whose economic policies followed supply-side theory
Term
Referendum
Definition
the process whereby a legislative proposal is voted upon by popular vote
Term
Republican
Definition
any member of the Republican Party, one of the U.S.'s two major political parties; the GOP came into being 1854-1856, unifying anti-slavery forces
Term
Roe vs. Wade
Definition
the Supreme Court decision establishing a woman's right to an abortion
Term
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Definition
president of the United States during the Depression and World War II; most noted for his enactment of New Deal programs such as the Social Security Act
Term
Scalawags
Definition
Southerners who supported Reconstruction programs
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
application of Darwin's theory of evolution, survival of the fittest, to justify unequal distribution of wealth by claiming that God granted wealth to the fittest
Term
Supply-Side Economics
Definition
economic theory that says if government policies leave more money in the hands of the people, they will invest it and stimulate the economy
Term
Symbolic Speech
Definition
nonverbal communication of a political idea
Term
Tariff
Definition
any tax levied on imported goods
Term
Truman Doctrine
Definition
President Truman's assertion that the United States musts support free peoples who were resisting Communist domination
Term
United States vs. Nixon
Definition
the Supreme Court ruled that material vested with a public interest could not be withheld from evidence under the rule of executive privilege
Term
War Powers Act
Definition
the act requires Congress to approve stationing American troops overseas for more than 90 days
Term
Watergate
Definition
the illegal entry and phone monitoring in 1972 of Democratic headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington by members of the Republican Party
Term
Politics after Reconstruction
Definition
Southern states passed legislation to take voting rights from black such as literacy tests, the poll tax, and the "grandfather clause"
Term
Economics after Reconstruction
Definition
Economic system gave whites ownership of most of the land, while blacks became tenants and sharecroppers were perpetuated
Term
Social change after Reconstruction
Definition
the white leadership adopted Jim Crow laws which required racial separation of public facilities. Most political and economic power remained with the powerful white aristocracy
Term
Redeemers and Bourbons
Definition
Powerful conservative oligarchy that controlled every Southern state government during post Reconstruction period

Bourbon governments were usually corrupt and curtailed state services, lowered taxation, and reduced spending.
Term
Joel Chandler Harris and Uncle Remus (1880)
Definition
a writer whose tales such as Uncle Remus, depicted the antebellum slave society as a harmonious world.
Term
Mill towns
Definition
visible signs of Southern industrial expansion after Reconstruction
Term
Crop-lien system
Definition
Central to Southern agriculture, a method by which a farmer mortgaged his un-grown crop to obtain use of the land and necessary supplies from the owner of a local store selling tools or seed.
Term
Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
Definition
validated literacy tests for voting and illustrated the Court's willingness to let Southern states define their own suffrage standards, even at the expense of blacks.
Term
Lynching
Definition
white violence against blacks as a means of control through terror and intimidation. During the 1890s there were about 187 lynching events each year, over four-fifths in the South
Term
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Definition
a black journalist who launched an international anti-lynching movement whose goal was a federal anti-lynching law.
Term
Booker T. Washington
Definition
a chief spokesman for the black middle class that emerged in the New South
Term
Atlanta Compromise
Definition
Booker T. Washington's philosophy of race relations, advocating the pursuit of economic gains for blacks as a step towards the attainment of social equality
Term
W.E.B. DuBois
Definition
a leading black critic of Booker T. Washington, founded the Niagara movement, which argued against the accommodationist tactics of Washington.
Term
"talented tenth"
Definition
W.E.B. DuBois urged that blacks attend college and become professionals
Term
NAACP (1909)
Definition
W.E.B. DuBois's Niagara movement provided the groundwork for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Goal of the interracial organization was the attainment of equal rights for blacks through the use of lawsuits in federal courts. It opposed the political and economic subordination of blacks for promoting the leadership of a trained, black elite.
Term
Homestead Act (1862)
Definition
allowed settlers to buy 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied and improved it for 5 years.
Term
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Definition
provided that federal land be used to finance land grant agricultural colleges. Scientific and mechanical methods of farming were taught and were responsible for the development of the agricultural Midwest.
Term
Timber Culture Act (1873)
Definition
Passed as an amendment to the Homestead Act, allowing homesteaders to receive grants of an additional 160 acres if they planted 40 acres of trees on the land within 4 years.
Term
Desert Land Act (1877)
Definition
resulted in the purchase of 2.5 million acres of Western land, anyone could secure tentative title to 640 acres in the Great Plains or Southwest for 25 cents an acre.
Term
Timber and Stone Act (1878)
Definition
Authorized sales of barren land at $2.50 an acre.
Term
Mining towns
Definition
California gold rush of 1849 and the Colorado rush of 1859, the mineral-rich areas of the West were the first to be extensively settled. These communities were melting pots containing native Americans, Mexicans, blacks, Chinese, and white; there were few women.
Term
Cattle industry
Definition
a significant element in the West's economy. Mexican ranchers developed the ranching techniques that were subsequently utilized first by Texans, then by Great Plains cattlemen and cowboys. During the 186s the "long drive" came into being as cattle were driven to distant markets and pastured along the trial.
Term
Cowboys
Definition
Integral to the long drive, were often veterans of the Confederate Army, white Northerners, Mexicans, or foreigners, with freed blacks comprising the next largest group
Term
Owen Wister
Definition
Author of a western novel, "The Virginian," which typified the romance of the West by painting an idealized picture of the rugged, free-spirited cowboy.
Term
Mark Twain
Definition
one of the greatest American writers of the nineteenth century and the author of a series of novels(e.g. the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn) during the 1870s and 1880s that depicted the vision and spirit of the frontier West.
Term
Frederick Jackson Turner
Definition
historian from the University of Wisconsin whose paper, "The Significance of the Frontier," argued that the closing of the frontier had ended an era in American history.
Term
Lands west of the Mississippi were home to western tribes such as the
Definition
Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, and Sioux
Term
Eastern tribes that were forced to resettle in the West were
Definition
Cherokee, Creek, Winnebago
Term
Lifestyle of Native Americans
Definition
some were farmers, and had permanent settlements, while others lived nomadically, combining hunting with farming and sheep herding.
Term
The Plains Indian culture
Definition
largest group in the West, often militant warriors, vanguard of the struggle to defend their lands from white settlement
Term
nomadic life of Plains Indians relied on buffalo or bison, because
Definition
it was a source of food, clothing, fuel, and weapons, provided the economic basis for their lives.
Term
Government policy toward the native American
Definition
negotiated treaties with them that required ratification by the Senate.
Western tribes were often victimized by incompetent white officials charged with protecting them. Government frequently responded by violating treaties they had made with Native Americans
Term
concentration policy
Definition
associated with the 1850s resulted in the reservation policy. Creation of Indian reservations allowed the government to force tribes into scattered locations, often with land unfitted for agriculture. The most desirable lands were retained for white settlement.
Term
Relocation of Native Americans
Definition
in 1867, an Indian Peace Commission, established by Congress decided that all Plains tribes would be relocated on two reservations, one in Oklahoma and the other in the Dakotas.
Term
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Definition
Department of the interior, poor administration by this agency led to constant conflicts between tribes and nearby white settlers.
Term
Tribal independence ceased to be recognized
Definition
The federal government no longer recognized tribes as independent entities, or negotiate with tribal chiefs, this signaled the beginning of efforts aimed at undermining the collective nature of Indian life, thereby forcing assimilation into the white culture.
Term
The buffalo
Definition
The welfare of native Americans was also greatly affected by the mass slaughter of buffalo from the 1850s onward.
Term
Buffalo Bill Cody
Definition
was hired by railroad companies to kill buffalo
Term
The U.S. Army and agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Definition
encouraged the slaughter of buffalo
Term
The killing of buffalo resulted in
Definition
many Indian uprisings in an effort to preserve their way of life.
Term
Formal warfare between Indians and whites ended by
Definition
1886, when Geronimo, an Apache chief in the Southwest, surrendered to white forces.
Term
Indian resistance to white settlement
Definition
Indian response emerged from the 1850s to the 1880s and focused on wagon trains, stagecoaches, white soldiers, and scattered settlements
Term
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)
Definition
one of the most infamous conflicts between whites and native Americans, this battle occurred in Montana.
Term
casualties of Little Bighorn (1876)
Definition
200 soldiers in the U.S. Army under General George Armstrong Custer's command were surrounded and killed by 2,500 and 4,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors under the leadership of Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
Term
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
Definition
these Indians left their reservations in 1875, The U.S. Army sought out the Indians to return them to the reservations. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were later killed by reservation police.
Term
Chase of the Nez Perce (1877)
Definition
Another major conflict occurred in Idaho. Nez Perce, a small tribe refused to move to a smaller reservation. Their leader, Chief Joseph urged them to follow him into Canada. The 550 men, women, and children who chose to go were pursued by troops until caught near the Canadian border. They were forced to live in the Indian Territory in Oklahoma, where many soon died of disease and malnutrition.
Term
Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1890)
Definition
Led by the Seventh Cavalry, this massacre, in which about 200 Sioux Indians died, was the last episode in a year-long effort by whites to stop a Sioux religious revival known as the Ghost Dance.
Term
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Definition
Designed to accelerate the assimilation of Native Americans into white culture. provided U.S. citizenship for Native Americans who abandoned tribal allegiances, Under this act, nearly one half of the Indian land was lost to white settlement.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Indian children were taken from their families and sent to white boarding schools. Christianity was encouraged, and churches were established on reservations to stop Indian religious festivals.
Term
Industrial development During 1860-1890, x amount of patents were issued. Before 1860, only x amount of patents were issued
Definition
440,000; 36,000
Term
Henry Bessemer
Definition
during the 1850s in England, developed a revolutionary process for producing large quantities of steel by burning out the impurities in molten iron.
Term
William Kelly
Definition
largely responsible for making America the world's leading steel producer by using the Bessemer process
Term
open-heart process
Definition
used low-grade ore and scrap metal to produce steel, meant that steel could be readily produced for locomotives, steel rails, and the heavy girders used in building construction.
Term
Thomas Edison
Definition
An inventor who served as a model for corporate industrial research. Inventions included the electric light bulb and the phonograph, over 1,000 patents were granted to him.
Term
Henry Ford
Definition
revolutionized the automobile industry, By 1914 he introduced the 8-hour day into all his plants, with a minimum wage of $5.00 per day. "self-made" man was responsible for producing an affordable automobile
Term
The Ford Motor Company
Definition
responsible for making the auto industry a major force in the American economy. Many other industries (e.g., petroleum, construction) began to depend on it for survival.
Term
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Definition
Father of "scientific management." His ideas involved managing human labor efficiently and effectively
Term
Taylorism
Definition
science of production, reached its peak during the 1920s, but attempts to bring scientific standards to the performance of workers were central to the growth of American industries in the nineteenth century.
Term
Railroad expansion
Definition
key component in promoting industrial development. Nation's principal means of transportation, railroads gave industrialists quick and inexpensive access to distant markets and distant sources of raw materials. Railroad trackage grew dramatically after 1860.
Term
Cornelius Vanderbilt, James J. Hill
Definition
railroad tycoons who acquired control over large railroad empires
Term
Corporation
Definition
business organization that receives a charter from a state government entitling it to certain privileges and immunities. First evolved in the auto industry, spread to the steel industry, meat-packing, and manufacturing.
Term
Investors
Definition
buy stock in a corporation and only have limited liability
Term
managerial techniques
Definition
division of responsibilities, hierarchy of control, modern cost-accounting procedures, and a "middle manager"
Term
consolidation
Definition
way to create great industrial organizations, accomplished by horizontal integration, combining a number of firms involved in the same enterprise into a single corporation
Term
vertical integration
Definition
more prevalent after 1890, which involves taking over the businesses on which a company relies for its primary function
Term
Andrew Carnegie
Definition
Scottish immigrant who after working in the railroad industry, opened his own steelworks in Pittsburgh in 1873. In 1901, he sold his steel in 1901 and devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy.
Term
John D. Rockefeller
Definition
a tycoon, who after consolidating the oil industry by 1879, formed the Standard Oil Trust in 1882.
Term
The Standard Oil Trust
Definition
consisted of 40 corporations that controlled every phase of oil refining
Term
dissolution of Standard Oil Trust
Definition
dissolved by Ohio courts in 1892, then reorganized as a holding company, but was permanently dissolved by a Supreme Court order in 1911.
Term
Rockefeller retirement
Definition
1911, devoted his efforts to charity. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research was established in 1901, Rockefeller Foundation in 1913.
Term
Pools, trust, and holding companies
Definition
these types of organizations began to emerge during the 1860s and 1870s.
Term
Pool
Definition
competing firms made "gentlemen's agreements" to divide the market, establish prices, place profits in a common fund, and pro-rate profits. These agreements first emerged from the railroad industry
Term
Trust
Definition
form of business combinatiodsn in which stockholders of affiliated companies turn over their securities and their authority to a board of trustees
Term
holding company
Definition
a company owns sufficient stock in other companies and is thus able to dominate their activities. Holding companies made trusts unnecessary and permitted actual mergers.
Term
Impact of corporate evolution
Definition
The corporation attempted to eliminate cutthroat competition and business instability
Term
J.P. Morgan
Definition
a banker who started a system of economic organization that concentrated power
Term
Andrew Carnegie
Definition
concentration of financial power enhanced economic growth, paved the way for large-scale mass production, and stimulated new markets
Term
Farmers and workers
Definition
criticized the new business philosophy as an attack on America's traditional society. The new economy was eroding their opportunities and stifling their mobility.
Term
Middle-class critics
Definition
Noted the corruption in the new industrial enterprises and in politics at all levels. Many businessmen even charaged that corporations were not sufficiently modernized and that their methods were inefficient and wasteful.
Term
Big business
Definition
attempted to convince the public that the new corporate economy was compatible with individualism and equal opportunity.
Term
Social Darwinists
Definition
believed that economic life was controlled by the natural law of competition
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
coincided with the ideas of Adam Smith, particularly in the area of the law of supply and demand.
Term
William Graham Summer
Definition
prominent American intellectual who promoted social Darwinism through lectures, articles, and a book entitled "Folkways" (1906)
Term
Gospel of wealth
Definition
A philosophy of business men, usually associated with Andrew Carnegie's book, "The Gospel of Wealth" (1901), which states that wealthy individuals have not only power but also responsibilities;
Term
Popular literature
Definition
Widely read authors included: Russell H. Conwell and Horatio Alger
Term
Russell H. Conwell
Definition
a Baptist minister fostered the notion of private wealth as something available to all in his "Acres of Diamonds" lectures. Stories of people who found opportunities for wealth in their own backyards. Proclaimed every individual has the chance to get rich.
Term
Horatio Alger
Definition
a former minister, wrote over 100 popular novels, (e.g. Sink or Swim, Andy Grant's Pluck) that proclaimed through work, perseverance, and luck, anyone can become rich
Term
Critics of Social Darwinism
Definition
Lester Frank Ward and Henry George
Term
Lester Frank Ward
Definition
argued that human intelligence, not the laws of natural selection, governs civilization. Modern society should use government to intervene in the economy and adjust it to serve human welfare
Term
Henry George
Definition
wrote his bestseller "Progress and Poverty" (1879) and explained why poverty existed in spite of modern progress. He pointed to the ability of a few monopolists to gains wealth as a result of rising land values. The value of the land increased because of the growth of society around the land.
Term
Single tax
Definition
proposed by Henry George, to replace all other taxes, which would return this "un-earned increment" to the people, distributing wealth equally, eliminating poverty, and destroying monopolies
Term
Single-tax societies
Definition
developed in many cities as a result of the popularities of Henry George's ideas
Term
Edward Bellamy
Definition
in his popular utopian novel, "Looking Backward" (1888) described a new society where want and vice were unknown and happiness prevailed.
Term
single trust
Definition
controlled by the government, conducting all business and equally distributing the resulting economic abundance. Bellamy called his concept "nationalism," which was a brand of socialism
Term
Looking Backward (1888) novel
Definition
provided the impetus for the creation of over 160 Nationalist Clubs, which promoted Bellamy's ideas.
Term
Workers
Definition
came primarily from the rural areas of America as well as from all parts of Europe. Most immigrants from northern Europe came before 1890, while most of the so-called new immigrants, those from southern and eastern Europe, arrived after 1890.
Term
Wages and working conditions
Definition
both were poor. Average income of the American worker was about $500 a year. Most workers had no job security and labored 10 hours a day at routine, repetitive tasks.
Term
Workplaces
Definition
were often unhealthy and unsafe, industrial accidents were frequent, and neither the government nor employers provided workers' compensation.
Term
unions
Definition
were created to attempt labor status in the workplace. Did not attract most workers and won few gains against the titans of industry.
Term
Knights of Labor
Definition
founded in 1869 by Uriah S. Stephens as the first national labor organization. Secret organization whose membership was open to both skilled and unskilled workers. supported an 8 hour workday,
Term
Terence V. Powderly
Definition
after 1879, the order expanded reaching a membership(Knights of Labor) of over 700,000 by 1886.
Term
dissolution of Knights of Labor
Definition
local unions and assemblies launched strikes against Powderly's wishes after 1885, the union declined. By 1890 membership had shrunk to 100,000, and thereafter the organization disappeared.
Term
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Definition
Created in 1881 by Samuel Gompers and consisted of many separate, skilled craft unions. Was opposed to organizing women and unskilled workers, thereby excluding about 90 percent of American labor. Claimed about 500,000 members by 1900
Term
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, Wobblies)
Definition
Organized in 1905 under the leadership of "Big Bill" Haywood. Organized unskilled industrial workers, such as Western miners and lumbermen, and advocated militant agitation, willful obstruction of industry, and damage to businesses in case of disputes. Never had more than 60,000 members. After 1913, its membership declined
Term
Railroad Strike of 1877
Definition
first major strike which began against the B&O Railroad Company, but spread to other lines in the Eastern states and some areas west of the Mississippi
Term
Railroad Strike of 1877 protest
Definition
10% wage cut, stopped railroads from operating, to quell riots in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Illinois, federal troops were employed. Before the strike was broken, $5 million worth of property was destroyed. Railroad workers went back to work at lower wages set by the railroads
Term
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Definition
took place in Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886, followed a nationwide strike for an 8-hour day, sponsored by the AFL and some local units of the Knights of Labor
Term
Homestead Strike (1892)
Definition
One of the most violent in America, occurred when the Carnegie Steel Company announced pay cuts for unionized members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, an AFL affiliate.
Term
Henry C. Frick
Definition
plant manager during the Homestead strike (1892) along with local law officials requested militia protection, so the Pennsylvania governor sent the state's National Guard, some 8,000 troops, to Homestead to restore order and protect strikebreakers.
Term
Alexander Beckman
Definition
wounded Henry C. Frick in an attempted assassination during the Homestead strike of (1892). Four months after the strike began, the union finally surrendered.
Term
Pullman Strike (1894)
Definition
workers protested a 25 percent reduction in wages and over policies in the company town near Chicago.
Term
Eugene V. Debs
Definition
president of the American Railway Union aided the strikers of the Pullman strike (1894) by extending a boycott of Pullman cars to 27 states, paralyzing transportation from Chicago to the Pacific coast.
Term
John P. Altgeld
Definition
Illinois governor would not call out the militia to protect employers, but over his objections President Cleveland sent 2,000 troops to restore order and protect U.S. mails during the Pullman Strike (1894)
Term
Attorney General Richard Olney
Definition
obtained an injunction forbidding interference with the mail and interstate commerce. Eugene V. Debs and his followers were arrested for contempt of court and sentenced to 6 months in prison. With the union leaders in jail, the strike ended. The injunction became a powerful weapon for employers to use against strikers.
Term
Urban growth from 1860 to 1910
Definition
America's population increased sevenfold
Term
Urban growth resulted primarily from
Definition
eastern and southern European immigration
Term
Large urban areas contained a variety of
Definition
ethnic groups
Term
Wooden blocks, bricks, or asphalt
Definition
were not used to pave streets as Urban growth stimulated the need for better transportation
Term
In 1870 New York
Definition
opened its first elevated railway
Term
Richmond Virginia in 1888
Definition
introduced the first electric trolley line
Term
Boston 1897 introduced
Definition
America's first subway
Term
John A. Roebling's
Definition
steel-cable suspension span, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed in the 1880s
Term
Urban politics
Definition
size and structure varied from city to city. The urban political machine arose to fill the power vacuum that the rapid growth of cities had created
Term
political machine consisted of a group of urban "bosses" whose goal was to win votes for their political organization
Definition
they used many approaches to do so to include provide food or fuel to individuals in need and often found jobs for the unemployed or cut through red tape to remedy neighborhood or individual problems.
Term
Machine supporters
Definition
were awarded with jobs in city government, in city agencies, or in the transit system, as well as with the chance to rise in the political organization itself
Term
through graft and corruption, political machines were also vehicles for making money
Definition
New York City's Tammany Hall with William M. Tweed as its boss was a notorious example
Term
Positive achievements of the political machine included
Definition
modernizing city infrastructures, expanding the role of government, and establishing stability
Term
Machines forged important economic relationships with
Definition
local businesses and exhibited skill in winning elections and in retaining voters' loyalties
Term
immigrant ghettos
Definition
rural, unskilled immigrants generally inhabited decaying or makeshift housing where the average population density was high, it provided cultural cohesiveness, eased the pain of separation from the native land, and eased the adjustment to American city life
Term
Americanization
Definition
immigrants discovered that ethnicity had to compete with assimilation
Term
Immigrants were excluded from
Definition
better residential areas, received little protection in employment, and endured biased remarks regarding their ethnicity.
Term
Acculturation
Definition
included learning English and gaining an understanding of the American legal system and government and its customs and traditions. Usually occurred among second- or even third-generation descendants of immigrants.
Term
Nativism
Definition
fear of foreigners which was acted out in discrimination because of differences in race, religion, and political beliefs, and because of economic fears that they posed a threat to native-born American workers
Term
a response to Nativism
Definition
In 1887, a self-educated lawyer, Henry Bowers founded the Protective Association, an anti-Catholic group whose aim was to stop immigration. Its membership reached 500,000 by 1894.
Term
1894 established in Boston by five Harvard alumni
Definition
Immigration Restriction League advocated the use of literacy tests and other means to screen immigrants
Term
Mass consumption
Definition
By 1900, Americans had learned to buy and prepare food differently because canned foods and refrigeration were available.
Term
Popular culture: mass consumption
Definition
Chain stores such as A&P and F.W. Woolworth made their debut. The growth of the mail-order business also began with the Sears-Roebuck catalog.
Term
Improved quality of life
Definition
Because of increased purchasing power and better diet, middle-class Americans began to enjoy a higher quality of life. Their general health improved, and they had longer life expectancies. Leisure time increased, especially for professional and middle classes. New forms of recreation and entertainment became available.
Term
Sports
Definition
By the early twentieth century, baseball had become both an important business and the national pastime. Other sports (e.g. football, basketball, golf, tennis, bicycling, boxing) became popular as well.
Term
Popular Culture: entertainment
Definition
musical comedy, vaudeville, circuses, Wild West shows, movies(motion pictures), Reading, "dime novels"
Term
circulation of newspapers
Definition
increased almost nine times from 1870 to 1910
Term
yellow journalism
Definition
sensational style of reporting, emphasizing scandals and exposes influenced by Joseph Pulitzer and popularized by newspaper chain owner, William Randolph Hearst
Term
Election of 1896
Definition
Williams McKinley (R) governor of Ohio was elected.
Term
President McKinley
Definition
supported the Gold Standard Act (1900) and through the Dingley Tariff (1897) sought to promote American industry. He was assassinated in 1901
Term
President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09)
Definition
came to the presidency as a result of the assassination of McKinley. Advocated a strong central government led by an educated and talented elite. Roosevelt signed the Hepburn Act (1906), strengthening Interstate Commerce Commission's authority to set railroad rates
Term
Meat Inspections Act
Definition
(1906) provided oversight of the meatpacking industry
Term
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Definition
required labeling of patent medicines.
Term
Roosevelt was concerned
Definition
about protecting natural resources and passed the National (Newlands) Reclamation Act (1902), which financed irrigation in the West and increased the national forests by nearly 150,000 acres.
Term
William Howard Taft
Definition
President from (1909-13) succeeded Roosevelt, but quickly became caught between the reformers and the old guard of the Republican party.
Term
Paine-Aldrich Tariff(1909)
Definition
signed by President Taft, made protective tariff compromises that lost Taft support among the reformers and he angered conservationists by allowing land to be removed from protective status.
Term
Taft supported the Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
Definition
which strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, brought 80 anti-trust suits compared to Roosevelt's 25. And removed more land from public use than had Roosevelt.
Term
Taft began to enact constitutional amendments that legalized the income tax
Definition
sixteenth-1913 and established direct election of the senators(seventeenth-1913
Term
Election of 1912
Definition
The Republicans re-nominated Taft after a challenge from Roosevelt. Governor Woodrow Wilson from New Jersey was the Democratic candidate and with his "New Freedom" he won presidency
Term
New Nationalism
Definition
Roosevelt's plan while running for the Election of 1912, which emphasized government regulation of big business
Term
President Woodrow Wilson (1913-21)
Definition
supported several reform measures, signed the Clayton Anti-Trust and Federal Trade Commission Acts (1914) gave the government increased authority over business and the Federal Reserve Act (1913) established a central banking system.
Term
Underwood Tariff (1913)
Definition
lowered tariffs and created a graduated income tax.
Term
Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
Definition
aided agriculture
Term
Adamson Act (1916)
Definition
established the eight-hour day for railroad workers.
Term
Eighteenth Amendment(1919)
Definition
accompanied by the Volstead Act prohibited the commercial manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
Term
Nineteenth Amendment
Definition
passed in 1919, gave women the right to vote
Term
Expansion of Trade and Investment
Definition
exports grew from $600 million in 1875 to $1.5 billion in 1900 and nearly $2.5 billion in 1914.
Term
U.S. became one of the leading countries investing abroad.
Definition
By 1914 nearly one-third of these investments, about $1.26 billion was going to Latin America
Term
Expansionism: William H. Seward
Definition
Secretary of State (1861 to 1869) started with the purchase of Alaska from Russia. In 1878, the United States obtained a naval station in Samoa; within ten years it had annexed a portion of the islands.
Term
During the 1880s Alfred T. Mahan
Definition
began promoting the concept of a large navy, which in turn required colonies for fueling and repair
Term
Author of "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" (1890)
Definition
Alfred T. Mahan, carried a message beyond navy circles. During the 1880s the so-called "New Navy," built with steel and powered by steam, took form.
Term
Hawaii (1893)
Definition
a cadre of wealthy American planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii, incoming President Cleveland opposed annexation and sought to restore the monarchy. American planters resisted Cleveland and continued to seek annexation, which they achieved in the midst of the Spanish-American War in 1898
Term
Origins of the Spanish-American War
Definition
Wilson-Gorman Tariff(1894) imposed heavy duties on Cuban sugar, ninety percent of which was exported to the United States, the Cuban economy was devastated. In 1898, a pro-Spanish riot in Havana prompted the United States to send a battleship, the "Maine" to Havana harbor. An explosion sunk the ship on Feb. 15th. On April 19, Congress authorized war.
Term
Conduct of the Spanish-American War
Definition
By mid-July 1898, the U.S. had largely achieved victory and then invaded Puerto-Rico. In return for a $20 million payment, the U.S. received Puerto Rico, while Guam and Cuba were granted independence.
Term
Treaty of Paris
Definition
provoked an intense debate over imperialism, led by Williams Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, and Jane Addams, who argued that possession of colonies conflicted with American principles of freedom and would draw resources away from domestic concerns. In February 1899, the Senate approved the Treaty of Paris.
Term
China. For half a century, the European nations had been establishing "spheres" in China giving them special trade rights. Fearing that opportunities would soon disappear, American business pushed the American government to act.
Definition
In 1899 Secretary of State John Hay sent a note to the European imperial nations, asking them to acknowledge that the United States had equal trading rights or an "Open Door" to China. Little came from this effort, but the Open Door became an important principle of American foreign policy
Term
While Hay was pursuing the Open Door in China,
Definition
Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippines independence in January 1899 and engaged in an insurrection that lasted until 1902. The Jones Act (1916) promised the Philippines an independence that would not come until after World War II.
Term
President Theodore Roosevelt pursued a series of agreements with Japan. The Taft-Katsura Agreement(1905 and the
Definition
Root Takahara Agreement(1907) both gained Japan's recognition of the American holdings in the region in return for similar recognition by the United States for Japan's interests.
Term
After San Francisco attempted to segregate Asians in its public schools,
Definition
Roosevelt in 1907 made a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan whereby the latter limited emigration to America and San Francisco reversed its segregation decision.
Term
Imperialism and War: Cuba
Definition
was ostensibly independent, the U.S. forced it to include the Platt Amendment in its new constitution
Term
The Foraker Act (1900)
Definition
established American control over Puerto Rico, although the islanders were granted citizenship in 1917.
Term
Panama Canal
Definition
In addition to these matters left over from the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt also sought to build a canal that would enable ships in the Atlantic to quickly sail to the Pacific Ocean.
Term
Panama signed a treaty in 1903
Definition
giving the U.S. rights to a canal zone, reaching completion in 1914.
Term
Roosevelt's Corollary
Definition
U.S. continued to assert its hegemony over Latin America. He stated that the U.S. had the right to intervene wherever there was "chronic wrongdoing"
Term
World War I beginning
Definition
After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne, in Bosnia, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914. Ultimately Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and Japan(Allied Powers) faced Germany and Austria-Hungary(the Central Powers)
Term
May 7, 1913
Definition
German U-boats sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing over 1,000 people including 128 Americans
Term
U.S. enters the war
Definition
Wilson broke off diplomacy relations with Germany. On April 2, 1917, Congress authorized war on Germany
Term
America at War (pre-WWI)
Definition
Even before declaring war, the U.S. took steps to improve its military readiness. In 1916, the National Defense and the Navy Acts enlarged the armed forces and the Revenue Act established new taxes to pay for the xpansion.
Term
Once war had been declared on Germany(WWI),
Definition
Selective Service Act (1917) introduced the draft
Term
U.S. casualties during WWI
Definition
Despite its limited participation, the U.S. lost about 100,000 men in combat-related deaths, half of them due to disease.
Term
Winslow Homer
Definition
painted New England maritime life
Term
James McNeel Whistler
Definition
introduced Oriental concepts into American art.
Term
ashcan school
Definition
new urban industrial society were members, which captured the social realitites of that time
Term
John Sloan
Definition
painted American urban slums
Term
Edward Hopper
Definition
focused on the aspects of the modern city (painting)
Term
Darwinism
Definition
theory of evolution, which had a profound intellect impact
Term
Darwin's ideas created a split between the cosmopolitan culture of the city and the
Definition
provincial culture of rural areas
Term
Pragmatism
Definition
philosophical movement accepted the idea of organic evolution, asserted that modern society should be guided by scientific inquiry, not by inherited ideals and moral principles
Term
William James
Charles S. Pierce
John Dewey
Definition
Exponents of pragmatism
Term
John Dewey
Definition
advocated education in which students would acquire knowledge that would help them deal with life
Term
Scientific inquiry
Definition
spirit permeated intellectual thought
Term
Richard T. Ely
Definition
Economist who argued for a more pragmatic use of discipline
Term
Edward A. Ross
Lester F. Ward
Definition
sociologists who advocated use of the scientific method in tackling social and political problems
Term
Charles A. Beard
Definition
progressive historian who asserted that economic factors had been most influential in historical development
Term
Education: Urban-industrial society emphasized specialized skills and
Definition
scientific knowledge to prepare American workers
Term
Free public education
Definition
spread; by 1900, 31 states had compulsory attendance laws.
Term
The Morrill Land Grant Act
Definition
of 1862 enabled 69 land-grant institutions of higher education to be established
Term
Following Harvard's lead
Definition
other colleges and universities adopted the elective system of course selection and began to offer modern language, fine arts, and physical and social science courses
Term
Improved technical training became available in
Definition
law, medicine, architecture, engineering, journalism, business, and education
Term
Graduate education
Definition
grew and educational opportunities for women expanded as well with the growing number of women's colleges
Term
The American political system in the 1880s and 1890s remained
Definition
locked in a rigid stalemate
Term
Congress and the electorate 1880s and 1890s
Definition
the popular vote was divided almost evenly between Republicans and Democrats
Term
In Congress, the Republicans 1880s and 1890s
Definition
dominated the Senate
Term
The Democrats usually (1880s and 1890s)
Definition
controlled the House
Term
Voter turnout (1880s and 1890s)
Definition
for presidential elections averaged over 78 percent of all eligible voters, while the turnout ranged from 60 to 80 percent in nonpresidential years.
Term
party loyalties (1880s and 1890s)
Definition
were determined by region, as well as religious and ethnic differences
Term
The political campaign (1880s and 1890s)
Definition
were important public events akin to spectator sports and mass popular entertainment today.
Term
(1880s and 1890s) Political parties were primarily concerned with
Definition
winning elections and controlling patronage, rather than with issues
Term
(1880s and 1890s) Party bosses and machines took
Definition
center stage in every campaign
Term
Stalwarts
Definition
Term first used by a group of Republicans who supported Grant for a third term against Garfield. were active during the Hayes administration, leaders of this group include Roscoe Conkling, a New York senator and leader of the Republican Party in New York and Simon Cameron
Term
Half-breeds
Definition
Term(used mostly after the election of President Rutherford B. Hayes) referring to a section of the Republican Party. Led by James G. Blaine
Term
Mugwumps
Definition
Term(first used in the presidential election of 1884) referring to a group of Republicans who withdrew from the party in protest at the nomination of James G. Blaine and gave their support to Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate
Term
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-81)
Definition
Because the 1876 presidency was disputed, he was referred to by critics as "His Fraudulency."
Term
Presidency of Hayes (1877-81)
Definition
undistinguished, because of the competitive party system left him with little opportunity for independent leadership.
Term
President Hayes secured a victory for
Definition
New York's Customs House dispute
Term
In 1877 President Rutherford B. Hayes
Definition
dismissed Chester A. Arthur and Alonzo B. Cornell from their positions as officials of the Customs House when they refused to carry out civil service reform measures.
Term
New York senator Roscoe Conkling had been using the Customs House
Definition
for political patronage and opposed the dismissals
Term
President Hayes received Senate approval for his appointees
Definition
to replace the dismissed officials in spite of Conkling's opposition
Term
James A. Garfield (1881)
Definition
self-made man and former congressman from Ohio, victorious dark horse candidate against Democrat General Winfield Scott Hancock
Term
Garfield
Definition
supported civil service reform but had accomplished little by July 2, 1881, when he was shot in the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in Washington D.C.
Term
Charles J. Guiteau
Definition
shot President Garfield in 1881, a disappointed office seeker
Term
Chester A. Arthur (1881-85
Definition
Vice president under Garfield, had been an ally of Republican political boss Roscoe Conkling of New York and a supporter of the traditional spoils system
Term
President Arthur urged
Definition
Congress to enact a civil service law, which was passed in 1883
Term
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and the Immigration Act (1882)
Definition
passed during the presidency of Chester A. Arthur (1881-85)
Term
Grover Cleveland(1885-89, 1893-97)
Definition
reform governor of New York (1883-85), Democrat Grover Cleveland became president in 1885
Term
exhibited a commitment to economy in government, believed in a limited role for the federal government in regard to social problems, supported civil service reform and a lower tariff but was not successful in getting Congress to lower tariffs in 1887
Definition
Grover Cleveland (1885-89, 1893-97)
Term
Grover Cleveland (1885-89, 1893-97) although defeated by
Definition
Republican Benjamin Harrison in the 1888 election, Cleveland again became president in 1893
Term
James B. Weaver ran against Grover Cleveland as part of the
Definition
People's Party, a new third party
Term
Cleveland's second term was similarly devoted to
Definition
minimal government and hostility to government involvement in economic or social problems
Term
Despite Grover's opposition, the
Definition
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act was passed in 1894
Term
Grover Cleveland (1885-89) Significant first administration events:
Definition
Haymarket Riot(1886), Interstate Commerce Act (1887), creation of a new cabinet position: Secretary of Agriculture (1889)
Term
Significant second administration events: Grover Cleveland (1893-97)
Definition
panic of 1893, repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1893), Coxey's Army (1894) and the Pullman Strike (1894)
Term
Benjamin Harrison (1889-93)
Definition
grandson of President William Henry Harrison and a Republican senator from Indiana, defeated Grover Cleveland despite having fewer popular votes.
Term
Main events of President Benjamin Harrison's administration
Definition
McKinley Tariff Act (1890); Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890); Disability Pension Act (1890); admission of six states to the Union (1889-1890); the first Pan-American Conference (1889)
Term
Bland-Allison Act (1878)
Definition
directed the U.S. Treasury to purchase between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver each month to be coined into silver dollars.
Term
In 1873, Congress had withdrawn silver
Definition
from the coinage list and this action was blamed for a contraction of the currency
Term
purpose of the Bland-Alisson Act
Definition
maintain a higher price for silver and to strengthen declining farm prices and industrial wages, by increasing the volume of money in circulation
Term
Bland-Allison Act provided for an
Definition
international monetary conference that was held but produced no significant results
Term
Tariff Commission of 1882/Tariff of 1883
Definition
Because of popular demand for tariff reform, Congress established the commission in 1882
Term
Tariff Commission of 1882/Tariff of 1883 recommended that the
Definition
tariff rates be reduced by no less than 20 percent
Term
The tariff of 1883 lowered
Definition
some duties and raised others; the overall result was a 5 percent reduction
Term
Immigration Act of 1882
Definition
Prohibited the immigration of criminals, paupers, the insane, and other persons likely to become public charges and levied a head tax of 50 cents on each immigrant
Term
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Definition
extended in 1892 and in 1902, The entry of laborers into the United States was prohibited for a 10-year period.
Term
repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act
Definition
in 1943
Term
Pendleton Act (1883)
Definition
created a civil service commission of three members to be appointed by the president to prevent patronage
Term
Presidential Succession Act (1886)
Definition
Provided for succession to the U.S. presidency in the vent of the death, removal, resignation, or inability of the president or vice president.
Term
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Definition
Set up a five person agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which required that railroad post rates publicly and that rates be reasonable and just.
Term
Under the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) pooling and rebates
Definition
were declared illegal. Prohibited long-haul versus short-haul discrimination, and mandated that complaints against railroads be investigated.
Term
Hatch Act of (1887)
Definition
provided a subsidy for each state and territory to be used for the creation of agricultural experiment stations. purpose was to encourage agricultural research and assist farmers
Term
Omnibus Bill of 1889
Definition
Admitted four new states to the Union: North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, and Montana
Term
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Definition
Prohibited monopolies by declaring any business combination "in restraint of trade" illegal
Term
McKinley Tariff Act (1890) an unpopular law
Definition
raised the tariff on many items resulting in an average duty of 49.5 percent, placed new duties on agricultural items, discontinued the duty on raw sugar and provided a bounty of 2 cents per pound on domestic sugar
Term
Disability Pension Act (1890)
Definition
provided for all Union veterans who had served at least 90 days and were now unable to perform manual labor, regardless of origin of disability
Term
Disability Pension Act (1890) pensioners
Definition
numbers grew from 676,000 in 1891 to 970,000 in 1895. Cost grew from $81 million to $135 million
Term
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
Definition
Designed to halt a decline in the price of silver and to improve economic conditions
Term
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) provided for the purchase by the U.S. Treasury of
Definition
4.5 million ounces of silver each month. Silver was to be paid for in treasury notes redeemable in gold, law was repealed in 1893
Term
Pan-American Conference (1889-90) held in Washington D.C. with representatives from
Definition
18 American nations, it established an International Bureau of American Republics (Pan-American Union) and prepared the way for tariff reciprocity
Term
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894)
Definition
lowered duties as much as 10 percent on average. Raw wool, lumber, and copper were placed on the free list. Reduced rates on other items but replaced the duty on sugar, which had been eliminated in 1890.
Term
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894) Also provided for a 2 percent tax on
Definition
incomes over $4000, a provision held to be unconstitutional in 1895. Became law without President Cleveland's signature
Term
Agrarian malaise
Definition
During the last half of the nineteenth century, farmers believed that the new urban industrial society, which no longer valued the traditional virtues of rural life, was dominating American life.
Term
agrarian malaise was a result of economic complaints,
Definition
an outgrowth of the isolation of farm life, and a reaction to the departure of increasing numbers of young people who left the farms for the cities
Term
young people who left farms for the cities. The discontent contributed to the creation of the
Definition
Populist Party in the 1890s
Term
agrarian malaise found an outlet in the
Definition
literature of this period, representative of the writers who chronicled the trials of rural life was Hamlin Garland
Term
Grange movement
Definition
various activities that resulted in the formation of farmers' organizations in the post-Civil War years culminated in 1867 with the establishment of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbbandry
Term
Oliver H. Kelley
Definition
a clerk in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, for the promotion of agriculture, the Grange movement acquainted farmers with new scientific agricultural techniques
Term
Following the depression of 1873,
Definition
membership of the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry grew and local chapters focused on political goals
Term
During the 1870s
Definition
Grangers held the political balance in several Midwestern states
Term
Granger laws
Definition
were passed in four states to regulate railroad rates and the practice of elevator owners
Term
Granger laws were disallowed
Definition
by the courts
Term
Montgomery Ward and Company
Definition
founded in 1872, the first mail-order business, emerged specifically to meet the needs of Grangers
Term
By the late 1870s the Grange movement
Definition
began to lose strength. The return of agrarian prosperity and the political inexperience of many Grange leaders contributed to the movement's decline
Term
Farmers' Alliances
Definition
Before the Grange movement had faded, the first Farmers' Alliance was created in 1873.
Term
Farmers' Alliances goals
Definition
promoted social gatherings and attempted to improve education through lectures and the circulation of books. Sought to organize farmers against railroad abuses, industrial monopolies, and currency controls, formed cooperatives and established stores, banks, and processing plants
Term
In the late 1880s Farmers' Alliances exerted
Definition
political pressure on the local and national levels by working through the Democratic Party and then by forming the People's or Populist party
Term
Populist Party
Definition
formed in 1891 through the efforts of Farmers' Alliances, they took an active part in the presidential elections of 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, and 1908.
Term
Populist party supported
Definition
free and unlimited coinage of silver, government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines, a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, postal savings banks, and the use of the initiative, referendum, and recall.
Term
James B. Weaver
Definition
the Populist candidate, received 22 electoral votes and more than 1 million popular votes in the 1892 presidential election.
Term
James B. Weaver's campaign
Definition
failed to receive the expect support from labor, political objectives were taken over by the two major parties, support from farmers declined as their situation improved in the late 1890s
Term
Rigidity and proposals for change during the severe depression which began in 1893
Definition
Grover Cleveland's rigid conservatism exemplified the continuing failure of both major political parties to respond to the nation's problems. The Populist Party with its proposals to reform the American political system, emerged
Term
Panic of 1893
Definition
The causes of this depression, which was unprecedented in its severity and its persistence, included agricultural depression, decline of the U.S. gold reserve, and unsound railroad financing.
Term
Beginning of the Panic of 1893
Definition
begin in March 1893, when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy and the gold reserve as backing for paper currency in circulation dropped below $100,000,000
Term
Effects of the Panic of 1893
Definition
spread rapidly as banks failed, number of railroad companies went into receivership, and strikes, unemployment, and violence became widespread. About 20 percent of the labor force was out of work, the highest level of unemployment in American history up to that time. Real prosperity did not return until 1901.
Term
Coxey's army
Definition
Following the panic of 1893, Jacob S. Coxey, an Ohio businessman as a way to put the unemployed back to work, and also supported inflation of the currency
Term
Coxey's army disgusted with Congress'
Definition
lack of action regarding his proposals, Coxey organized a group of about 500 unemployed persons, who marched to Washington, D.C. in 1894 from Masillon, Ohio, demanding that Congress issue $500 million in fiat money to provide jobs for the unemployed in constructing roads. The protest failed to prod Congress into action
Term
Silver issue (Crisis in the 1890s)
Definition
Because of the financial panic had weakened the government's monetary system, the "money question," or currency issue, assumed center stage.
Term
Gold and silver had been recognized as a basis for the dollar, but the 1870s the re-monetization(restoration to use as legal tender)
Definition
had taken placed
Term
By the 1890s silver mine owners were eager to have the government purchase their surplus silver for much more than the market price
Definition
Discontented wanted an inflation of the currency to raise the prices of farm products and ease payment of their debts. The demanded free and unlimited coinage of silver at the old ratio of 16 to 1.
Term
Under the 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Definition
the silver purchased from the mine owners was not to be coined, so the amount of money in circulation did not increase materially, and the price of silver kept falling.
Term
Convinced that the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was responsible for draining gold from the U.S. Treasury, President Cleveland called Congress into special session and demanded the repeal of the act
Definition
Congress supported his recommendation, but in the process southern and western Democrats split from Cleveland's eastern followers
Term
Election of 1896
Definition
money was a major issue in the 1896 election, Populists needed money to finance their campaign, and silver mine owners were willing to support it, provided the silver issue was assumed the center stage
Term
Candidates of the Election of 1896
Definition
both had opposite campaign styles and views on the money question.
Term
Victorious Republican candidate, William McKinley, polled 51.5 percent of the popular vote
Definition
He conducted a "front porch" campaign from his home in Canton, Ohio. Advocated sound money (gold standard)
Term
William Jennings Bryan
Definition
the candidate from the Democrats and the Populist, received 47.7 percent of the popular vote. Campaigned more extensively, traveling 18,000 miles and addressing about 5 million Americans, He supported the unlimited coinage of silver. Rising farm prices due to overseas crop failures helped assure a Republican victory
Term
William McKinley (president from 1897 to 1901)
Definition
former governor of Ohio (1892-96) brought a tariff increase, the gold standard, and prosperity.
Term
President McKinley initiated the era of
Definition
overseas imperialism with the Spanish-American War (1898), the annexation of Hawaii (1899), and the open-door policy (1899)
Term
McKinley was shot by
Definition
Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, on September 6, 1901 while at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York
Term
Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency of
Definition
William McKinley in 1901.
Term
Dingley Tariff Act (1897)
Definition
raised tariff rates to a new high average of 57 percent. Restored the principle of reciprocity, imposed high duties on wool and hides, and listed duties on over 2,000 items. Until 1909, the act remained unchanged
Term
Gold Standard Act of 1900
Definition
the gold dollar of 25.8 grains became the standard unit of value. A gold reserve of $150,000,000 was established for redemption of paper currency.
Term
Aftermath: By 1900, farmers' economic status had
Definition
improved and the industrial development of the United States continued to increase. In consequence, the money crisis had faded. The Populist began to disappear as a political power.
Term
Progressive era
Definition
series of movements aimed at renovating or restoring American society, its values, and its institutions. Efforts were a response to the economic, social, and political development of the time.
Term
Progressive beliefs
Definition
Progressive reformers believed that the laissez faire system was obsolete, yet realized that a radical shift away from capitalism was dangerous.
Term
Progressives south to end abuses of power in America
Definition
monopolies and government
Term
Social Gospel movement
Definition
This powerful religious crusade emphasized social responsibility as a means to salvation.
Term
Walter Rauschenbusch
Definition
spokesmen of the Progressive movement, a Protestant theologian with socialist inclinations, who wrote about human salvation through Christian reform
Term
Salvation Army
Definition
which offers material and spiritual services to the urban poor, is an example of the Social Gospel movement in action
Term
Muckrakers
Definition
crusading writers of books and magazine articles exposed graft, corruption, and dishonesty in business
Term
The word muckrakers, coined by
Definition
Theodore Roosevelt, alluded to a character in John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" who rejected a crown for a muckrake, that is a rake used to gather dung into a pile.
Term
Examples of muckrakers include:
Definition
Ida M. Tarbell, who exposed corruption in the Standard Oil Company
Term
Lincoln Steffens
Definition
a muckraker who wrote
"Shame of the Cities"
Term
Jacob Riis
Definition
a muckraker, Danish immigrant and New York newspaper reported who exposed the conditions in tenement houses
Term
Upton Sinclair
Definition
muckraker who wrote about the meat-packing industry in Chicago
Term
Settlement house movement
Definition
sought to improve the lives of slum dwellers by helping them to obtain more education, appreciation of the arts, improved housing, and better jobs.
Term
Hull House
Definition
America's most famous settlement house, which became the model for more than 400 other settlement houses in the United States
Term
Jane Addams
Definition
social worker who became politically involved in Chicago in order to "clean up" the neighborhood.
Term
Professionals
Definition
new middle-class workers derived their status from their educational and individual accomplishments, not from family background (during the progressive era)
Term
National Education Association (1905)
Definition
professional organization set admission standards
Term
Women's associations: The women's club movement
Definition
played a leading role in Progressive social reforms
Term
Legacy: The legacy of the Progressive movement is evident in the
Definition
legislation passed during the 1920s and more importantly, during the New Deal era of the 1930s
Term
Progressive era: Political parties and reform: Political parties were singled out as being
Definition
corrupt, undemocratic, outmoded, and inefficient, so energy was concentrated on political reform
Term
City politics
Definition
Progressives made urban political machines and special interest groups their targets. They were responsible for the introduction of the city commission and the city manager.
Term
City commission government
Definition
First used in 1900 in Galveston, Texas
Term
City manager government
Definition
First employed in 1913 in Dayton, Ohio. A council or a commission is elected as the policy-making body.
Term
Democratization of state governments
Definition
Progressives pushed for other reforms to limit the influence of political parties in state governments. First proposed by Populists, the initiative and the referendum are attempts to increase the influence of the electorate.
Term
Initiated by Progressives to improve the quality of elected officials, the
Definition
direct primary was first adopted by Mississippi in 1902. Allows voters to select the nominees for political office.
Term
Robert M. LaFollette
Definition
Although he was a congressman (1885-91) and U.S. senator (1906-25) He is most often remembered as governor of Wisconsin (1900-06)
Term
Robert M. Lafollette sought to enhance the
Definition
public interest and turned Wisconsin into a "laboratory of progressivism."
Term
National Progressive Republican League
Definition
in 1911, Lafollette became leader of the Progressive movement and started this for the purpose of liberalizing the Republican Party
Term
Republicans who were opposed to the conservatism of President William Taft became
Definition
League supporters (National Progressive Republican League). Its formation split the Republican Party into liberal and conservative factions and resulted in the creation of the Progressive Party.
Term
Progressives channeled their energies toward moral reform in their quest to improve human behavior by improving the social environment
Definition
these campaigns included the temperance crusade and efforts to curb prostitution, as well as reforms that involved restricting immigration, curbing monopolies, and attaining suffrage for women.
Term
Women's Christian Temperance Union (1873)
Definition
founded by temperance advocates in Chicago and after 1879
Term
Frances Willard
Definition
led the Women's Christian Temperance Union (1873) to promote temperance through education and the enactment of legislation.
Term
Anti-Saloon League
Definition
founded in Oberlin, Ohio in 1893, it focused attention on the saloon and opposed the sale of alcoholic beverages by carrying on vigorous lobbying for Prohibition by Constitutional amendment
Term
Webb-Kenyon Act (1913) passed over President Taft's veto,
Definition
it provided the transportation of alcoholic beverages into dry states where it was intended they would be used to violate local laws
Term
Volstead Act (1919)
Definition
passed in 1919 over President Wilson's veto, it defined liquor as any beverage containing more than 0.5 percent alcohol. Went into effect on January 16, 1920 and provided the enforcement apparatus for the Eighteenth Amendment
Term
Eighteenth Amendment (1920)
Definition
prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. It was ratified on January 29, 1919 and went into effect on January 16, 1920.
Term
Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment
Definition
with the adoption of the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933.
Term
Dillingham Commission:
Definition
chaired by Senator William P. Dillingham of Vermont, this commission of "experts" studied the problem of immigration
Term
Mann or White Slave Traffic Act (1910)
Definition
Interstate and international transportation of women for immoral purposes was prohibited.
Term
Congress moved to respond when muckrakers
Definition
publicity exposed rings that kidnapped young women and forced them into prostitution
Term
Suffrage movement
Definition
began during the mid-nineteenth century, became the single largest reform movement during the Progressive Era
Term
National and American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Definition
formed in 1890, it was rejuvenated in 1915 when Carrie Chapman Catt became its president
Term
Nineteenth Amendment
Definition
In 1920, it was finally ratified and allowed women suffrage
Term
Alice Paul
Definition
In 1913 she established the Congressional Union, which pushed for a federal women's suffrage amendment
Term
In 1916 the Congressional Union organized the
Definition
National Women's Party to lend political support to government officials in favor of suffrage for women.
Term
Alice Paul Amendment
Definition
version of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was introduced at the National Women's Party convention in 1923
Term
Vice president and president: When William McKinley was assassinated, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president on September 14, 1901
Definition
He grew politically powerful, gained control of the Republican party, and demonstrated legislative leadership in advocating Progressive reforms
Term
Northern Securities V. United States (1902)
Definition
One of the highly publicized cases, initiated by Roosevelt, that sought to regulate trusts, with the government serving as a mediator.
Term
Roosevelt ordered the Justice Department to use the Sherman Antitrust Act
Definition
against the railroad monopoly in the Northwest
Term
By 1904, the Supreme Court had ruled that the Northern Securities Company be dissolved
Definition
identified Roosevelt as a "trust buster," although more prosecutions of trusts took place during Taft's administration
Term
Department of Commerce and Labor (1903)
Definition
created to regulate business and enforce economic regulations.
Term
Bureau of Corporations (1903)
Definition
was empowered to investigate interstate corporations and to report on their activities.
Term
In 1914, the Federal Trade Commission replaced
Definition
the Bureau of Corporations
Term
Elkins Act (1903) amended the
Definition
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by forbidding rebates, defining unfair discrimination, and reinforcing adherence to published rates by interstate shippers.
Term
Election of 1904: Theodore Roosevelt defeated
Definition
the Democratic candidate Alton B. Parker, a judge in the New York Supreme Court from 1885w to 1904
Term
Roosevelt received over 57 percent of the popular vote and promised to bring a
Definition
"square deal" to every citizen
Term
Lockner V. New York (1905)
Definition
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a New York law limiting working hours was unconstitutional. It was judged to be an infringement upon the contract rights between the ployer and his/her employees.
Term
The decision from Lockner v. New York (1905) was modified in
Definition
Muller v. Oregon (1908) when the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an Oregon statute that limited the length of the workday for women to 10 hours.
Term
Hepburn Act (1906) Amended the Interstate Commerce Act by enlarging
Definition
the commission to seven members and by giving it authority to determine railroad dates and to prescribe bookkeeping methods for companies. Prohibited free passes and forbade railroad companies to carry goods produced by themselves
Term
Upton Sinclair
Definition
An author whose muckraking disclosures in "The Jungle" regarding the meat packing and later articles on patent medicine prompted federal legislation.
Term
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Definition
authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to undertake the inspection of all meat products shipped in interstate commerce to make certain they were fit for human consumption and were packed under sanitary conditions.
Term
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Definition
forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated foods and drugs and the mislabeling of such products involved in interstate commerce.
Term
Panic of 1907
Definition
short, sharp depression, largely caused by the failure of the Knickerbocker Trust Company in New York, which weakened confidence in banks
Term
Financial titan J.P. Morgan helped
Definition
construct a pool of the assets of several key New York banks to prop up shaky financial institutions. By 1908, recovery had begun.
Term
Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908)
Definition
provided for a more flexible currency. Created the National Monetary Commission to study the entire question of banking and currency.
Term
Theodore Roosevelt initiated a policy that attempted to
Definition
curb the destruction of the wilderness at a time when only 10 percent of the forests remained from the initial period of colonization in America.
Term
Forest Reserve Act (1891)
Definition
authorized the president to set aside forest areas in any part of the national domain and establish them as national parks. Under this act, Roosevelt set aside 150,000,000 acres much more than his three predecessors.
Term
Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)
Definition
provided that income from the sale of public land in 16 western states bee used for building and maintaining irrigation projects in arid regions. Reclaimed land would then be sold to settlers at low prices.
Term
Inland Waterways Commission (1907)
Definition
created by President Roosevelt, the commission made a survey of the relation of river, soil, and forests to water power development and water transportation.
Term
White House Conservation Conference
Definition
called by President Roosevelt in 1908, attendees included congressmen, his cabinet, the Supreme Court, and governors of 34 states
Term
National Conservation Commission
Definition
Established in 1908 by President Roosevelt, the commission, chaired by Gifford Pinchot, attempted to inventory America's natural resources and then recommended that 234 million acres of land be set aside for public use.
Term
When Theodore Roosevelt followed through on his promise not to seek reelection in 1908, he supported
Definition
secretary of war, William Howard Taft, for president
Term
William Howard Taft(Republican) defeated
Definition
Democrat William Jennings Bryan and socialist Eugene V. Debs.
Term
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
Definition
basically protectionist, the tariff favored Eastern industry
Term
Joseph Cannon
Definition
powerful and conservative speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives while Taft was President, "Uncle Joe" Cannon controlled the Rules Committee and became a virtual dictator over the legislative process in Congress.
Term
In 1910, a coalition of insurgents(Republicans
Definition
and Democrats led a revolt that expanded the membership of the Rules Committee from 5 to 15, had members elected rather than appointed, and specifically barred the speaker of the House from membership on the committee
Term
Pinchot-Ballinger affair
Definition
Chief of the U.S. Forestry Service Gifford Pinchot accused Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger of allowing private interests to exploit coal mining and timber areas of the U.S. for his personal profit, thereby betraying conservation policy.
Term
Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
Definition
designed to strengthen the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the act authorized it to regulate the communications industry.
Term
Postal Savings Bank System (1910)
Definition
the Post Office Department was authorized to receive savings deposits from individuals and to pay interest of 2 percent per year on such deposits
Term
United States v American Tobacco Company (1911)
Definition
the government prosecuted the American Tobacco Company for violating antitrust laws
Term
Standard Oil Company v. United States (1911)
Definition
A government suit by the Taft administration charged that the Standard Oil Company had violated the antimonopoly clause of the Sherman Act by acquiring the Tennessee coal and Iron Company in 1907.
Term
Progressive or Bull Moose Party (1912)
Definition
The Progressive element in the Republican Party led by Robert M. Lafollette, opposed Taft's conservative policies.
Term
Progressive or Bull Moose Party (1912) refusing to support Taft's nomination in 1912, this element formed the
Definition
Progressive Party
Term
New Nationalism
Definition
platform by Roosevelt, which included for a federal child labor law, federal workman's compensation, regulation of labor relations, and a minimum wage for women.
Term
Election of 1912q
Definition
Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat was the victor over William Howard Taft, the Republican; Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive; and Eugene V. Debs, the Socialist. The split in the Republican Party, after which the Progressive Party was formed, contributed to the Democratic victory.
Term
Born in Virginia and raised in South Carolina, President of Princeton University and governor of New Jersey
Definition
Woodrow Wilson (president 1913-21)
Term
Woodrow Wilson advocated a different brand of progressivism described by supporters as the
Definition
"New Freedom."
Term
Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913)
Definition
reduced tariff rates on many items and placed others (e.g., wool, hides, iron ore, steel rails) on the free list
Term
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Definition
also known as the Glass-Owen Act, it provided a flexible currency system that could adjust to the needs of the economy and reform what President Wilson referred to as the money monopoly
Term
The Federal Reserve Act (1913) created a
Definition
Federal Reserve system with a Federal Reserve bank in each district
Term
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
Definition
created a five-member Federal Trade Commission authorized to investigate the operations of corporations, to require them to publish reports on their activities, and to issue cease-and-desist orders against any corporation found guilty of practicing unfair methods of competition, which were not specifically defined.
Term
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) designed to strengthen the
Definition
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) by declaring illegal certain corporate practices not included in the Sherman Act
Term
Keating-Owen Act (1916)
Definition
invalidated in 1918 by the Supreme Court, this act, which Wilson supported, forbade shipment in interstate commerce of products made by companies employing children under 14 and by mines employing children under 16
Term
Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
Definition
Created a Federal Farm Loan Board and 12 regional Farm Loan banks authorized to make loans to cooperative Farm Loan Associations, which in turn made loans to individual farmers at low interest rates.
Term
Smith-Hughes Act (1917)
Definition
made government sponsored courses in vocational agriculture and other subjects available in high schools. Created a Federal Board for Vocational Education.
Term
Louis Brandeis
Definition
outstanding Harvard Law School graduate, he became a major figure in the Progressive movement because of his investigations of monopoly power.
Term
Amendments
Definition
Four changes to the Constitution made during the two Wilson administrations reflected, in part, the progressive mood of the nation.
Term
Sixteenth Amendment(1913)
Definition
Congress may tax incomes
Term
Seventeenth Amendment (1913)
Definition
Senators are to be elected directly by the people
Term
Eighteenth Amendment(1919)
Definition
National prohibition of the making and distributing of alcoholic beverages is imposed
Term
Nineteenth Amendment
Definition
Women gain the right to vote
Term
The depression of 1893
Definition
persuaded some business that new overseas markets should be sought for U.S. products
Term
Some politicians favored
Definition
an aggressive foreign policy to focus attention away from the decade's current problems and protests
Term
Improvements in transportation and communication
Definition
also increased America's involvement in world affairs (Imperialism)
Term
Technological improvements
Definition
in industry increased output and indicated the need for additional foreign markets.
Term
Imperialist argument
Definition
distortion of Charles Darwin's theories formed a basis for rationalizing expansionism. According to this argument, since nations or "races," like biological species, struggled for existence, and only the fittest could survive, it followed that strong nations would inevitably dominate weak ones in accordance with the law of nature.
Term
Josiah Strong:
Definition
a congregational clergyman and advocate of overseas missionary work. Advanced the imperialist argument in "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis."
Term
Alfred T. Mahan
Definition
a captain and later an admiral in the navy, one of the most capable and effective advocates of imperialism, who expressed his philosophy in "The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783" (1890), "The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812" (1892) and "The Interest of America in Sea Power" (1897).
Term
Hemispheric hegemony (close of the nineteenth century)
Definition
Foreign policy now emphasized U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere.
Term
Pan American Conference (1889)
Definition
at the initiative of Benjamin Harrison's secretary of state, James G. Blaine, the first Pan-American Congress took place in October 1889
Term
International Bureau of American Republics
Definition
established during the Pan American Conference (1889) at the same time James G. Blaine's proposals of an inter-American customs union and arbitration procedures to resolve disputes were rejected
Term
Richard Olney
Definition
Cleveland's secretary of state, had an aggressive approach to foreign policy, which nearly led to war in 1895
Term
Hawaii: serving as a
Definition
stopover station for American ships and a destination for missionaries, assumed greater political and economic importance during the second half of the nineteenth century.
Term
When Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani
Definition
tried to eliminate American influence there, U.S. settlers overthrew her and set up a government establishing the Republic of Hawaii.
Term
Samoa: in 1878,
Definition
a native prince signed a treaty providing for an American naval station at Pago Pago, as well as for U.S. military aid in negotiating any differences between a foreign power and Samoa
Term
First stages of the Spanish-American War
Definition
The U.S. declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898, causes include: American tariff policy with its high duties, which hurt the Cuban economy. U.S. protests against Spanish treatment of Cuban natives. The threat to American investments in Cuba.
Term
The DeLome Letter (1898):
Definition
written by Spanish minister to the United States, to a friend in Cuba, it described President William McKinley as a weak man and "a bidder for the admiration of the crowd."
Term
The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine
Definition
one of the key events that precipitated the Spanish-American War, this occurred in Havana harbor on Feb. 15, 1898, as the result of the explosion.
Term
The death of 266 American sailors was attributed to the Spanish and "Remember the Maine!"
Definition
became a national chant for revenge
Term
Congress appropriated $50 million
Definition
for military preparations for the Spanish-American war
Term
Teller Amendment
Definition
a statement approved by Congress, it disclaimed any intention on the part of the U.S to extend "sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control" over Cuba except for the purpose of pacification, and was designed as an assurance that U.S. efforts to assist Cuba were not motivated by a desire to annex it.
Term
Rough Riders
Definition
this volunteer cavalry regiment organized by Theodore Roosevelt consisted of men from as diverse backgrounds as the Western frontier and colleges in the East.
Term
Rough Riders were best known for their charge up
Definition
San Juan Hill (actually Kettle Hill) in Cuba on July 1, 1898, in which a heavily fortified position was seized.
Term
Commodore George Dewey
Definition
Instructed by President McKinley's assistant secretary of the navy, Theodore Roosevelt, to attack the Philippines in the event of the war, Dewey left China and headed for Manila after the start of the Spanish-American War
Term
Commodore George Dewey became the hero of the Spanish-American War after the
Definition
7-hour "Battle of Manila Bay" and immediately promoted to admiral
Term
Battle of Santiago:
Definition
In July 1898 a Spanish fleet under Admiral Pascual Cervera, which had been in Santiago harbor(Cuba), was blockaded by the U.S. fleet under Admiral William T. Sampson.
Term
Treaty of Paris
Definition
Signed on December 10, 1898, in Paris, it ended the Spanish-American War, which resulted in the loss of 5,000 lives (only 379 were battle casualties) and had cost about $250 million.
Term
Anti-imperialist League (1898)
Definition
organization was established by upper-class Bostonians, New Yorkers, and others to fight annexation, particularly of the Philippines.
Term
Armed forces overhauled
Definition
The war experience led to a major overhaul of the armed forces under Secretary of War Elihu Root's supervision.
Term
Central to Elihu Root's reforms was the establishment in 1903 of a
Definition
general staff to act as military adviser to the secretary of war.
Term
Canal Zone: Foreign policy in Latin America under Theodore Roosevelt included actions and events:
Definition
Hay-Paunefote Treaty (1901), Spooner Act (1902), Hay-Herran Treaty (1903), Panama Revolution (1903), and Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903)
Term
Cuba: The Platt Amendment,
Definition
passed by Congress in 1901, left Cuba only nominally independent
Term
under the Platt Amendment, the naval base at
Definition
Guantanamo was to be leased to the United States
Term
Puerto Rico: Legislation included:
Definition
Foraker Act (19000) for civil government for the territory of Puerto Rico, and Jones Act (1917), made it an unincorporated territory
Term
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
Definition
message to Congress exemplified the belief that the U.S. should assume international police power in the Western Hemisphere and prevent European interference thereby justifying intervention in Latin American affairs.
Term
Roosevelt Corollary (1904) grew out of Roosevelt's interpretation of the
Definition
Monroe Doctrine
Term
(Roosevelt Corollary 1904) The paternal and dominating role of the United States is illustrated in the
Definition
Venezuela debt dispute (1902) and the Domincan debt default (1904-05)
Term
Latin American policy under Taft and Wilson: Dollar diplomacy:
Definition
Philander C. Knox, Taft's secretary of state was responsible for the "dollar diplomacy" that promoted business interests overseas.
Term
Woodrow Wilson as president exhibited
Definition
remarkable vision in foreign policy and an inflexible, self-righteous morality.
Term
Dominican Republic: The U.S. established a military government there in
Definition
1916 after marines landed in Haiti to quell a revolution.
Term
Relations with Mexico: Wilson's four-year policy left a lasting hostility toward the U.S.
Definition
General Victoriano Huerta: Reactionary president of Mexico in 1913 he had deposed Francisco Madero, whom Huerta's government murdered.
Term
ABC Conference
Definition
Held in 1914 in Niagara Falls, Ontario, this conference proposed that the Huerta government be eliminated and a provisional government be established
Term
Venustiano Carranza
Definition
His election under a new constitution adopted in early 1917, led to formal recognition of the Mexican government by the U.S. with preliminary recognition coming as early as 1915
Term
Francisco (Pancho) Villa
Definition
Carranza's erstwhile lieutenant, a Mexican revolutionary leader and outlaw, he made several raids into the U.S.
Term
General John J. Pershing
Definition
President Wilson sent him into Mexico with an expeditionary force to capture Villa. Attempt proved fruitless
Term
Foreign policy in Asia: Insular cases:
Definition
(DeLima v. Bidwell, Downes v. Bidwell) supreme court cases that sought to define the status of alien peoples in the newly acquired territories with respect to the rights of American citizens.
Term
Supreme Court during cases such as DeLima v. Bidwell, Downes v. Bidwell
Definition
distinguished between incorporated and unincorporated territories
Term
Philippine insurrection:
Definition
After the Spanish-American War, Emilio Aguinaldo led an uprising of Filipinos against U.S. control of their homeland.
Term
Schurman Commission (1899) Led by
Definition
Jacob G. Schurman, this five man commission investigated conditions in the Philippines to determine how to set up a civil government.
Term
Philippine commission (1900)
Definition
Headed by William Howard Taft, appointed civil governor of the Philippines in 1901, the commission had as its purpose the reconstruction of the civil government of the Philippines
Term
Philippine Government Act (1902)
Definition
Made the Philippines an unincorporated U.S. territory
Term
Taft Commission
Definition
was to remain as the governing body until a two-house legislature was established with the lower house to be an elected body. (Philippine Government Act 1902)
Term
Jones Act (1916)
Definition
Promised independent for the Philippines when a stable government had been established
Term
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
Definition
Signed in New Hampshire, this agreement ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
Term
President Theodore Roosevelt acted as a mediator
Definition
in ending this conflict by inviting representatives of both powers to negotiate a settlement (Russo-Japanese War 1904-05)
Term
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
Definition
U.S. promised not to interfere with Japan's ambitions in Korea in exchange for Japan's pledge to respect U.S. control of the Philippines.
Term
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) under this executive agreement with Japan, the two countries agreed to maintain the status quo in the Pacific to respect each other's territories in the Pacific, and to support the
Definition
"open door policy" in China and China's independence and territorial integrity.
Term
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Definition
an uprising instigated by a secret Chinese society known as the Boxers, it was designed to drive foreigners out of China
Term
John Hay: President McKinley's secretary of state, he initiated the
Definition
"open door policy" with China by sending notes to Germany, England, Russia, and later France, Japan, and Italy, requesting that nations holding "spheres of influence" uphold Chinese customs and preserve Chinese independence and territorial integrity
Term
World War I began on June 28, 1914,
Definition
when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist while visiting Saravejo, a provincial capital in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which Slavic nationalists wanted to annex and make part of Serbia.
Term
Triple Alliance:
Definition
composed of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, also called the Central Powers on the eve of World War I
Term
Triple Entente
Definition
consisting of France, Great Britain, and Russia, known as the Allies, was organized to create a "balance of power" in Western Europe against the nations of the Triple Alliance
Term
Orders in Council
Definition
Issued by Great Britain at the start of World War I, established an Allied blockade around Germany, extended the list of contraband items, and declared the North Sea and English channel "military areas."
Term
The Orders in Council led the Germans
Definition
to start a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare to eliminate the blockade
Term
American neutrality
Definition
Although President Wilson urged America to be "impartial in thought as well as deed and issued a proclamation of neutrality on August 4, 1914, he was an admirer of Great Britain's traditions, culture, and political system.
Term
Lusitania (1915)
Definition
British passenger liner was sunk by a German U-boat. When Wilson learned that 128 Americans had died, he demanded that Germany respect the rights of neutral nations, which included the American right to travel on nonmilitary vessels of warring nations.
Term
Preparedness movement
Definition
advocated building up our national defenses and preparing for involvement in the war. By the end of 1915, President Wilson had advocated a preparedness program to congress, and rearmament was under way by the summer of 1916.
Term
Sussex pledge (1916)
Definition
An unarmed French steamer, the Sussex, was attacked by Germany and several American passengers were injured.
Term
Council of National Defense (1916)
Definition
Created by Congress, it coordinated industry and the nation's resources for the support of national security
Term
Civilian Advisory Commission,
Definition
which set up local defense councils in every state, county, and school district, connected to the Council of National Defense
Term
National Defense Act (1916)
Definition
Provided for increasing the regular army to 175,000 and the National Guard to 450,000, and authorized the creation of military training at universities and colleges.
Term
Merchant Marine Act (1916)
Definition
Created the U.S. Shipping Board, which formed the Emergency Fleet Corporation to build, requisition, purchase, and operate merchant vessels.
Term
Election of 1916
Definition
As the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson ran on the slogan "He kept us out of war." He won by a small margin. His Republican opponent, Charles Evans Hughes, was an associate justice of the Supreme Court (1910-16) and later became Chief Justice (1930-41) during the Great Depression
Term
Zimmerman note
Definition
this dispatch was sent in January 1917, by Alfred Zimmerman, Germany Foreign Secretary, to the German representative in Mexico. Urging Mexico to support Germany if the United States declared war on Germany. In return, Mexico would receive Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Sparked U.S. entry into WWI on April 6, 1917
Term
Jeanette Rankin
Definition
former suffrage organizer, in 1916 became the first woman ever elected to Congress, where she represented Montana.
Term
American Expeditionary Force
Definition
Under General John J. Pershing, it arrived in Europe at the end of 1917.
Term
Selective Service Act (1917)
Definition
legislation required all males between 21 and 30 to register for military service. A 488,000 member army, 470,00 for the National Guard, and the conscription of 500,000 men were authorized. Women served in the Army and Navy Nurses Corps and in the auxiliary forces of the regular navy.
Term
Financing the war(WWI)
Definition
partly through the sale of so-called Liberty Bonds to the public. other sources were income taxes, excess profits taxes, inheritance taxes, and special taxes on liquor, tobacco, and theater tickets
Term
War Revenue Act (1917)
Definition
established a graduated income tax, an excess profits tax, and an increase in excise taxes.
Term
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Definition
Created by Congress in April 1917, the committee had as its chairman journalist George Creel
Term
War Industries Board (July 1917)
Definition
Under financier Bernard Baruch, this agency organized the nation's economy
Term
Headed by Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo, the
Definition
Railroad War Board facilitated the transportation of troops and war supplies by mail
Term
Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
Definition
President Wilson had authority over the production, disposition, and prices of food, fuel, and other supplies needed by the army; control extended to producers, processors, and dealers in these products.
Term
Herbert Hoover, an engineer and business executive
Definition
who later became U.S. president, was the administrator of the Food Administration
Term
Espionage Act (June 1917)
Definition
a $10,000 fine and 20 years imprisonment was prescribed for interfering with the draft or for attempting to discourage loyalty
Term
National Security League
Definition
One of several citizens' vigilante groups established to ensure patriotism. Others included Boy Spies of America, the American Defense Society, and the American Protective Association(the largest with 250,000 members)
Term
National War Labor Board (April 1918)
Definition
American Federation of Labor President Samuel Gompers sat on this board, created by President Wilson to mediate labor disputes so that strikes would be avoided.
Term
Sedition Act (May 1918)
Definition
More repressive than the Espionage Act, it established punishment for interfering with the sale of Liberty Bonds, for writing or speaking against the government, the U.S. Constitution, the armed forces, or the flag and for impending recruitment efforts.
Term
Overman Act (May 1918)
Definition
Gave President Wilson almost dictatorial powers until 6 months after the war's end. powers included the authority to reorganize executive agencies or create new ones.
Term
Fourteen Points
Definition
Presented by President Wilson in an address to Congress on January 8, 1918, as the basis for peace terms at the close of World War I.
Term
Fourteen Points espoused a belief in the right of all peoples to
Definition
self determination, as evidenced by recommendations for boundary adjustments along with the creation of new nations. Included also, freedom of the seas, open covenants, adjustment of colonial claims with respect for native populations, free trade, reductions in armaments, and impartial mediation of colonial claims.
Term
Paris Peace Conference
Definition
held beginning in Dec. 1918.
Term
Participants of the Paris Peace Conference included
Definition
David LLoyd George, prime minister of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau, president of France, Vittorio Orlando, prime minister of Italy; and Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States.
Term
League of Nations: On January 25, 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the Allies voted to accept the creation of the League of Nations.
Definition
would oversea world affairs and prevent future wars. five permanent members: Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S., established in 1920. U.S. Senate rejected the treaty
Term
In 1946 the United Nations replaced the
Definition
League of Nations
Term
Treaty of Versailles
Definition
Signed in June 1919, was the peace treaty that ended World War I, failed to receive the necessary two-thirds approval of the Senate because it provided for the creation of the League of Nations.
Term
opponents of the treaty of Versailles. Senators
Definition
Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson and William E. Borah
Term
1919 and 1920 strikes: raging inflation, concern about job security, and poor working conditions combined to generate labor discontent
Definition
In 1919, there were 3,600 strikes. The Great Steel Strike in January 1920 involved 350,000 steel-workers in several Midwestern states, which ended in failure
Term
Red Scare (1919)
Definition
along with racial violence and labor unrest, the fear of revolution emerged. The Communist victory in the Russian Revolution of 1917 set these fears in motion.
Term
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Definition
Secretary Schenck of the Socialist Party was accused of distributing anti-draft literature during World War I. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes ruled that free speech was never an absolute right, especially during wartime.
Term
Palmer raids and other anti-Communist measures
Definition
as attorney general, Palmer set up an antiradical division in the Justice Department and appointed J. Edgar Hoover, a young government attorney, to direct what soon became the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Term
Sacco-Vanzettie case:
Definition
legacy of the Red Scare, the case began with the arrest in May 1920 of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzettie for murder in South Braintree, Massachusetts.
Term
The great migration
Definition
During World War I, over half a million blacks migrated from the rural South to industrial cities in search of work.
Term
Railroad Transportation Act (1920)
Definition
returned the railroads to private control and enlarged the Interstate Commerce Commission to 11 members
Term
Water Power Act (1920)
Definition
created the Federal Power Commission, consisting of the secretaries of war, the interior, and agriculture, and authorized it to license the construction and operation of dams and hydroelectric plants on rivers and streams on public lands of the United States.
Term
For 12 years after 1921, the presidency and the Congress were controlled by
Definition
Republicans
Term
Election of 1920
Definition
Republican candidate Warren G. Harding an obscure Ohio senator defeated Democratic candidate, Ohio Governor James M. Cox and the Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs
Term
Warren G. Harding
Definition
formerly a U.S. senator from Ohio (1915-21) served as president from 1921 until his unexpected death on August 2, 1923 in San Francisco while on a speaking tour. He helped streamline the budged, supported anti-lynching legislation, and was tolerant on civil liberties issues.
Term
Calvin Coolidge succeeded
Definition
Harding as president
Term
Ohio gang
Definition
certain friends of President Harding, who, as government appointees were responsible for the scandals of his administration.
Term
Ohio gang included members such as
Definition
Charles R. Forbes, Harry M. Daughtery, Edwin Denby, and Albert B. Fall.
Term
Veterans Bureau scandal (1923)
Definition
A senate investigation disclosed that Charles R. Forbes, director of the Veterans Bureau, was responsible for the waste and misappropriation of $250,000,000 of veterans' funds. He was found guilty and received a 2-year prison sentence and a $10,000 fine.
Term
Teapot Dome (1924)
Definition
one of the scandals of the Harding administration exposed by a 1924 congressional investigation, chaired by senator Thomas J. Walsh, involved naval oil reserves in Wyoming and Elk Hills, California
Term
Harry Daugherty
Definition
Attorney General (1921-24) resigned under pressure in 1924
Term
Edwin Denby
Definition
Harding's Secretary of the Navy (1921-24) he resigned in 1924 as a result of his part in the Teapot Dome scandal
Term
Calvin Coolidge
Definition
completed President Harding's term (1923-25) and was then elected for a second term (1925-29)
Term
Andrew Melton (1921-29)
Definition
secretary of the treasury, he got Congress to cut taxes on corporate profits, personal incomes, and inheritances.
Term
Herbert Hoover (1921-28)
Definition
As secretary of commerce under Harding and Coolidge, he worked to promote a more efficient, better organized national economy.
Term
Election of 1924
Definition
contest was between incumbent Calvin Coolidge, a Republican, and a Wall Street lawyer, John W. Davis, a Democrat and former ambassador to Great Britain (1918-1921)
Term
Robert Lafollette ran in the election of 1924 on the
Definition
Progressive ticket
Term
Election of 1928
Definition
The Republican, Secretary of Commerce Herbert C. Hoover, defeated the Democratic candidate, Governor of New York, Alfred E. Smith, the first Catholic candidate to run for president, and the Socialist Party candidate, Norman Thomas
Term
Herbert Hoover (1929-33)
Definition
As the Republican president from 1929 to 1933, his administration is generally associated with the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression. At the end of his administration(1933) the Twentieth Amendment was passed, which provides that presidents begin their terms in January.
Term
Palmer raids and other anti-Communist measures
Definition
as attorney general, Palmer set up an antiradical division in the Justice Department and appointed J. Edgar Hoover, a young government attorney, to direct what soon became the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Term
Sacco-Vanzettie case:
Definition
legacy of the Red Scare, the case began with the arrest in May 1920 of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzettie for murder in South Braintree, Massachusetts.
Term
The great migration
Definition
During World War I, over half a million blacks migrated from the rural South to industrial cities in search of work.
Term
Railroad Transportation Act (1920)
Definition
returned the railroads to private control and enlarged the Interstate Commerce Commission to 11 members
Term
Water Power Act (1920)
Definition
created the Federal Power Commission, consisting of the secretaries of war, the interior, and agriculture, and authorized it to license the construction and operation of dams and hydroelectric plants on rivers and streams on public lands of the United States.
Term
For 12 years after 1921, the presidency and the Congress were controlled by
Definition
Republicans
Term
Election of 1920
Definition
Republican candidate Warren G. Harding an obscure Ohio senator defeated Democratic candidate, Ohio Governor James M. Cox and the Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs
Term
Warren G. Harding
Definition
formerly a U.S. senator from Ohio (1915-21) served as president from 1921 until his unexpected death on August 2, 1923 in San Francisco while on a speaking tour. He helped streamline the budged, supported anti-lynching legislation, and was tolerant on civil liberties issues.
Term
Calvin Coolidge succeeded
Definition
Harding as president
Term
Ohio gang
Definition
certain friends of President Harding, who, as government appointees were responsible for the scandals of his administration.
Term
Ohio gang included members such as
Definition
Charles R. Forbes, Harry M. Daughtery, Edwin Denby, and Albert B. Fall.
Term
Veterans Bureau scandal (1923)
Definition
A senate investigation disclosed that Charles R. Forbes, director of the Veterans Bureau, was responsible for the waste and misappropriation of $250,000,000 of veterans' funds. He was found guilty and received a 2-year prison sentence and a $10,000 fine.
Term
Teapot Dome (1924)
Definition
one of the scandals of the Harding administration exposed by a 1924 congressional investigation, chaired by senator Thomas J. Walsh, involved naval oil reserves in Wyoming and Elk Hills, California
Term
Harry Daugherty
Definition
Attorney General (1921-24) resigned under pressure in 1924
Term
Edwin Denby
Definition
Harding's Secretary of the Navy (1921-24) he resigned in 1924 as a result of his part in the Teapot Dome scandal
Term
Calvin Coolidge
Definition
completed President Harding's term (1923-25) and was then elected for a second term (1925-29)
Term
Andrew Melton (1921-29)
Definition
secretary of the treasury, he got Congress to cut taxes on corporate profits, personal incomes, and inheritances.
Term
Herbert Hoover (1921-28)
Definition
As secretary of commerce under Harding and Coolidge, he worked to promote a more efficient, better organized national economy.
Term
Election of 1924
Definition
contest was between incumbent Calvin Coolidge, a Republican, and a Wall Street lawyer, John W. Davis, a Democrat and former ambassador to Great Britain (1918-1921)
Term
Robert Lafollette ran in the election of 1924 on the
Definition
Progressive ticket
Term
Election of 1928
Definition
The Republican, Secretary of Commerce Herbert C. Hoover, defeated the Democratic candidate, Governor of New York, Alfred E. Smith, the first Catholic candidate to run for president, and the Socialist Party candidate, Norman Thomas
Term
Herbert Hoover (1929-33)
Definition
As the Republican president from 1929 to 1933, his administration is generally associated with the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression. At the end of his administration(1933) the Twentieth Amendment was passed, which provides that presidents begin their terms in January.
Term
Welfare capitalism
Definition
Paternalistic techniques adopted by industrial employers and designed to weaken the union movement and to remove the causes of industrial discontent
Term
"American plan"
Definition
Corporate leaders' crusade for the open shop, which received the support of the National Association of Manufacturers in 1920.
Term
Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932)
Definition
Prohibited the use of injunctions against certain union practices such as strikes, boycotts, and picketing
Term
Conditions among farmers
Definition
Primarily because of overproduction, food prices and farm income declined sharply during the 1920s
Term
Emergency Tariff Act (1921)
Definition
raised the rates on agricultural products; overall, was designed to end the downward trend of tariff rates
Term
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)
Definition
Imposed the highest tariff rates in U.S. history
Term
Mcnary-Haugen Bill (1924-28)
Definition
agricultural measure, which incorporated the idea of parity (a complex price-raising scheme)
Term
farm bloc
Definition
group of congressmen who supported bills to aid agriculture
Term
Grain and Cotton Stabilization Corporation (1930)
Definition
established by the Federal Farm Board and authorized to purchase grain and cotton in order to raise prices, the agency was unsuccessful because commodity prices did not remain at a high level.
Term
Consumerism
Definition
patterns of consumption and leisure made the 1920s a distinctive decade, introduced the idea of installment buying(buy now, pay later)
Term
Motion picture industry
Definition
highly influential force in shaping popular culture because it promoted the diffusion of common values and attitudes nationwide
Term
Radio
Definition
newest form of mass culture during the 1920s
Term
National Broadcasting Company
Definition
first national radio network was established in 1927
Term
Leisure public recreation
Definition
strived as state and local governments built baseball diamonds, swimming pools, golf courses, and tennis courts. Robert Moses created a vast system of highways, parks, playgrounds, and picnic areas. (1920s)
Term
Sports
Definition
Professional sports flourished during the 1920s. Numerous sports heroes emerged: Gene Tunney, Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Bobby Jones, Bill Tilden, Gertrude Ederle
Term
Jazz
Definition
musical innovation of the decade (1920s) it sparked the term Jazz Age
Term
Ferdinand Morton and Louis Armstrong
Definition
early jazz musicians were black
Term
Ford T model
Definition
most popular car of the decade(1920) 15 million were mass-produced between 1908 and 1927.
Term
lost generation
Definition
Young American writers and intellectuals who believed the U.S. no longer furnished the means to achieve personal fulfillment
Term
Earnest Hemingway
Definition
novel, "A Farewell to Arms" (1929) expressed his generation's contempt for the war.
Term
H.L. Mencken
Definition
a Baltimore journalist who ridiculed American life in his magazines, "Smart Set and American Mercury."
Term
Sinclair Lewis
Definition
the first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature.
Term
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Definition
critiqued the American obsession with material success in "The Great Gatsby" and explored the culture of youth in his "This Side of Paradise"
Term
Eugene O'Neil
Definition
the first great American playwright and the only one ever to win a Nobel Prize
Term
Southern intellectuals
Definition
Writers, referred to as "fugitives" and "agrarians," who evoked the strong rural traditions of their region.
Term
the new woman
Definition
"new professional woman" was a widely publicized image of the 1920s, most working women were not professionals
Term
Women's activism
Definition
reforming zeal and associational activity continued in the 1920s
Term
Harlem renaissance
Definition
Black intellectuals created a thriving Afro-American culture in New York City's Harlem
Term
Marcus Garvey
Definition
Jamaican-born leader of a black working-class movement advocating a return to Africa
Term
Margaret Sanger
Definition
public health nurse led the national birth control movement
Term
Immigration Act of 1921
Definition
limited immigration from European, Australian, Near Eastern, and African countries.
Term
Cable Act (1922)
Definition
made changes in the naturalization laws. an alien woman could no longer acquire automatic U.S. citizenship by marrying a U.S. citizen
Term
Immigration Act of 1924
Definition
Limited the number of immigrants admitted to the U.S. in any one year to 164,000
Term
National Origins act (1929)
Definition
limited the total number of immigrants admitted to the U.S. in any one year to 150,000.
Term
Ku Klux Klan
Definition
a prime example of nativism in the 1920s, the modern Klan targeted Catholics, Jews, and foreigners as well as blacks.
Term
Fundamentalism
Definition
movement promoted by provincial men and women, generally from rural America, sought to preserve and maintain traditional region as the center of American life.
Term
Prohibition
Definition
The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, transport, or sale of liquor after January 16, 1920
Term
Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)
Definition
Initiated by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, it attempted to prevent a naval arms race among the United States, Britain, and Japan
Term
The Five-Power Pact (1922)
Definition
The United States, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and France agreed to a 10-year naval holiday during which time no new ships would be built. For every 5 tons of American and British warships, Japan would maintain 3 and France and Italy, 1.75 each
Term
Nine-Powers Pact
Definition
pledged to maintain China's territorial integrity and independence and to support the "open door policy"
Term
Four-Power Pact
Definition
the United States, Britain, France, and Japan agreed to respect each other's rights in their Pacific island possessions and pledged to settle disputes concerning these areas by joint negotiation
Term
Geneva Naval Disarmament Conference (1927)
Definition
initiated by President Coolidge to consider limitations on the construction of smaller naval craft, it was attended by only Japan, Great Britain, and the United States, no agreement was reached upon at the Washington Conference.
Term
London Naval Conference (1930)
Definition
the Five-Power Pact was expanded to cover a full range of warships.
Term
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Definition
negotiated by French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand and Secretary of State Frank Kellogg who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929, this multilateral treaty outlawed war as an instrument of national policy.
Term
Dawes Plan (1924)
Definition
After World War I, European nations owed debts of about $26 billion. The ability of the Allies to repay the United States depended upon Germany's ability to pay its war debts to the Allies.
Term
Charles Dawes
Definition
an American banker negotiated large private loans from American banks to revive the German economy
Term
Young Plan (1929)
Definition
reformulated Dawes Plan to manage future war debts and reparations
Term
War-debt moratorium
Definition
when the depression in Europe affected the European nations' ability to repay their debts to the United States, President Hoover in 1931 declared a 1-year moratorium on the payment of war debts.
Term
Lusanne Conference (1932)
Definition
resulted in an Allied agreement that future reparations and debt payments by Germany were impossible, but that Germany should make one last payment
Term
The World Court
Definition
Under Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, proposals for U.S. membership in the World Court were defeated by the Senate
Term
Latin American Policy
Definition
The U.S. intervened in Latin American affairs to protect its interests.
Term
Hoover-Stinson Doctrine (1932)
Definition
stating that the U.S. would refuse to recognize any treaty that impaired the sovereignty of China or infringed on the "open door" policy, the doctrine was enunciated as a response to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
Term
While the stock market crash of 1929 was the first sign of the Great Depression, other factors explain why this depression was so severe and why it lasted so long
Definition
a flawed stock market was only one economic weakness
Term
Lack of diversification
Definition
U.S. economy depended upon a few basic industries, particularly construction and automobiles. At the end of 1920s these industries began to decline. The newer petroleum, chemical, and plastic industries were not strong enough to compensate
Term
Mal-distribution of purchasing power
Definition
proportion of profits from industrial and agricultural production going to farmers, workers, and other consumers was too small to create an adequate market, resulting in low consumer demand versus an ever-increasing supply.
Term
Banks and the credit structure
Definition
throughout the 1920s, farmers were in debt, Their land was mortgaged, and crop prices were too low to allow them to pay off debts to banks
Term
America's position in international trade
Definition
During the 1920s exports were a significant factor in the U.S. economy. Demand for American goods declined by the end of the decade when European industry and agriculture improved.
Term
International debt structure
Definition
European nations that had been aligned with the United States during World War I owed large amounts of money to American banks.
Term
Stock market crash (October 1929)
Definition
caused by over-speculation in stocks, expansion in some industries, and overproduction of agricultural products, followed by deflated prices, easy credit, and the collapse of the market overseas.
Term
Panic of 1929
Definition
Set off by the stock market crash in October, overextension of loans, and the inflationary trend that had begun in 1924. Effects included widespread unemployment, bank closings, and mortgage foreclosures
Term
Radicalism
Definition
small numbers of intellectuals, artists, workers, and blacks became involved in radical causes during the Great Depression
Term
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (19330)
Definition
an attempt to protect American farmers from international competition by raising agricultural tariffs
Term
Revenue Act of 1932
Definition
largest peacetime tax increase up to that time. represented Hoover's response to the Federal Reserve's contraction on the money supply.
Term
Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1932)
Definition
Made government securities available to back Federal Reserve notes
Term
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)
Definition
Lent money to banks, railroad companies, agricultural associations, and insurance companies in an effort to revive the economy and stop deflation.
Term
Home Loan Bank Act (1932)
Definition
Passed to encourage new home construction and reduce foreclosures
Term
Bonus army march (1932)
Definition
In June 1932, over 20,000 unemployed veterans marched on Washington D.C., petitioning Congress to make immediate payment of a bonus to all who had served in World War I.
Term
Form Holiday Association (1932)
Definition
organization formed by a group of unhappy farmers in Des Moines, Iowa.
Term
Election of 1932
Definition
pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt(who had been a New York State legislator, assistant secretary of the navy under Wilson, a vice-presidential candidate in 1920, and a two-term governor of New York) Roosevelt promised the American people a new deal and received 57 percent of the popular.
Term
The "hundred days"
Definition
between March 9 and June 16, 1933 a special session of Congress enacted a series of laws dealing with the banking crisis and other conditions resulting from the Great Depression
Term
the "brain trust"
Definition
group of special advisors assisted President Roosevelt in developing a program for reconstructing the country.
Term
Fireside chats
Definition
Roosevelt explained various New Deal projects in these talks
Term
Relief, recovery, reform
Definition
programs that Roosevelt proposed encompassed to provide immediate help to the poor and unemployed, bring business back from the depths of bankruptcy, introduce into the economic system long-range changes that would prevent future depressions
Term
Bank holiday
Definition
On March 6, 19933 President Roosevelt, by proclamation, declared a 4-day national banking holiday by suspending all transactions of banking institutions.
Term
Emergency Banking Act (1933)
Definition
provided for the reopening of banks under supervision of the Federal Reserve and permitted that RFC to purchase stock in the national banks.
Term
Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933)
Definition
separated commercial and investment banking and restricted the use of bank credit for speculative purposes
Term
Truth in Securities Act (1933)
Definition
required that all corporations securities offered for interstate sale be registered with the Federal Trade Commission
Term
Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)
Definition
created to police the stock market
Term
Silver Purchase Act (1934)
Definition
designed to increase the price of silver and to strengthen the economy, it provided for the purchase of silver by the U.S. Treasury until the total value of such silver reached one-third the value of the government's gold stock, or until the price of silver reached $1.29 per ounce
Term
Gold Reserve Act (1934)
Definition
Enabled the president to fix the devaluation of the dollar at 50 to 60 cents in relation to its gold content, purchase all gold stock in Federal Reserve banks, and place it in the U.S. Treasury, setting up a fund to stabilize the dollar.
Term
Reciprocity Trade Agreement Act (1934)
Definition
Authorized the president to negotiate agreements with other nations and reduce U.S. tariff rates by as much as 50 percent in return for lower foreign tariffs on U.S. exports
Term
Export-Import Bank (1934)
Definition
created to make loans or guarantee loans to private sources for the encouragement of foreign trade.
Term
Revenue Wealth Tax Act (1935)
Definition
income tax rates remained unchanged, but surtaxes on net incomes ranged from 31 percent on incomes of $50,000 to 75 percent on incomes over $5 million.
Term
Banking Act (1935)
Definition
represented a significant consolidation of federal control of the country's banks.
Term
Home Owners Loan Corporation (1933)
Definition
created to provide funds to be used in refinancing first mortgages at low interest rates on homes evaluated at less than $20,000; money was lent and new long-term mortgages were arranged.
Term
Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933)
Definition
Established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), headed by Harry Hopkins, which gave cash grants to states to bolster state relief agencies.
Term
Civil Works Administration (1933)
Definition
provided work relief for over 4 million unemployed men.
Term
Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (1935)
Definition
created the Works Progress Administration (WPA), led by Harry Hopkins, as the main federal relief agency from 1935 to 1943.
Term
Social Security Act (August 1935)
Definition
significant piece of social welfare legislation that created many programs
Term
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
Definition
allowed the secretary of agriculture to make subsidy payments to farmers who reduced their production of cotton, wheat, corn, rice, tobacco, and dairy products.
Term
Farm Credit Act (1933)
Definition
created the Farm Credit administration which lent money to farmers at low interest rates to halt foreclosures on farms; all farm credit agencies were placed under its control.
Term
Commodity Credit Corporation (1933)
Definition
Authorized loans to farmers for crops stored on their farms or in warehouses.
Term
Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)
Definition
charted by Congress and given the authority to acquire, construct, and operate dams, manufacture and distribute nitrate and fertilizer, generate and sell electric power, assist in rural electrification, help control floods, reclaim land, prevent soil erosion, and improve economic and social conditions.
Term
Rural Electrification Administration (1935)
Definition
introduced electric service to rural areas without electricity.
Term
Resettlement Administration (1935)
Definition
this agency and its successor the Farm Security Administration, established in 1937, attempted through loans to help farmers cultivate sub-marginal soil and resettle on better land.
Term
Civilian Conservation Corps (1933)
Definition
established to provide employment for 500,000 men.
Term
Public Works Administration (1933)
Definition
Established under NIRA and headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it promoted work relief by distributing money for public works programs. It received $3.3 billion for the construction, repair, or improvement of public buildings, roads, and other projects.
Term
Support for literature and the arts
Definition
Under the WPA, four projects were included: Federal Writers Project, Federal Arts Project, Federal Music Project, and the Federal Theater Project
Term
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (1933)
Definition
created the National Recovery Administration, headed by Hugh S. Johnson, a retired general and businessman
Term
National Labor Relations Act (July 1935)
Definition
also known as the Wagner Act, it established the National Labor Relations Board.
Term
Wheeler-Howard Act (Indian Reorganization Act) (1935)
Definition
ended the program of distributing Indian tribal lands on an individual basis.
Term
American Liberty League (1934)
Definition
composed of wealthy Northern industrialists and conservative Democrats (about 125,000 members) led by the DuPont family. opposed the New Deal's attacks on free enterprise and its "dictatorial" policies.
Term
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Definition
an elderly California physician who attracted more than 5 million members with his plan (the townsend plan)
Term
Townsend plan (1933)
Definition
proposed paying pensions of $200 per month to all unemployed persons over 60.
Term
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Definition
catholic priest in Royal Oak, Michigan, a Detroit suburb, who organized the National Union for Social Justice, which promoted his views.
Term
Huey Long
Definition
was governor and senator from Louisiana and had presidential ambitions.
Term
Share-Our-Wealth Society
Definition
created in 1935 as a national organization, had about 4 million members in 1935
Term
Election of 1936
Definition
running against Alfred M. Landon, the Republican governor of Kansas (1933-37) and William Lenke of North Dakota, nominated by the Union Party formed by Coughlin, Townsend, and Long supports, Roosevelt received almost 61 percent of the popular vote.
Term
Court packing plan
Definition
judiciary reorganization bill was submitted to Congress in February 1937 by Roosevelt
Term
Recession of 1937
Definition
Began in the fall of 1937 and lasted for 9 months.
Term
Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act (1937)
Definition
Created the Farm Security Administration, which was authorized to extend low-interest rate loans, repayable in small installments, to farm tenants and sharecroppers.
Term
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
Definition
Established a minimum wage (40 cents/hour initially), a maximum work week of 40 hours, and an official rate of time-and-a-half for overtime work, and abolished child labor in industries producing goods for interstate commerce.
Term
"New" Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938)
Definition
designed to replace the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, declared unconstitutional in 1936
Term
House Un-American Activities Committee (May 1938)
Definition
investigated chairman Martin Dies of Texas, liberal groups, labor leaders, New Dealers, and Communists
Term
Impact of the New Deal
Definition
did not end the Great Depression, but did prevent further decay of the economy
Term
Legacy of the New Deal
Definition
economy was stabilized through the increased regulatory functions of the federal government.
Term
The "broker state"
Definition
The New Deal made the federal government a protector of interest groups and a mediator of the competition among them.
Term
Congress of Industrial Organizations (1935)
Definition
Founded within the American Federation of Labor (AFL), it was reorganized in 1938 by John L. Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers.
Term
The "black cabinet"
Definition
Term referring to blacks whom Roosevelt appointed to significant second-level positions.
Term
Blacks
Definition
Reaped limited benefits from the New Deal
Term
Women made some gains
Definition
under the New Deal
Term
Native Americans benefited to some extent
Definition
from the New Deal
Term
Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933)
Definition
Trade opportunities precipitated from this event
Term
Reciprocal Trade Agreement (1934)
Definition
The president could raise or lower tariffs without congressional approval in return for reciprocal concessions from other nations.
Term
Good neighbor policy: Developed by Secretary of State
Definition
Cordell Hull at the Seventh International Conference of American States, held in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Term
Buenos Aires Conference (1936)
Definition
Roosevelt attended this conference, where the American states agreed to consult together whenever any one of them was threatened by aggression and to remain neutral if hostilities broke out between any two of them.
Term
Declaration of Lima (1938)
Definition
commitment by the 21 American states that they would resist all threats to their peace and security.
Term
declaration of Panama (1939)
Definition
Established a security zone around the Americas and warned belligerent powers not to undertake hostile action in the area.
Term
Act of Havana (1940)
Definition
a pledge by the foreign ministers of American states to prevent the transfer of any European possessions in the Western Hemisphere to any other European power.
Term
Pittman Resolution (1940)
Definition
approved military and economic aid to any Latin American nations threatened by aggression; aim was to fortify Western Hemispheric defenses.
Term
United States-Mexico Oil Agreement (1941)
Definition
prevented the nationalizing of American and British owned oil lands by the Mexican government of Lazaro Cardenas
Term
Nye munitions investigation (1934)
Definition
A Senate committee under Senator Gerald P. Nye examined the influence of economic interests on America's decision to enter World War I
Term
Neutrality Act (1935)
Definition
authorized the president to declare an embargo of up to 6 months on arms shipments to any country where a state of war existed.
Term
Neutrality Act (1936)
Definition
Continued the Neutrality Act of 1935 and added loans and credits to the list of items forbidden to belligerent nations.
Term
Neutrality Act (1937)
Definition
Authorized the president to determine when a state of war existed or a civil war was a threat to peace.
Term
Neutrality Act (1939)
Definition
Repealed the arms embargo for England and France
Term
Spanish Civil War (1936-37)
Definition
Falangists, under General Francesco Franco, revolted against the existing constitutional monarchy
Term
"Quarantine" speech (October 5, 1937)
Definition
Roosevelt indicated his opposition to the isolationist attitude of the neutrality acts
Term
Panay incident (December 12, 1937)
Definition
Japanese planes bombed the U.S. gunboat Panay and three oil tankers on the Yangtze River in China, killing two Americans.
Term
Selective Service and Training Act (Burke-Wadworth Act) (1940)
Definition
established the first peacetime military draft in America, and required the registration of men between 21 and 35 (later between 18 and 64)
Term
National Defense Advisory Commission (May 1940)
Definition
headed by General Motors President William B. Knudsen, this agency was created to obtain materials, manage labor problems, control prices, supervise transportation, and encourage industrial and farm production.
Term
National Defense Research Committee (June 1940)
Definition
created to develop scientific research for military purposes.
Term
Aid to Britain (September 1940)
Definition
two measures were significant. Roosevelt traded 50 U.S. World War I destroyers for 99-year leases on a number of British air and naval bases in the West indies and the Atlantic. The Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) authorized the president to lend or lease arms and equipment to nations whose defense he considered vital to the United States.
Term
War preparation viewpoints
Definition
Two opposing groups sought to influence Congress and the public
Term
Atlantic Charter (1941)
Definition
Document issued by Roosevelt and Churchill during their secret meeting near Newfoundland; it proclaimed war aims and common principles.
Term
The four freedoms (1941)
Definition
Cited by Roosevelt in a speech to Congress, freedom of speech, religions, from want, and from fear.
Term
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
Definition
Japanese assets in the United States had been frozen in response to Japanese aggression in Asia.
Term
Election of 1940
Definition
Roosevelt won 55 percent of the popular vote and a third term in office
Term
War Powers Act (December 1941)
Definition
Gave the president emergency authority to create new executive agencies and reorganize existing ones.
Term
Office of Price Administration (January 1942)
Definition
Set price ceilings on all goods except farm produce, and established rent controls to protect consumers' interest and prevent inflation.
Term
War Production Board (January 1942)
Definition
supervised production and supply
Term
National War Labor Board (January 1942)
Definition
mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes in war industries; was later given authority to stabilize wages
Term
War Manpower Commission (April 1942)
Definition
Created to determine how industry, agriculture, and government could be ensured of adequate labor supply
Term
Office of War Information (June 1942)
Definition
Coordinated war news issued by government agencies, and used press, motion pictures, and radio to convey this information to Americans
Term
Office of Strategic Services (June 1942)
Definition
Created to engage in intelligence activities in foreign countries and to evaluate intelligence information
Term
Office of Civilian Defense (1942)
Definition
Directed a program of civilian defense in case of a direct attack on the United States.
Term
"No strike" pledge and "little steel" formula
Definition
During the war, unions agreed not to stop production by striking
Term
Anti-inflation Act (1942)
Definition
authorized the administration to freeze agricultural prices, salaries, wages, and rents
Term
Revenue Act (1942)
Definition
Increased corporate income taxes to a maximum of 40 percent and set a flat rate of 90 percent on excess profits.
Term
Smith-Connally Act (1943)
Definition
Enabled the president to seize plants where war production was threatened by strikes
Term
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Definition
investigates discrimination against blacks in war industries
Term
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Definition
The Supreme Court ruled that Texas' all-white primary election was unconstitutional.
Term
Nisei
Definition
were American citizens of Japanese ancestry
Term
Issei
Definition
unnaturalized Japanese-born immigrants living in the United States
Term
In 1944 the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the relocations (Korematsu v. United States),
Definition
but later that year, after Roosevelt's relection, most Japanese-Americans were released.
Term
Women played an active role during WWI
Definition
most worked in heavy industrial jobs (e.g. as riveters, welders, blast furnace cleaners, drill press operators) giving rise to the name "Rosie the riveter."
Term
Casablanca Conference (January 1943)
Definition
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to establish a second front in Europe, to invade Europe through Sicily and Italy, and to continue the war until the "unconditional surrender" of all enemies.
Term
Teheran Conference (November-December 1943)
Definition
Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed to open a second front within 6 months.
Term
Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944)
Definition
Representatives of the United States, Great Britain, the U.S.S.R. and China formulated a plan to create the United Nations (UN).
Term
Election of 1944
Definition
Running against Roosevelt was 42-year old Thomas E. Dewey, Republican governor of New York. Roosevelt received 53 percent of the popular vote
Term
GI Bill of Rights (1944)
Definition
provided education, medical care, job training, unemployment pensions, and compensation, and offered mortgage loans to male and female war veterans
Term
Yalta Conference (February 1945)
Definition
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide a defeated Germany into occupation zones.
Term
Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day)
Definition
When Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945, the war in Europe ended.
Term
Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Definition
Truman, Attlee, and Stalin drew up plans for the reconstruction of Europe and for dealing with a defeated Germany.
Term
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
Definition
The United States dropped an atomic bomb, secretly developed during the war via the Manhattan Project, on these two Japanese cities, and the Japanese surrendered soon afterward.
Term
Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day)
Definition
On August 15, 1945, the war with Japan ended.
Term
War crimes trial
Definition
an international military tribunal tried major war criminals at Nuremberg, Germany (1945-46) and in Tokyo, Japan (1946-48) In Germany, 12 criminals were sentenced to be hanged; in Japan, 7.
Term
Legacy of WWII: New U.S. position
Definition
minor casualties compared to the other Allies and to the Axis powers. Only nation possessing the atomic bomb, became a superpower and assumed leadership in world affairs.
Term
Economy post WWII
Definition
Many items were rationed during the war and continued to be in short supply for some time thereafter
Term
Legacy of WWII:
Definition
Federal bureaucracy expanded dramatically during the war, as did federal power.
Term
After FDR's untimely death in April 1945,
Definition
Harry S. Truman assumed the presidency. Largely inexperienced in foreign policy, he viewed the Soviet Union with suspicion and dislike
Term
Containment: George F. Kennan
Definition
an influential diplomat, proclaimed that U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union should focus on the containment of Russia's expansive tendencies, a principle later enunciated as the Truman Doctrine.
Term
Truman Doctrine
Definition
President Truman's foreign policy principle, stated before Congress on March 12, 1947 viewed communism as an ideological threat that must be met anywhere in the world, even if it did not directly involve the Soviet Union.
Term
Marshall Plan
Definition
Announced by Secretary of State George C. Marshall at Harvard University commencement in 1947. Approved by Congress in 1948 and known as the European Recovery Program, it granted over $12 billion of economic assistance to European nations.
Term
Atomic Energy Commission (1946)
Definition
established by the McMahon Act, it promoted the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes and safeguarded national security.
Term
National Security Act (1947)
Definition
established a new Department of Defense, the National Security Council (NSC), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Term
Rio Treaty (1947)
Definition
The United States and 20 other American nations agreed to provide for the security of all American nations against acts of aggression. All would determine what action to take against an aggressor of any one of them.
Term
Berlin airlift (1948-49)
Definition
England, France, and the United States had merged their occupation zones into a new West German republic.
Term
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)
Definition
Formed by 12 Western European nations, declaring that an armed attack against one member constituted an attack against all. NATO countries would maintain a military force in Europe as defense against a possible Soviet invasion.
Term
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Definition
A response to NATO, this military alliance aligned the Soviet Union with Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria
Term
Soviets explode atomic bomb (1949)
Definition
This shocking revelation by President Truman on Sept 22, 1949 encouraged the arms races between the superpowers.
Term
Point Four Program (1949)
Definition
Proposed by President Truman, it offered technical assistance, sponsored and financed largely by the United States, to underdeveloped nations.
Term
Establishment of Communist China (1949)
Definition
The Nationalist forced under Chiang Kai-shek were defeated by the Communist forces and fled to the island of Taiwan in December 1949.
Term
Japan as ally: American occupation of Japan ended in
Definition
1951, when a peace treaty was signed. A security treaty, also signed, gave the United States military bases in Japan.
Term
Conflict in Korea: in 1948,
Definition
The Republic of (South) Korea was established, as well as the People's Republic (North Korea).
Term
When Douglas MacArthur commander of the troops, sought to expand military operations against the Chinese,
Definition
he was removed from his command by President Truman
Term
United States-Philippines Security Treaty (1951)
Definition
The two nations agreed to consult together on measures of self-defense in case of an armed attack on either
Term
ANZUS Treaty (1951)
Definition
The United States, Australia, and New Zealand agreed to settle disputes among themselves peacefully and to consult together when any signer was threatened by an attack in the Pacific area.
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