Term
|
Definition
| those implemented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression to give relief to the unemployed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programs designed to overcome past discriminatory actions such as providing employment opportunities to members of a group that were previously denied employment because of racial barriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the modification of the constitution or a law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of making concessions to a political or military rival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using American military power to fortify the diplomatic policies of the United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaders of the three major allied powers (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first ten amendments to the Constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| politics that emphasizes cooperation between the major parties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| October 29, 1929, the day the stock market fell about 40 points with 16.5 million shares traded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| federal money provided to a state or local government for a general purpose, such as reducing crime or improving education, with relatively few requirements on how the states can spend the money |
|
|
Term
| Brown Vs. Board of Education Topeka |
|
Definition
| the Supreme Court declared the doctrine of "separate but equal" unconstitutional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the heads of the various departments in the Executive branch who aid in the decision-making process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the execution of an individual by the state as punishment for heinous offenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a closed meeting of Democratic Party leaders to agree on a legislative program |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legislative act that removed racial barriers in all places vested with a public interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lawsuit filed on behalf of a group of persons with a similar legal claim against a party or individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parliamentary procedure for ending debate and calling for an immediate vote on a pending matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a meeting between committees of the two branches of the legislature to reconcile differences in pending bills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a corporation that has many businesses in unrelated fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strategy that called for containing communism and preventing it from spreading any further |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right-wing guerillas who fought the leftist Sandinista government of Nicaragua |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of placing members of the same political party on the bench so that opinion of the court will be consistent with the political party's (seen most dramatically with Franklin Delano Roosevelt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What pro-inflation forces called the demonetization of silver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segregation that results from nongovernmental action; administered by the public |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legally established segregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any member of the Democratic Party, one of two major parties in the U.S.; party's lineage traces to Jefferson's Democratic Republican Party (1792) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of reducing or eliminating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the removal of racial barriers either by legislation or judicial action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Southern Democrats who opposed Truman because of his support of civil rights; nominated Strom Thurmond for president in 1948 campaign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Supreme Court upheld the right of a slave owner to reclaim his property after the slave had fled into a free state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the power of a government to seize private property for public use, usually with compensation to the owner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief that one's ethnic group is superior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| informal agreements made by the executive with a foreign government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a senator who gains the floor has the right to go on talking until the senator relinquishes the floor to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treaties, agreements, and programs focusing on the relations between the United States and other nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right to engage in the electing of public office holders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redrawing of congressional districts in order to secure as many representative party votes as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1963 that established the right to legal representation for all defendants in criminal cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grand Old Party-Republican Party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empty spaces around cities where the homeless would set up empty shacks in which to live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process used to remove certain officials, including the President, from office |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of persons who share some common interest and attempt to influence elected members of the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political scandal involving the selling of arms to Iran so that the profits from these sales could be used to fund the contras in Central America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laws designed to promote racial segregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 1960 became the youngest man elected president of the United States; established the Peace Corps in 1961; issued challenge to NASA to land a man on the moon; assassinated in 1963 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| civil rights leader who fought for the rights of minorities by the use of peaceful civil disobedience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defeated office holder after that person has lost their re-election, but is still in office until the newly elected official is sworn in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| international organization to promote peaceful resolution of international conflicts; called on all members to protect the territorial integrity and political independence of all nations; replaced by United Nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the objection by the president to a single item in a piece of legislation; this authority, signed into law by President Clinton in 1996, was unsuccessfully challenged as unconstitutional by six members of Congress, with the U.S. Supreme Court saying the plaintiffs had no legal standing to bring a case |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activities aimed at influencing public officials and the policies they enact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radical Muslim leader who wanted a total separation of the races |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Supreme Court recognized that evidence seized without a search warrant cannot be used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of seeking out subversives without cause or need (seen during the 1950s when Senator Joseph McCarthy stoked fear of Communism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1966 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court decided that all persons who are detained or arrested must be informed of their rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christian conservatives, led by the Rev. Jerry Falwell, who favored prayer and teaching of creationism in public schools, opposed abortion and pornography, and backed a strong national defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| investigative journalists and authors which exposed corruption in business and government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization; pledged that an attack against one was an attack against all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which persons acquire citizenship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legislation championed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression that provided a safety net |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the only president of the United States to resign after being confronted with impeachment (because of his alleged actions in the Watergate scandal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agreement not to distribute nuclear arms to countries that do not have them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| declared that trade with China should be open to all nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a doctrine of Constitutional interpretation that says Supreme Court Justices should base their interpretations of the Constitution on its authors' intentions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political opposition drawn along party lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supreme Court ruling that established the rule of "separate but equal" as being constitutional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constitutional question that judges refuse to answer because to do so would encroach upon the authority of Congress or the president |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the requirement of a person to pay for the right to vote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political coalition of agrarians with urban workers and the middle class; goals included monetization of silver, a graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, telegraph, telephone systems, an eight-hour workday, and a ban on private armies used to break up strikes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political movement calling for rejuvenation of free enterprise capitalism and the destruction of illegal monopolies; also called for civil service reform and honest and efficient government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the beliefs, preferences, and attitudes about an issue that involves the government or society at large |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two-term president during the 1980s whose economic policies followed supply-side theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process whereby a legislative proposal is voted upon by popular vote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any member of the Republican Party, one of the U.S.'s two major political parties; the GOP came into being 1854-1856, unifying anti-slavery forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Supreme Court decision establishing a woman's right to an abortion |
|
|
Term
| Roosevelt, Franklin Delano |
|
Definition
| president of the United States during the Depression and World War II; most noted for his enactment of New Deal programs such as the Social Security Act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Southerners who supported Reconstruction programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of Darwin's theory of evolution, survival of the fittest, to justify unequal distribution of wealth by claiming that God granted wealth to the fittest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic theory that says if government policies leave more money in the hands of the people, they will invest it and stimulate the economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonverbal communication of a political idea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any tax levied on imported goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| President Truman's assertion that the United States musts support free peoples who were resisting Communist domination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Supreme Court ruled that material vested with a public interest could not be withheld from evidence under the rule of executive privilege |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act requires Congress to approve stationing American troops overseas for more than 90 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the illegal entry and phone monitoring in 1972 of Democratic headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington by members of the Republican Party |
|
|
Term
| Politics after Reconstruction |
|
Definition
| Southern states passed legislation to take voting rights from black such as literacy tests, the poll tax, and the "grandfather clause" |
|
|
Term
| Economics after Reconstruction |
|
Definition
| Economic system gave whites ownership of most of the land, while blacks became tenants and sharecroppers were perpetuated |
|
|
Term
| Social change after Reconstruction |
|
Definition
| the white leadership adopted Jim Crow laws which required racial separation of public facilities. Most political and economic power remained with the powerful white aristocracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Powerful conservative oligarchy that controlled every Southern state government during post Reconstruction period
Bourbon governments were usually corrupt and curtailed state services, lowered taxation, and reduced spending. |
|
|
Term
| Joel Chandler Harris and Uncle Remus (1880) |
|
Definition
| a writer whose tales such as Uncle Remus, depicted the antebellum slave society as a harmonious world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visible signs of Southern industrial expansion after Reconstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central to Southern agriculture, a method by which a farmer mortgaged his un-grown crop to obtain use of the land and necessary supplies from the owner of a local store selling tools or seed. |
|
|
Term
| Williams v. Mississippi (1898) |
|
Definition
| validated literacy tests for voting and illustrated the Court's willingness to let Southern states define their own suffrage standards, even at the expense of blacks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white violence against blacks as a means of control through terror and intimidation. During the 1890s there were about 187 lynching events each year, over four-fifths in the South |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a black journalist who launched an international anti-lynching movement whose goal was a federal anti-lynching law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chief spokesman for the black middle class that emerged in the New South |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Booker T. Washington's philosophy of race relations, advocating the pursuit of economic gains for blacks as a step towards the attainment of social equality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a leading black critic of Booker T. Washington, founded the Niagara movement, which argued against the accommodationist tactics of Washington. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| W.E.B. DuBois urged that blacks attend college and become professionals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| W.E.B. DuBois's Niagara movement provided the groundwork for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Goal of the interracial organization was the attainment of equal rights for blacks through the use of lawsuits in federal courts. It opposed the political and economic subordination of blacks for promoting the leadership of a trained, black elite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allowed settlers to buy 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied and improved it for 5 years. |
|
|
Term
| Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) |
|
Definition
| provided that federal land be used to finance land grant agricultural colleges. Scientific and mechanical methods of farming were taught and were responsible for the development of the agricultural Midwest. |
|
|
Term
| Timber Culture Act (1873) |
|
Definition
| Passed as an amendment to the Homestead Act, allowing homesteaders to receive grants of an additional 160 acres if they planted 40 acres of trees on the land within 4 years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resulted in the purchase of 2.5 million acres of Western land, anyone could secure tentative title to 640 acres in the Great Plains or Southwest for 25 cents an acre. |
|
|
Term
| Timber and Stone Act (1878) |
|
Definition
| Authorized sales of barren land at $2.50 an acre. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| California gold rush of 1849 and the Colorado rush of 1859, the mineral-rich areas of the West were the first to be extensively settled. These communities were melting pots containing native Americans, Mexicans, blacks, Chinese, and white; there were few women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a significant element in the West's economy. Mexican ranchers developed the ranching techniques that were subsequently utilized first by Texans, then by Great Plains cattlemen and cowboys. During the 186s the "long drive" came into being as cattle were driven to distant markets and pastured along the trial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integral to the long drive, were often veterans of the Confederate Army, white Northerners, Mexicans, or foreigners, with freed blacks comprising the next largest group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Author of a western novel, "The Virginian," which typified the romance of the West by painting an idealized picture of the rugged, free-spirited cowboy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the greatest American writers of the nineteenth century and the author of a series of novels(e.g. the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn) during the 1870s and 1880s that depicted the vision and spirit of the frontier West. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| historian from the University of Wisconsin whose paper, "The Significance of the Frontier," argued that the closing of the frontier had ended an era in American history. |
|
|
Term
| Lands west of the Mississippi were home to western tribes such as the |
|
Definition
| Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, and Sioux |
|
|
Term
| Eastern tribes that were forced to resettle in the West were |
|
Definition
| Cherokee, Creek, Winnebago |
|
|
Term
| Lifestyle of Native Americans |
|
Definition
| some were farmers, and had permanent settlements, while others lived nomadically, combining hunting with farming and sheep herding. |
|
|
Term
| The Plains Indian culture |
|
Definition
| largest group in the West, often militant warriors, vanguard of the struggle to defend their lands from white settlement |
|
|
Term
| nomadic life of Plains Indians relied on buffalo or bison, because |
|
Definition
| it was a source of food, clothing, fuel, and weapons, provided the economic basis for their lives. |
|
|
Term
| Government policy toward the native American |
|
Definition
negotiated treaties with them that required ratification by the Senate.
Western tribes were often victimized by incompetent white officials charged with protecting them. Government frequently responded by violating treaties they had made with Native Americans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with the 1850s resulted in the reservation policy. Creation of Indian reservations allowed the government to force tribes into scattered locations, often with land unfitted for agriculture. The most desirable lands were retained for white settlement. |
|
|
Term
| Relocation of Native Americans |
|
Definition
| in 1867, an Indian Peace Commission, established by Congress decided that all Plains tribes would be relocated on two reservations, one in Oklahoma and the other in the Dakotas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Department of the interior, poor administration by this agency led to constant conflicts between tribes and nearby white settlers. |
|
|
Term
| Tribal independence ceased to be recognized |
|
Definition
| The federal government no longer recognized tribes as independent entities, or negotiate with tribal chiefs, this signaled the beginning of efforts aimed at undermining the collective nature of Indian life, thereby forcing assimilation into the white culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The welfare of native Americans was also greatly affected by the mass slaughter of buffalo from the 1850s onward. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was hired by railroad companies to kill buffalo |
|
|
Term
| The U.S. Army and agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs |
|
Definition
| encouraged the slaughter of buffalo |
|
|
Term
| The killing of buffalo resulted in |
|
Definition
| many Indian uprisings in an effort to preserve their way of life. |
|
|
Term
| Formal warfare between Indians and whites ended by |
|
Definition
| 1886, when Geronimo, an Apache chief in the Southwest, surrendered to white forces. |
|
|
Term
| Indian resistance to white settlement |
|
Definition
| Indian response emerged from the 1850s to the 1880s and focused on wagon trains, stagecoaches, white soldiers, and scattered settlements |
|
|
Term
| Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) |
|
Definition
| one of the most infamous conflicts between whites and native Americans, this battle occurred in Montana. |
|
|
Term
| casualties of Little Bighorn (1876) |
|
Definition
| 200 soldiers in the U.S. Army under General George Armstrong Custer's command were surrounded and killed by 2,500 and 4,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors under the leadership of Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull |
|
|
Term
| Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull |
|
Definition
| these Indians left their reservations in 1875, The U.S. Army sought out the Indians to return them to the reservations. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were later killed by reservation police. |
|
|
Term
| Chase of the Nez Perce (1877) |
|
Definition
| Another major conflict occurred in Idaho. Nez Perce, a small tribe refused to move to a smaller reservation. Their leader, Chief Joseph urged them to follow him into Canada. The 550 men, women, and children who chose to go were pursued by troops until caught near the Canadian border. They were forced to live in the Indian Territory in Oklahoma, where many soon died of disease and malnutrition. |
|
|
Term
| Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1890) |
|
Definition
| Led by the Seventh Cavalry, this massacre, in which about 200 Sioux Indians died, was the last episode in a year-long effort by whites to stop a Sioux religious revival known as the Ghost Dance. |
|
|
Term
| Dawes Severalty Act (1887) |
|
Definition
| Designed to accelerate the assimilation of Native Americans into white culture. provided U.S. citizenship for Native Americans who abandoned tribal allegiances, Under this act, nearly one half of the Indian land was lost to white settlement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indian children were taken from their families and sent to white boarding schools. Christianity was encouraged, and churches were established on reservations to stop Indian religious festivals. |
|
|
Term
| Industrial development During 1860-1890, x amount of patents were issued. Before 1860, only x amount of patents were issued |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during the 1850s in England, developed a revolutionary process for producing large quantities of steel by burning out the impurities in molten iron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largely responsible for making America the world's leading steel producer by using the Bessemer process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used low-grade ore and scrap metal to produce steel, meant that steel could be readily produced for locomotives, steel rails, and the heavy girders used in building construction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inventor who served as a model for corporate industrial research. Inventions included the electric light bulb and the phonograph, over 1,000 patents were granted to him. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revolutionized the automobile industry, By 1914 he introduced the 8-hour day into all his plants, with a minimum wage of $5.00 per day. "self-made" man was responsible for producing an affordable automobile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for making the auto industry a major force in the American economy. Many other industries (e.g., petroleum, construction) began to depend on it for survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Father of "scientific management." His ideas involved managing human labor efficiently and effectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| science of production, reached its peak during the 1920s, but attempts to bring scientific standards to the performance of workers were central to the growth of American industries in the nineteenth century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| key component in promoting industrial development. Nation's principal means of transportation, railroads gave industrialists quick and inexpensive access to distant markets and distant sources of raw materials. Railroad trackage grew dramatically after 1860. |
|
|
Term
| Cornelius Vanderbilt, James J. Hill |
|
Definition
| railroad tycoons who acquired control over large railroad empires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| business organization that receives a charter from a state government entitling it to certain privileges and immunities. First evolved in the auto industry, spread to the steel industry, meat-packing, and manufacturing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buy stock in a corporation and only have limited liability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of responsibilities, hierarchy of control, modern cost-accounting procedures, and a "middle manager" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| way to create great industrial organizations, accomplished by horizontal integration, combining a number of firms involved in the same enterprise into a single corporation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more prevalent after 1890, which involves taking over the businesses on which a company relies for its primary function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scottish immigrant who after working in the railroad industry, opened his own steelworks in Pittsburgh in 1873. In 1901, he sold his steel in 1901 and devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tycoon, who after consolidating the oil industry by 1879, formed the Standard Oil Trust in 1882. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consisted of 40 corporations that controlled every phase of oil refining |
|
|
Term
| dissolution of Standard Oil Trust |
|
Definition
| dissolved by Ohio courts in 1892, then reorganized as a holding company, but was permanently dissolved by a Supreme Court order in 1911. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1911, devoted his efforts to charity. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research was established in 1901, Rockefeller Foundation in 1913. |
|
|
Term
| Pools, trust, and holding companies |
|
Definition
| these types of organizations began to emerge during the 1860s and 1870s. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competing firms made "gentlemen's agreements" to divide the market, establish prices, place profits in a common fund, and pro-rate profits. These agreements first emerged from the railroad industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of business combinatiodsn in which stockholders of affiliated companies turn over their securities and their authority to a board of trustees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a company owns sufficient stock in other companies and is thus able to dominate their activities. Holding companies made trusts unnecessary and permitted actual mergers. |
|
|
Term
| Impact of corporate evolution |
|
Definition
| The corporation attempted to eliminate cutthroat competition and business instability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a banker who started a system of economic organization that concentrated power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of financial power enhanced economic growth, paved the way for large-scale mass production, and stimulated new markets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| criticized the new business philosophy as an attack on America's traditional society. The new economy was eroding their opportunities and stifling their mobility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Noted the corruption in the new industrial enterprises and in politics at all levels. Many businessmen even charaged that corporations were not sufficiently modernized and that their methods were inefficient and wasteful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempted to convince the public that the new corporate economy was compatible with individualism and equal opportunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed that economic life was controlled by the natural law of competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coincided with the ideas of Adam Smith, particularly in the area of the law of supply and demand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prominent American intellectual who promoted social Darwinism through lectures, articles, and a book entitled "Folkways" (1906) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A philosophy of business men, usually associated with Andrew Carnegie's book, "The Gospel of Wealth" (1901), which states that wealthy individuals have not only power but also responsibilities; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Widely read authors included: Russell H. Conwell and Horatio Alger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Baptist minister fostered the notion of private wealth as something available to all in his "Acres of Diamonds" lectures. Stories of people who found opportunities for wealth in their own backyards. Proclaimed every individual has the chance to get rich. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a former minister, wrote over 100 popular novels, (e.g. Sink or Swim, Andy Grant's Pluck) that proclaimed through work, perseverance, and luck, anyone can become rich |
|
|
Term
| Critics of Social Darwinism |
|
Definition
| Lester Frank Ward and Henry George |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argued that human intelligence, not the laws of natural selection, governs civilization. Modern society should use government to intervene in the economy and adjust it to serve human welfare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote his bestseller "Progress and Poverty" (1879) and explained why poverty existed in spite of modern progress. He pointed to the ability of a few monopolists to gains wealth as a result of rising land values. The value of the land increased because of the growth of society around the land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed by Henry George, to replace all other taxes, which would return this "un-earned increment" to the people, distributing wealth equally, eliminating poverty, and destroying monopolies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed in many cities as a result of the popularities of Henry George's ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in his popular utopian novel, "Looking Backward" (1888) described a new society where want and vice were unknown and happiness prevailed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled by the government, conducting all business and equally distributing the resulting economic abundance. Bellamy called his concept "nationalism," which was a brand of socialism |
|
|
Term
| Looking Backward (1888) novel |
|
Definition
| provided the impetus for the creation of over 160 Nationalist Clubs, which promoted Bellamy's ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| came primarily from the rural areas of America as well as from all parts of Europe. Most immigrants from northern Europe came before 1890, while most of the so-called new immigrants, those from southern and eastern Europe, arrived after 1890. |
|
|
Term
| Wages and working conditions |
|
Definition
| both were poor. Average income of the American worker was about $500 a year. Most workers had no job security and labored 10 hours a day at routine, repetitive tasks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were often unhealthy and unsafe, industrial accidents were frequent, and neither the government nor employers provided workers' compensation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were created to attempt labor status in the workplace. Did not attract most workers and won few gains against the titans of industry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded in 1869 by Uriah S. Stephens as the first national labor organization. Secret organization whose membership was open to both skilled and unskilled workers. supported an 8 hour workday, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after 1879, the order expanded reaching a membership(Knights of Labor) of over 700,000 by 1886. |
|
|
Term
| dissolution of Knights of Labor |
|
Definition
| local unions and assemblies launched strikes against Powderly's wishes after 1885, the union declined. By 1890 membership had shrunk to 100,000, and thereafter the organization disappeared. |
|
|
Term
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
|
Definition
| Created in 1881 by Samuel Gompers and consisted of many separate, skilled craft unions. Was opposed to organizing women and unskilled workers, thereby excluding about 90 percent of American labor. Claimed about 500,000 members by 1900 |
|
|
Term
| Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, Wobblies) |
|
Definition
| Organized in 1905 under the leadership of "Big Bill" Haywood. Organized unskilled industrial workers, such as Western miners and lumbermen, and advocated militant agitation, willful obstruction of industry, and damage to businesses in case of disputes. Never had more than 60,000 members. After 1913, its membership declined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first major strike which began against the B&O Railroad Company, but spread to other lines in the Eastern states and some areas west of the Mississippi |
|
|
Term
| Railroad Strike of 1877 protest |
|
Definition
| 10% wage cut, stopped railroads from operating, to quell riots in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Illinois, federal troops were employed. Before the strike was broken, $5 million worth of property was destroyed. Railroad workers went back to work at lower wages set by the railroads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| took place in Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886, followed a nationwide strike for an 8-hour day, sponsored by the AFL and some local units of the Knights of Labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the most violent in America, occurred when the Carnegie Steel Company announced pay cuts for unionized members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, an AFL affiliate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant manager during the Homestead strike (1892) along with local law officials requested militia protection, so the Pennsylvania governor sent the state's National Guard, some 8,000 troops, to Homestead to restore order and protect strikebreakers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wounded Henry C. Frick in an attempted assassination during the Homestead strike of (1892). Four months after the strike began, the union finally surrendered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| workers protested a 25 percent reduction in wages and over policies in the company town near Chicago. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| president of the American Railway Union aided the strikers of the Pullman strike (1894) by extending a boycott of Pullman cars to 27 states, paralyzing transportation from Chicago to the Pacific coast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Illinois governor would not call out the militia to protect employers, but over his objections President Cleveland sent 2,000 troops to restore order and protect U.S. mails during the Pullman Strike (1894) |
|
|
Term
| Attorney General Richard Olney |
|
Definition
| obtained an injunction forbidding interference with the mail and interstate commerce. Eugene V. Debs and his followers were arrested for contempt of court and sentenced to 6 months in prison. With the union leaders in jail, the strike ended. The injunction became a powerful weapon for employers to use against strikers. |
|
|
Term
| Urban growth from 1860 to 1910 |
|
Definition
| America's population increased sevenfold |
|
|
Term
| Urban growth resulted primarily from |
|
Definition
| eastern and southern European immigration |
|
|
Term
| Large urban areas contained a variety of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wooden blocks, bricks, or asphalt |
|
Definition
| were not used to pave streets as Urban growth stimulated the need for better transportation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opened its first elevated railway |
|
|
Term
| Richmond Virginia in 1888 |
|
Definition
| introduced the first electric trolley line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steel-cable suspension span, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed in the 1880s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| size and structure varied from city to city. The urban political machine arose to fill the power vacuum that the rapid growth of cities had created |
|
|
Term
| political machine consisted of a group of urban "bosses" whose goal was to win votes for their political organization |
|
Definition
| they used many approaches to do so to include provide food or fuel to individuals in need and often found jobs for the unemployed or cut through red tape to remedy neighborhood or individual problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were awarded with jobs in city government, in city agencies, or in the transit system, as well as with the chance to rise in the political organization itself |
|
|
Term
| through graft and corruption, political machines were also vehicles for making money |
|
Definition
| New York City's Tammany Hall with William M. Tweed as its boss was a notorious example |
|
|
Term
| Positive achievements of the political machine included |
|
Definition
| modernizing city infrastructures, expanding the role of government, and establishing stability |
|
|
Term
| Machines forged important economic relationships with |
|
Definition
| local businesses and exhibited skill in winning elections and in retaining voters' loyalties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rural, unskilled immigrants generally inhabited decaying or makeshift housing where the average population density was high, it provided cultural cohesiveness, eased the pain of separation from the native land, and eased the adjustment to American city life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immigrants discovered that ethnicity had to compete with assimilation |
|
|
Term
| Immigrants were excluded from |
|
Definition
| better residential areas, received little protection in employment, and endured biased remarks regarding their ethnicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| included learning English and gaining an understanding of the American legal system and government and its customs and traditions. Usually occurred among second- or even third-generation descendants of immigrants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear of foreigners which was acted out in discrimination because of differences in race, religion, and political beliefs, and because of economic fears that they posed a threat to native-born American workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1887, a self-educated lawyer, Henry Bowers founded the Protective Association, an anti-Catholic group whose aim was to stop immigration. Its membership reached 500,000 by 1894. |
|
|
Term
| 1894 established in Boston by five Harvard alumni |
|
Definition
| Immigration Restriction League advocated the use of literacy tests and other means to screen immigrants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By 1900, Americans had learned to buy and prepare food differently because canned foods and refrigeration were available. |
|
|
Term
| Popular culture: mass consumption |
|
Definition
| Chain stores such as A&P and F.W. Woolworth made their debut. The growth of the mail-order business also began with the Sears-Roebuck catalog. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because of increased purchasing power and better diet, middle-class Americans began to enjoy a higher quality of life. Their general health improved, and they had longer life expectancies. Leisure time increased, especially for professional and middle classes. New forms of recreation and entertainment became available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By the early twentieth century, baseball had become both an important business and the national pastime. Other sports (e.g. football, basketball, golf, tennis, bicycling, boxing) became popular as well. |
|
|
Term
| Popular Culture: entertainment |
|
Definition
| musical comedy, vaudeville, circuses, Wild West shows, movies(motion pictures), Reading, "dime novels" |
|
|
Term
| circulation of newspapers |
|
Definition
| increased almost nine times from 1870 to 1910 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensational style of reporting, emphasizing scandals and exposes influenced by Joseph Pulitzer and popularized by newspaper chain owner, William Randolph Hearst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Williams McKinley (R) governor of Ohio was elected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supported the Gold Standard Act (1900) and through the Dingley Tariff (1897) sought to promote American industry. He was assassinated in 1901 |
|
|
Term
| President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09) |
|
Definition
| came to the presidency as a result of the assassination of McKinley. Advocated a strong central government led by an educated and talented elite. Roosevelt signed the Hepburn Act (1906), strengthening Interstate Commerce Commission's authority to set railroad rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1906) provided oversight of the meatpacking industry |
|
|
Term
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) |
|
Definition
| required labeling of patent medicines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about protecting natural resources and passed the National (Newlands) Reclamation Act (1902), which financed irrigation in the West and increased the national forests by nearly 150,000 acres. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| President from (1909-13) succeeded Roosevelt, but quickly became caught between the reformers and the old guard of the Republican party. |
|
|
Term
| Paine-Aldrich Tariff(1909) |
|
Definition
| signed by President Taft, made protective tariff compromises that lost Taft support among the reformers and he angered conservationists by allowing land to be removed from protective status. |
|
|
Term
| Taft supported the Mann-Elkins Act (1910) |
|
Definition
| which strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, brought 80 anti-trust suits compared to Roosevelt's 25. And removed more land from public use than had Roosevelt. |
|
|
Term
| Taft began to enact constitutional amendments that legalized the income tax |
|
Definition
| sixteenth-1913 and established direct election of the senators(seventeenth-1913 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Republicans re-nominated Taft after a challenge from Roosevelt. Governor Woodrow Wilson from New Jersey was the Democratic candidate and with his "New Freedom" he won presidency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roosevelt's plan while running for the Election of 1912, which emphasized government regulation of big business |
|
|
Term
| President Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) |
|
Definition
| supported several reform measures, signed the Clayton Anti-Trust and Federal Trade Commission Acts (1914) gave the government increased authority over business and the Federal Reserve Act (1913) established a central banking system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowered tariffs and created a graduated income tax. |
|
|
Term
| Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established the eight-hour day for railroad workers. |
|
|
Term
| Eighteenth Amendment(1919) |
|
Definition
| accompanied by the Volstead Act prohibited the commercial manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passed in 1919, gave women the right to vote |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Trade and Investment |
|
Definition
| exports grew from $600 million in 1875 to $1.5 billion in 1900 and nearly $2.5 billion in 1914. |
|
|
Term
| U.S. became one of the leading countries investing abroad. |
|
Definition
| By 1914 nearly one-third of these investments, about $1.26 billion was going to Latin America |
|
|
Term
| Expansionism: William H. Seward |
|
Definition
| Secretary of State (1861 to 1869) started with the purchase of Alaska from Russia. In 1878, the United States obtained a naval station in Samoa; within ten years it had annexed a portion of the islands. |
|
|
Term
| During the 1880s Alfred T. Mahan |
|
Definition
| began promoting the concept of a large navy, which in turn required colonies for fueling and repair |
|
|
Term
| Author of "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" (1890) |
|
Definition
| Alfred T. Mahan, carried a message beyond navy circles. During the 1880s the so-called "New Navy," built with steel and powered by steam, took form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cadre of wealthy American planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii, incoming President Cleveland opposed annexation and sought to restore the monarchy. American planters resisted Cleveland and continued to seek annexation, which they achieved in the midst of the Spanish-American War in 1898 |
|
|
Term
| Origins of the Spanish-American War |
|
Definition
| Wilson-Gorman Tariff(1894) imposed heavy duties on Cuban sugar, ninety percent of which was exported to the United States, the Cuban economy was devastated. In 1898, a pro-Spanish riot in Havana prompted the United States to send a battleship, the "Maine" to Havana harbor. An explosion sunk the ship on Feb. 15th. On April 19, Congress authorized war. |
|
|
Term
| Conduct of the Spanish-American War |
|
Definition
| By mid-July 1898, the U.S. had largely achieved victory and then invaded Puerto-Rico. In return for a $20 million payment, the U.S. received Puerto Rico, while Guam and Cuba were granted independence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provoked an intense debate over imperialism, led by Williams Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, and Jane Addams, who argued that possession of colonies conflicted with American principles of freedom and would draw resources away from domestic concerns. In February 1899, the Senate approved the Treaty of Paris. |
|
|
Term
| China. For half a century, the European nations had been establishing "spheres" in China giving them special trade rights. Fearing that opportunities would soon disappear, American business pushed the American government to act. |
|
Definition
| In 1899 Secretary of State John Hay sent a note to the European imperial nations, asking them to acknowledge that the United States had equal trading rights or an "Open Door" to China. Little came from this effort, but the Open Door became an important principle of American foreign policy |
|
|
Term
| While Hay was pursuing the Open Door in China, |
|
Definition
| Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippines independence in January 1899 and engaged in an insurrection that lasted until 1902. The Jones Act (1916) promised the Philippines an independence that would not come until after World War II. |
|
|
Term
| President Theodore Roosevelt pursued a series of agreements with Japan. The Taft-Katsura Agreement(1905 and the |
|
Definition
| Root Takahara Agreement(1907) both gained Japan's recognition of the American holdings in the region in return for similar recognition by the United States for Japan's interests. |
|
|
Term
| After San Francisco attempted to segregate Asians in its public schools, |
|
Definition
| Roosevelt in 1907 made a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan whereby the latter limited emigration to America and San Francisco reversed its segregation decision. |
|
|
Term
| Imperialism and War: Cuba |
|
Definition
| was ostensibly independent, the U.S. forced it to include the Platt Amendment in its new constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established American control over Puerto Rico, although the islanders were granted citizenship in 1917. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In addition to these matters left over from the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt also sought to build a canal that would enable ships in the Atlantic to quickly sail to the Pacific Ocean. |
|
|
Term
| Panama signed a treaty in 1903 |
|
Definition
| giving the U.S. rights to a canal zone, reaching completion in 1914. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U.S. continued to assert its hegemony over Latin America. He stated that the U.S. had the right to intervene wherever there was "chronic wrongdoing" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne, in Bosnia, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914. Ultimately Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and Japan(Allied Powers) faced Germany and Austria-Hungary(the Central Powers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German U-boats sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing over 1,000 people including 128 Americans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wilson broke off diplomacy relations with Germany. On April 2, 1917, Congress authorized war on Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Even before declaring war, the U.S. took steps to improve its military readiness. In 1916, the National Defense and the Navy Acts enlarged the armed forces and the Revenue Act established new taxes to pay for the xpansion. |
|
|
Term
| Once war had been declared on Germany(WWI), |
|
Definition
| Selective Service Act (1917) introduced the draft |
|
|
Term
| U.S. casualties during WWI |
|
Definition
| Despite its limited participation, the U.S. lost about 100,000 men in combat-related deaths, half of them due to disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painted New England maritime life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| introduced Oriental concepts into American art. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new urban industrial society were members, which captured the social realitites of that time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painted American urban slums |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focused on the aspects of the modern city (painting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory of evolution, which had a profound intellect impact |
|
|
Term
| Darwin's ideas created a split between the cosmopolitan culture of the city and the |
|
Definition
| provincial culture of rural areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| philosophical movement accepted the idea of organic evolution, asserted that modern society should be guided by scientific inquiry, not by inherited ideals and moral principles |
|
|
Term
William James
Charles S. Pierce
John Dewey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advocated education in which students would acquire knowledge that would help them deal with life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spirit permeated intellectual thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economist who argued for a more pragmatic use of discipline |
|
|
Term
Edward A. Ross
Lester F. Ward |
|
Definition
| sociologists who advocated use of the scientific method in tackling social and political problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive historian who asserted that economic factors had been most influential in historical development |
|
|
Term
| Education: Urban-industrial society emphasized specialized skills and |
|
Definition
| scientific knowledge to prepare American workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread; by 1900, 31 states had compulsory attendance laws. |
|
|
Term
| The Morrill Land Grant Act |
|
Definition
| of 1862 enabled 69 land-grant institutions of higher education to be established |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| other colleges and universities adopted the elective system of course selection and began to offer modern language, fine arts, and physical and social science courses |
|
|
Term
| Improved technical training became available in |
|
Definition
| law, medicine, architecture, engineering, journalism, business, and education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grew and educational opportunities for women expanded as well with the growing number of women's colleges |
|
|
Term
| The American political system in the 1880s and 1890s remained |
|
Definition
| locked in a rigid stalemate |
|
|
Term
| Congress and the electorate 1880s and 1890s |
|
Definition
| the popular vote was divided almost evenly between Republicans and Democrats |
|
|
Term
| In Congress, the Republicans 1880s and 1890s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Democrats usually (1880s and 1890s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voter turnout (1880s and 1890s) |
|
Definition
| for presidential elections averaged over 78 percent of all eligible voters, while the turnout ranged from 60 to 80 percent in nonpresidential years. |
|
|
Term
| party loyalties (1880s and 1890s) |
|
Definition
| were determined by region, as well as religious and ethnic differences |
|
|
Term
| The political campaign (1880s and 1890s) |
|
Definition
| were important public events akin to spectator sports and mass popular entertainment today. |
|
|
Term
| (1880s and 1890s) Political parties were primarily concerned with |
|
Definition
| winning elections and controlling patronage, rather than with issues |
|
|
Term
| (1880s and 1890s) Party bosses and machines took |
|
Definition
| center stage in every campaign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term first used by a group of Republicans who supported Grant for a third term against Garfield. were active during the Hayes administration, leaders of this group include Roscoe Conkling, a New York senator and leader of the Republican Party in New York and Simon Cameron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term(used mostly after the election of President Rutherford B. Hayes) referring to a section of the Republican Party. Led by James G. Blaine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term(first used in the presidential election of 1884) referring to a group of Republicans who withdrew from the party in protest at the nomination of James G. Blaine and gave their support to Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate |
|
|
Term
| Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-81) |
|
Definition
| Because the 1876 presidency was disputed, he was referred to by critics as "His Fraudulency." |
|
|
Term
| Presidency of Hayes (1877-81) |
|
Definition
| undistinguished, because of the competitive party system left him with little opportunity for independent leadership. |
|
|
Term
| President Hayes secured a victory for |
|
Definition
| New York's Customs House dispute |
|
|
Term
| In 1877 President Rutherford B. Hayes |
|
Definition
| dismissed Chester A. Arthur and Alonzo B. Cornell from their positions as officials of the Customs House when they refused to carry out civil service reform measures. |
|
|
Term
| New York senator Roscoe Conkling had been using the Customs House |
|
Definition
| for political patronage and opposed the dismissals |
|
|
Term
| President Hayes received Senate approval for his appointees |
|
Definition
| to replace the dismissed officials in spite of Conkling's opposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self-made man and former congressman from Ohio, victorious dark horse candidate against Democrat General Winfield Scott Hancock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supported civil service reform but had accomplished little by July 2, 1881, when he was shot in the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in Washington D.C. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shot President Garfield in 1881, a disappointed office seeker |
|
|
Term
| Chester A. Arthur (1881-85 |
|
Definition
| Vice president under Garfield, had been an ally of Republican political boss Roscoe Conkling of New York and a supporter of the traditional spoils system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congress to enact a civil service law, which was passed in 1883 |
|
|
Term
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and the Immigration Act (1882) |
|
Definition
| passed during the presidency of Chester A. Arthur (1881-85) |
|
|
Term
| Grover Cleveland(1885-89, 1893-97) |
|
Definition
| reform governor of New York (1883-85), Democrat Grover Cleveland became president in 1885 |
|
|
Term
| exhibited a commitment to economy in government, believed in a limited role for the federal government in regard to social problems, supported civil service reform and a lower tariff but was not successful in getting Congress to lower tariffs in 1887 |
|
Definition
| Grover Cleveland (1885-89, 1893-97) |
|
|
Term
| Grover Cleveland (1885-89, 1893-97) although defeated by |
|
Definition
| Republican Benjamin Harrison in the 1888 election, Cleveland again became president in 1893 |
|
|
Term
| James B. Weaver ran against Grover Cleveland as part of the |
|
Definition
| People's Party, a new third party |
|
|
Term
| Cleveland's second term was similarly devoted to |
|
Definition
| minimal government and hostility to government involvement in economic or social problems |
|
|
Term
| Despite Grover's opposition, the |
|
Definition
| Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act was passed in 1894 |
|
|
Term
| Grover Cleveland (1885-89) Significant first administration events: |
|
Definition
| Haymarket Riot(1886), Interstate Commerce Act (1887), creation of a new cabinet position: Secretary of Agriculture (1889) |
|
|
Term
| Significant second administration events: Grover Cleveland (1893-97) |
|
Definition
| panic of 1893, repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1893), Coxey's Army (1894) and the Pullman Strike (1894) |
|
|
Term
| Benjamin Harrison (1889-93) |
|
Definition
| grandson of President William Henry Harrison and a Republican senator from Indiana, defeated Grover Cleveland despite having fewer popular votes. |
|
|
Term
| Main events of President Benjamin Harrison's administration |
|
Definition
| McKinley Tariff Act (1890); Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890); Disability Pension Act (1890); admission of six states to the Union (1889-1890); the first Pan-American Conference (1889) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directed the U.S. Treasury to purchase between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver each month to be coined into silver dollars. |
|
|
Term
| In 1873, Congress had withdrawn silver |
|
Definition
| from the coinage list and this action was blamed for a contraction of the currency |
|
|
Term
| purpose of the Bland-Alisson Act |
|
Definition
| maintain a higher price for silver and to strengthen declining farm prices and industrial wages, by increasing the volume of money in circulation |
|
|
Term
| Bland-Allison Act provided for an |
|
Definition
| international monetary conference that was held but produced no significant results |
|
|
Term
| Tariff Commission of 1882/Tariff of 1883 |
|
Definition
| Because of popular demand for tariff reform, Congress established the commission in 1882 |
|
|
Term
| Tariff Commission of 1882/Tariff of 1883 recommended that the |
|
Definition
| tariff rates be reduced by no less than 20 percent |
|
|
Term
| The tariff of 1883 lowered |
|
Definition
| some duties and raised others; the overall result was a 5 percent reduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prohibited the immigration of criminals, paupers, the insane, and other persons likely to become public charges and levied a head tax of 50 cents on each immigrant |
|
|
Term
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
|
Definition
| extended in 1892 and in 1902, The entry of laborers into the United States was prohibited for a 10-year period. |
|
|
Term
| repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created a civil service commission of three members to be appointed by the president to prevent patronage |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Succession Act (1886) |
|
Definition
| Provided for succession to the U.S. presidency in the vent of the death, removal, resignation, or inability of the president or vice president. |
|
|
Term
| Interstate Commerce Act (1887) |
|
Definition
| Set up a five person agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which required that railroad post rates publicly and that rates be reasonable and just. |
|
|
Term
| Under the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) pooling and rebates |
|
Definition
| were declared illegal. Prohibited long-haul versus short-haul discrimination, and mandated that complaints against railroads be investigated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provided a subsidy for each state and territory to be used for the creation of agricultural experiment stations. purpose was to encourage agricultural research and assist farmers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Admitted four new states to the Union: North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, and Montana |
|
|
Term
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) |
|
Definition
| Prohibited monopolies by declaring any business combination "in restraint of trade" illegal |
|
|
Term
| McKinley Tariff Act (1890) an unpopular law |
|
Definition
| raised the tariff on many items resulting in an average duty of 49.5 percent, placed new duties on agricultural items, discontinued the duty on raw sugar and provided a bounty of 2 cents per pound on domestic sugar |
|
|
Term
| Disability Pension Act (1890) |
|
Definition
| provided for all Union veterans who had served at least 90 days and were now unable to perform manual labor, regardless of origin of disability |
|
|
Term
| Disability Pension Act (1890) pensioners |
|
Definition
| numbers grew from 676,000 in 1891 to 970,000 in 1895. Cost grew from $81 million to $135 million |
|
|
Term
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) |
|
Definition
| Designed to halt a decline in the price of silver and to improve economic conditions |
|
|
Term
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) provided for the purchase by the U.S. Treasury of |
|
Definition
| 4.5 million ounces of silver each month. Silver was to be paid for in treasury notes redeemable in gold, law was repealed in 1893 |
|
|
Term
| Pan-American Conference (1889-90) held in Washington D.C. with representatives from |
|
Definition
| 18 American nations, it established an International Bureau of American Republics (Pan-American Union) and prepared the way for tariff reciprocity |
|
|
Term
| Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894) |
|
Definition
| lowered duties as much as 10 percent on average. Raw wool, lumber, and copper were placed on the free list. Reduced rates on other items but replaced the duty on sugar, which had been eliminated in 1890. |
|
|
Term
| Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894) Also provided for a 2 percent tax on |
|
Definition
| incomes over $4000, a provision held to be unconstitutional in 1895. Became law without President Cleveland's signature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the last half of the nineteenth century, farmers believed that the new urban industrial society, which no longer valued the traditional virtues of rural life, was dominating American life. |
|
|
Term
| agrarian malaise was a result of economic complaints, |
|
Definition
| an outgrowth of the isolation of farm life, and a reaction to the departure of increasing numbers of young people who left the farms for the cities |
|
|
Term
| young people who left farms for the cities. The discontent contributed to the creation of the |
|
Definition
| Populist Party in the 1890s |
|
|
Term
| agrarian malaise found an outlet in the |
|
Definition
| literature of this period, representative of the writers who chronicled the trials of rural life was Hamlin Garland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| various activities that resulted in the formation of farmers' organizations in the post-Civil War years culminated in 1867 with the establishment of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbbandry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clerk in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, for the promotion of agriculture, the Grange movement acquainted farmers with new scientific agricultural techniques |
|
|
Term
| Following the depression of 1873, |
|
Definition
| membership of the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry grew and local chapters focused on political goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grangers held the political balance in several Midwestern states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were passed in four states to regulate railroad rates and the practice of elevator owners |
|
|
Term
| Granger laws were disallowed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Montgomery Ward and Company |
|
Definition
| founded in 1872, the first mail-order business, emerged specifically to meet the needs of Grangers |
|
|
Term
| By the late 1870s the Grange movement |
|
Definition
| began to lose strength. The return of agrarian prosperity and the political inexperience of many Grange leaders contributed to the movement's decline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before the Grange movement had faded, the first Farmers' Alliance was created in 1873. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promoted social gatherings and attempted to improve education through lectures and the circulation of books. Sought to organize farmers against railroad abuses, industrial monopolies, and currency controls, formed cooperatives and established stores, banks, and processing plants |
|
|
Term
| In the late 1880s Farmers' Alliances exerted |
|
Definition
| political pressure on the local and national levels by working through the Democratic Party and then by forming the People's or Populist party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed in 1891 through the efforts of Farmers' Alliances, they took an active part in the presidential elections of 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, and 1908. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free and unlimited coinage of silver, government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines, a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, postal savings banks, and the use of the initiative, referendum, and recall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Populist candidate, received 22 electoral votes and more than 1 million popular votes in the 1892 presidential election. |
|
|
Term
| James B. Weaver's campaign |
|
Definition
| failed to receive the expect support from labor, political objectives were taken over by the two major parties, support from farmers declined as their situation improved in the late 1890s |
|
|
Term
| Rigidity and proposals for change during the severe depression which began in 1893 |
|
Definition
| Grover Cleveland's rigid conservatism exemplified the continuing failure of both major political parties to respond to the nation's problems. The Populist Party with its proposals to reform the American political system, emerged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The causes of this depression, which was unprecedented in its severity and its persistence, included agricultural depression, decline of the U.S. gold reserve, and unsound railroad financing. |
|
|
Term
| Beginning of the Panic of 1893 |
|
Definition
| begin in March 1893, when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy and the gold reserve as backing for paper currency in circulation dropped below $100,000,000 |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the Panic of 1893 |
|
Definition
| spread rapidly as banks failed, number of railroad companies went into receivership, and strikes, unemployment, and violence became widespread. About 20 percent of the labor force was out of work, the highest level of unemployment in American history up to that time. Real prosperity did not return until 1901. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Following the panic of 1893, Jacob S. Coxey, an Ohio businessman as a way to put the unemployed back to work, and also supported inflation of the currency |
|
|
Term
| Coxey's army disgusted with Congress' |
|
Definition
| lack of action regarding his proposals, Coxey organized a group of about 500 unemployed persons, who marched to Washington, D.C. in 1894 from Masillon, Ohio, demanding that Congress issue $500 million in fiat money to provide jobs for the unemployed in constructing roads. The protest failed to prod Congress into action |
|
|
Term
| Silver issue (Crisis in the 1890s) |
|
Definition
| Because of the financial panic had weakened the government's monetary system, the "money question," or currency issue, assumed center stage. |
|
|
Term
| Gold and silver had been recognized as a basis for the dollar, but the 1870s the re-monetization(restoration to use as legal tender) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the 1890s silver mine owners were eager to have the government purchase their surplus silver for much more than the market price |
|
Definition
| Discontented wanted an inflation of the currency to raise the prices of farm products and ease payment of their debts. The demanded free and unlimited coinage of silver at the old ratio of 16 to 1. |
|
|
Term
| Under the 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act |
|
Definition
| the silver purchased from the mine owners was not to be coined, so the amount of money in circulation did not increase materially, and the price of silver kept falling. |
|
|
Term
| Convinced that the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was responsible for draining gold from the U.S. Treasury, President Cleveland called Congress into special session and demanded the repeal of the act |
|
Definition
| Congress supported his recommendation, but in the process southern and western Democrats split from Cleveland's eastern followers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| money was a major issue in the 1896 election, Populists needed money to finance their campaign, and silver mine owners were willing to support it, provided the silver issue was assumed the center stage |
|
|
Term
| Candidates of the Election of 1896 |
|
Definition
| both had opposite campaign styles and views on the money question. |
|
|
Term
| Victorious Republican candidate, William McKinley, polled 51.5 percent of the popular vote |
|
Definition
| He conducted a "front porch" campaign from his home in Canton, Ohio. Advocated sound money (gold standard) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the candidate from the Democrats and the Populist, received 47.7 percent of the popular vote. Campaigned more extensively, traveling 18,000 miles and addressing about 5 million Americans, He supported the unlimited coinage of silver. Rising farm prices due to overseas crop failures helped assure a Republican victory |
|
|
Term
| William McKinley (president from 1897 to 1901) |
|
Definition
| former governor of Ohio (1892-96) brought a tariff increase, the gold standard, and prosperity. |
|
|
Term
| President McKinley initiated the era of |
|
Definition
| overseas imperialism with the Spanish-American War (1898), the annexation of Hawaii (1899), and the open-door policy (1899) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, on September 6, 1901 while at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York |
|
|
Term
| Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency of |
|
Definition
| William McKinley in 1901. |
|
|
Term
| Dingley Tariff Act (1897) |
|
Definition
| raised tariff rates to a new high average of 57 percent. Restored the principle of reciprocity, imposed high duties on wool and hides, and listed duties on over 2,000 items. Until 1909, the act remained unchanged |
|
|
Term
| Gold Standard Act of 1900 |
|
Definition
| the gold dollar of 25.8 grains became the standard unit of value. A gold reserve of $150,000,000 was established for redemption of paper currency. |
|
|
Term
| Aftermath: By 1900, farmers' economic status had |
|
Definition
| improved and the industrial development of the United States continued to increase. In consequence, the money crisis had faded. The Populist began to disappear as a political power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of movements aimed at renovating or restoring American society, its values, and its institutions. Efforts were a response to the economic, social, and political development of the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive reformers believed that the laissez faire system was obsolete, yet realized that a radical shift away from capitalism was dangerous. |
|
|
Term
| Progressives south to end abuses of power in America |
|
Definition
| monopolies and government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This powerful religious crusade emphasized social responsibility as a means to salvation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spokesmen of the Progressive movement, a Protestant theologian with socialist inclinations, who wrote about human salvation through Christian reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which offers material and spiritual services to the urban poor, is an example of the Social Gospel movement in action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crusading writers of books and magazine articles exposed graft, corruption, and dishonesty in business |
|
|
Term
| The word muckrakers, coined by |
|
Definition
| Theodore Roosevelt, alluded to a character in John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" who rejected a crown for a muckrake, that is a rake used to gather dung into a pile. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of muckrakers include: |
|
Definition
| Ida M. Tarbell, who exposed corruption in the Standard Oil Company |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a muckraker who wrote
"Shame of the Cities" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a muckraker, Danish immigrant and New York newspaper reported who exposed the conditions in tenement houses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muckraker who wrote about the meat-packing industry in Chicago |
|
|
Term
| Settlement house movement |
|
Definition
| sought to improve the lives of slum dwellers by helping them to obtain more education, appreciation of the arts, improved housing, and better jobs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| America's most famous settlement house, which became the model for more than 400 other settlement houses in the United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social worker who became politically involved in Chicago in order to "clean up" the neighborhood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new middle-class workers derived their status from their educational and individual accomplishments, not from family background (during the progressive era) |
|
|
Term
| National Education Association (1905) |
|
Definition
| professional organization set admission standards |
|
|
Term
| Women's associations: The women's club movement |
|
Definition
| played a leading role in Progressive social reforms |
|
|
Term
| Legacy: The legacy of the Progressive movement is evident in the |
|
Definition
| legislation passed during the 1920s and more importantly, during the New Deal era of the 1930s |
|
|
Term
| Progressive era: Political parties and reform: Political parties were singled out as being |
|
Definition
| corrupt, undemocratic, outmoded, and inefficient, so energy was concentrated on political reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressives made urban political machines and special interest groups their targets. They were responsible for the introduction of the city commission and the city manager. |
|
|
Term
| City commission government |
|
Definition
| First used in 1900 in Galveston, Texas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First employed in 1913 in Dayton, Ohio. A council or a commission is elected as the policy-making body. |
|
|
Term
| Democratization of state governments |
|
Definition
| Progressives pushed for other reforms to limit the influence of political parties in state governments. First proposed by Populists, the initiative and the referendum are attempts to increase the influence of the electorate. |
|
|
Term
| Initiated by Progressives to improve the quality of elected officials, the |
|
Definition
| direct primary was first adopted by Mississippi in 1902. Allows voters to select the nominees for political office. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although he was a congressman (1885-91) and U.S. senator (1906-25) He is most often remembered as governor of Wisconsin (1900-06) |
|
|
Term
| Robert M. Lafollette sought to enhance the |
|
Definition
| public interest and turned Wisconsin into a "laboratory of progressivism." |
|
|
Term
| National Progressive Republican League |
|
Definition
| in 1911, Lafollette became leader of the Progressive movement and started this for the purpose of liberalizing the Republican Party |
|
|
Term
| Republicans who were opposed to the conservatism of President William Taft became |
|
Definition
| League supporters (National Progressive Republican League). Its formation split the Republican Party into liberal and conservative factions and resulted in the creation of the Progressive Party. |
|
|
Term
| Progressives channeled their energies toward moral reform in their quest to improve human behavior by improving the social environment |
|
Definition
| these campaigns included the temperance crusade and efforts to curb prostitution, as well as reforms that involved restricting immigration, curbing monopolies, and attaining suffrage for women. |
|
|
Term
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (1873) |
|
Definition
| founded by temperance advocates in Chicago and after 1879 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| led the Women's Christian Temperance Union (1873) to promote temperance through education and the enactment of legislation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded in Oberlin, Ohio in 1893, it focused attention on the saloon and opposed the sale of alcoholic beverages by carrying on vigorous lobbying for Prohibition by Constitutional amendment |
|
|
Term
| Webb-Kenyon Act (1913) passed over President Taft's veto, |
|
Definition
| it provided the transportation of alcoholic beverages into dry states where it was intended they would be used to violate local laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passed in 1919 over President Wilson's veto, it defined liquor as any beverage containing more than 0.5 percent alcohol. Went into effect on January 16, 1920 and provided the enforcement apparatus for the Eighteenth Amendment |
|
|
Term
| Eighteenth Amendment (1920) |
|
Definition
| prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. It was ratified on January 29, 1919 and went into effect on January 16, 1920. |
|
|
Term
| Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment |
|
Definition
| with the adoption of the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chaired by Senator William P. Dillingham of Vermont, this commission of "experts" studied the problem of immigration |
|
|
Term
| Mann or White Slave Traffic Act (1910) |
|
Definition
| Interstate and international transportation of women for immoral purposes was prohibited. |
|
|
Term
| Congress moved to respond when muckrakers |
|
Definition
| publicity exposed rings that kidnapped young women and forced them into prostitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| began during the mid-nineteenth century, became the single largest reform movement during the Progressive Era |
|
|
Term
| National and American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) |
|
Definition
| formed in 1890, it was rejuvenated in 1915 when Carrie Chapman Catt became its president |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1920, it was finally ratified and allowed women suffrage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1913 she established the Congressional Union, which pushed for a federal women's suffrage amendment |
|
|
Term
| In 1916 the Congressional Union organized the |
|
Definition
| National Women's Party to lend political support to government officials in favor of suffrage for women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| version of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was introduced at the National Women's Party convention in 1923 |
|
|
Term
| Vice president and president: When William McKinley was assassinated, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president on September 14, 1901 |
|
Definition
| He grew politically powerful, gained control of the Republican party, and demonstrated legislative leadership in advocating Progressive reforms |
|
|
Term
| Northern Securities V. United States (1902) |
|
Definition
| One of the highly publicized cases, initiated by Roosevelt, that sought to regulate trusts, with the government serving as a mediator. |
|
|
Term
| Roosevelt ordered the Justice Department to use the Sherman Antitrust Act |
|
Definition
| against the railroad monopoly in the Northwest |
|
|
Term
| By 1904, the Supreme Court had ruled that the Northern Securities Company be dissolved |
|
Definition
| identified Roosevelt as a "trust buster," although more prosecutions of trusts took place during Taft's administration |
|
|
Term
| Department of Commerce and Labor (1903) |
|
Definition
| created to regulate business and enforce economic regulations. |
|
|
Term
| Bureau of Corporations (1903) |
|
Definition
| was empowered to investigate interstate corporations and to report on their activities. |
|
|
Term
| In 1914, the Federal Trade Commission replaced |
|
Definition
| the Bureau of Corporations |
|
|
Term
| Elkins Act (1903) amended the |
|
Definition
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by forbidding rebates, defining unfair discrimination, and reinforcing adherence to published rates by interstate shippers. |
|
|
Term
| Election of 1904: Theodore Roosevelt defeated |
|
Definition
| the Democratic candidate Alton B. Parker, a judge in the New York Supreme Court from 1885w to 1904 |
|
|
Term
| Roosevelt received over 57 percent of the popular vote and promised to bring a |
|
Definition
| "square deal" to every citizen |
|
|
Term
| Lockner V. New York (1905) |
|
Definition
| The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a New York law limiting working hours was unconstitutional. It was judged to be an infringement upon the contract rights between the ployer and his/her employees. |
|
|
Term
| The decision from Lockner v. New York (1905) was modified in |
|
Definition
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) when the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an Oregon statute that limited the length of the workday for women to 10 hours. |
|
|
Term
| Hepburn Act (1906) Amended the Interstate Commerce Act by enlarging |
|
Definition
| the commission to seven members and by giving it authority to determine railroad dates and to prescribe bookkeeping methods for companies. Prohibited free passes and forbade railroad companies to carry goods produced by themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An author whose muckraking disclosures in "The Jungle" regarding the meat packing and later articles on patent medicine prompted federal legislation. |
|
|
Term
| Meat Inspection Act (1906) |
|
Definition
| authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to undertake the inspection of all meat products shipped in interstate commerce to make certain they were fit for human consumption and were packed under sanitary conditions. |
|
|
Term
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) |
|
Definition
| forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated foods and drugs and the mislabeling of such products involved in interstate commerce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short, sharp depression, largely caused by the failure of the Knickerbocker Trust Company in New York, which weakened confidence in banks |
|
|
Term
| Financial titan J.P. Morgan helped |
|
Definition
| construct a pool of the assets of several key New York banks to prop up shaky financial institutions. By 1908, recovery had begun. |
|
|
Term
| Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) |
|
Definition
| provided for a more flexible currency. Created the National Monetary Commission to study the entire question of banking and currency. |
|
|
Term
| Theodore Roosevelt initiated a policy that attempted to |
|
Definition
| curb the destruction of the wilderness at a time when only 10 percent of the forests remained from the initial period of colonization in America. |
|
|
Term
| Forest Reserve Act (1891) |
|
Definition
| authorized the president to set aside forest areas in any part of the national domain and establish them as national parks. Under this act, Roosevelt set aside 150,000,000 acres much more than his three predecessors. |
|
|
Term
| Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) |
|
Definition
| provided that income from the sale of public land in 16 western states bee used for building and maintaining irrigation projects in arid regions. Reclaimed land would then be sold to settlers at low prices. |
|
|
Term
| Inland Waterways Commission (1907) |
|
Definition
| created by President Roosevelt, the commission made a survey of the relation of river, soil, and forests to water power development and water transportation. |
|
|
Term
| White House Conservation Conference |
|
Definition
| called by President Roosevelt in 1908, attendees included congressmen, his cabinet, the Supreme Court, and governors of 34 states |
|
|
Term
| National Conservation Commission |
|
Definition
| Established in 1908 by President Roosevelt, the commission, chaired by Gifford Pinchot, attempted to inventory America's natural resources and then recommended that 234 million acres of land be set aside for public use. |
|
|
Term
| When Theodore Roosevelt followed through on his promise not to seek reelection in 1908, he supported |
|
Definition
| secretary of war, William Howard Taft, for president |
|
|
Term
| William Howard Taft(Republican) defeated |
|
Definition
| Democrat William Jennings Bryan and socialist Eugene V. Debs. |
|
|
Term
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) |
|
Definition
| basically protectionist, the tariff favored Eastern industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| powerful and conservative speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives while Taft was President, "Uncle Joe" Cannon controlled the Rules Committee and became a virtual dictator over the legislative process in Congress. |
|
|
Term
| In 1910, a coalition of insurgents(Republicans |
|
Definition
| and Democrats led a revolt that expanded the membership of the Rules Committee from 5 to 15, had members elected rather than appointed, and specifically barred the speaker of the House from membership on the committee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chief of the U.S. Forestry Service Gifford Pinchot accused Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger of allowing private interests to exploit coal mining and timber areas of the U.S. for his personal profit, thereby betraying conservation policy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designed to strengthen the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the act authorized it to regulate the communications industry. |
|
|
Term
| Postal Savings Bank System (1910) |
|
Definition
| the Post Office Department was authorized to receive savings deposits from individuals and to pay interest of 2 percent per year on such deposits |
|
|
Term
| United States v American Tobacco Company (1911) |
|
Definition
| the government prosecuted the American Tobacco Company for violating antitrust laws |
|
|
Term
| Standard Oil Company v. United States (1911) |
|
Definition
| A government suit by the Taft administration charged that the Standard Oil Company had violated the antimonopoly clause of the Sherman Act by acquiring the Tennessee coal and Iron Company in 1907. |
|
|
Term
| Progressive or Bull Moose Party (1912) |
|
Definition
| The Progressive element in the Republican Party led by Robert M. Lafollette, opposed Taft's conservative policies. |
|
|
Term
| Progressive or Bull Moose Party (1912) refusing to support Taft's nomination in 1912, this element formed the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platform by Roosevelt, which included for a federal child labor law, federal workman's compensation, regulation of labor relations, and a minimum wage for women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat was the victor over William Howard Taft, the Republican; Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive; and Eugene V. Debs, the Socialist. The split in the Republican Party, after which the Progressive Party was formed, contributed to the Democratic victory. |
|
|
Term
| Born in Virginia and raised in South Carolina, President of Princeton University and governor of New Jersey |
|
Definition
| Woodrow Wilson (president 1913-21) |
|
|
Term
| Woodrow Wilson advocated a different brand of progressivism described by supporters as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913) |
|
Definition
| reduced tariff rates on many items and placed others (e.g., wool, hides, iron ore, steel rails) on the free list |
|
|
Term
| Federal Reserve Act (1913) |
|
Definition
| also known as the Glass-Owen Act, it provided a flexible currency system that could adjust to the needs of the economy and reform what President Wilson referred to as the money monopoly |
|
|
Term
| The Federal Reserve Act (1913) created a |
|
Definition
| Federal Reserve system with a Federal Reserve bank in each district |
|
|
Term
| Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) |
|
Definition
| created a five-member Federal Trade Commission authorized to investigate the operations of corporations, to require them to publish reports on their activities, and to issue cease-and-desist orders against any corporation found guilty of practicing unfair methods of competition, which were not specifically defined. |
|
|
Term
| Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) designed to strengthen the |
|
Definition
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) by declaring illegal certain corporate practices not included in the Sherman Act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invalidated in 1918 by the Supreme Court, this act, which Wilson supported, forbade shipment in interstate commerce of products made by companies employing children under 14 and by mines employing children under 16 |
|
|
Term
| Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) |
|
Definition
| Created a Federal Farm Loan Board and 12 regional Farm Loan banks authorized to make loans to cooperative Farm Loan Associations, which in turn made loans to individual farmers at low interest rates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made government sponsored courses in vocational agriculture and other subjects available in high schools. Created a Federal Board for Vocational Education. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outstanding Harvard Law School graduate, he became a major figure in the Progressive movement because of his investigations of monopoly power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Four changes to the Constitution made during the two Wilson administrations reflected, in part, the progressive mood of the nation. |
|
|
Term
| Sixteenth Amendment(1913) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seventeenth Amendment (1913) |
|
Definition
| Senators are to be elected directly by the people |
|
|
Term
| Eighteenth Amendment(1919) |
|
Definition
| National prohibition of the making and distributing of alcoholic beverages is imposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Women gain the right to vote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persuaded some business that new overseas markets should be sought for U.S. products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aggressive foreign policy to focus attention away from the decade's current problems and protests |
|
|
Term
| Improvements in transportation and communication |
|
Definition
| also increased America's involvement in world affairs (Imperialism) |
|
|
Term
| Technological improvements |
|
Definition
| in industry increased output and indicated the need for additional foreign markets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distortion of Charles Darwin's theories formed a basis for rationalizing expansionism. According to this argument, since nations or "races," like biological species, struggled for existence, and only the fittest could survive, it followed that strong nations would inevitably dominate weak ones in accordance with the law of nature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a congregational clergyman and advocate of overseas missionary work. Advanced the imperialist argument in "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a captain and later an admiral in the navy, one of the most capable and effective advocates of imperialism, who expressed his philosophy in "The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783" (1890), "The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812" (1892) and "The Interest of America in Sea Power" (1897). |
|
|
Term
| Hemispheric hegemony (close of the nineteenth century) |
|
Definition
| Foreign policy now emphasized U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere. |
|
|
Term
| Pan American Conference (1889) |
|
Definition
| at the initiative of Benjamin Harrison's secretary of state, James G. Blaine, the first Pan-American Congress took place in October 1889 |
|
|
Term
| International Bureau of American Republics |
|
Definition
| established during the Pan American Conference (1889) at the same time James G. Blaine's proposals of an inter-American customs union and arbitration procedures to resolve disputes were rejected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cleveland's secretary of state, had an aggressive approach to foreign policy, which nearly led to war in 1895 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stopover station for American ships and a destination for missionaries, assumed greater political and economic importance during the second half of the nineteenth century. |
|
|
Term
| When Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani |
|
Definition
| tried to eliminate American influence there, U.S. settlers overthrew her and set up a government establishing the Republic of Hawaii. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a native prince signed a treaty providing for an American naval station at Pago Pago, as well as for U.S. military aid in negotiating any differences between a foreign power and Samoa |
|
|
Term
| First stages of the Spanish-American War |
|
Definition
| The U.S. declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898, causes include: American tariff policy with its high duties, which hurt the Cuban economy. U.S. protests against Spanish treatment of Cuban natives. The threat to American investments in Cuba. |
|
|
Term
| The DeLome Letter (1898): |
|
Definition
| written by Spanish minister to the United States, to a friend in Cuba, it described President William McKinley as a weak man and "a bidder for the admiration of the crowd." |
|
|
Term
| The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine |
|
Definition
| one of the key events that precipitated the Spanish-American War, this occurred in Havana harbor on Feb. 15, 1898, as the result of the explosion. |
|
|
Term
| The death of 266 American sailors was attributed to the Spanish and "Remember the Maine!" |
|
Definition
| became a national chant for revenge |
|
|
Term
| Congress appropriated $50 million |
|
Definition
| for military preparations for the Spanish-American war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statement approved by Congress, it disclaimed any intention on the part of the U.S to extend "sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control" over Cuba except for the purpose of pacification, and was designed as an assurance that U.S. efforts to assist Cuba were not motivated by a desire to annex it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this volunteer cavalry regiment organized by Theodore Roosevelt consisted of men from as diverse backgrounds as the Western frontier and colleges in the East. |
|
|
Term
| Rough Riders were best known for their charge up |
|
Definition
| San Juan Hill (actually Kettle Hill) in Cuba on July 1, 1898, in which a heavily fortified position was seized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Instructed by President McKinley's assistant secretary of the navy, Theodore Roosevelt, to attack the Philippines in the event of the war, Dewey left China and headed for Manila after the start of the Spanish-American War |
|
|
Term
| Commodore George Dewey became the hero of the Spanish-American War after the |
|
Definition
| 7-hour "Battle of Manila Bay" and immediately promoted to admiral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In July 1898 a Spanish fleet under Admiral Pascual Cervera, which had been in Santiago harbor(Cuba), was blockaded by the U.S. fleet under Admiral William T. Sampson. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signed on December 10, 1898, in Paris, it ended the Spanish-American War, which resulted in the loss of 5,000 lives (only 379 were battle casualties) and had cost about $250 million. |
|
|
Term
| Anti-imperialist League (1898) |
|
Definition
| organization was established by upper-class Bostonians, New Yorkers, and others to fight annexation, particularly of the Philippines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The war experience led to a major overhaul of the armed forces under Secretary of War Elihu Root's supervision. |
|
|
Term
| Central to Elihu Root's reforms was the establishment in 1903 of a |
|
Definition
| general staff to act as military adviser to the secretary of war. |
|
|
Term
| Canal Zone: Foreign policy in Latin America under Theodore Roosevelt included actions and events: |
|
Definition
| Hay-Paunefote Treaty (1901), Spooner Act (1902), Hay-Herran Treaty (1903), Panama Revolution (1903), and Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903) |
|
|
Term
| Cuba: The Platt Amendment, |
|
Definition
| passed by Congress in 1901, left Cuba only nominally independent |
|
|
Term
| under the Platt Amendment, the naval base at |
|
Definition
| Guantanamo was to be leased to the United States |
|
|
Term
| Puerto Rico: Legislation included: |
|
Definition
| Foraker Act (19000) for civil government for the territory of Puerto Rico, and Jones Act (1917), made it an unincorporated territory |
|
|
Term
| Roosevelt Corollary (1904) |
|
Definition
| message to Congress exemplified the belief that the U.S. should assume international police power in the Western Hemisphere and prevent European interference thereby justifying intervention in Latin American affairs. |
|
|
Term
| Roosevelt Corollary (1904) grew out of Roosevelt's interpretation of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Roosevelt Corollary 1904) The paternal and dominating role of the United States is illustrated in the |
|
Definition
| Venezuela debt dispute (1902) and the Domincan debt default (1904-05) |
|
|
Term
| Latin American policy under Taft and Wilson: Dollar diplomacy: |
|
Definition
| Philander C. Knox, Taft's secretary of state was responsible for the "dollar diplomacy" that promoted business interests overseas. |
|
|
Term
| Woodrow Wilson as president exhibited |
|
Definition
| remarkable vision in foreign policy and an inflexible, self-righteous morality. |
|
|
Term
| Dominican Republic: The U.S. established a military government there in |
|
Definition
| 1916 after marines landed in Haiti to quell a revolution. |
|
|
Term
| Relations with Mexico: Wilson's four-year policy left a lasting hostility toward the U.S. |
|
Definition
| General Victoriano Huerta: Reactionary president of Mexico in 1913 he had deposed Francisco Madero, whom Huerta's government murdered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Held in 1914 in Niagara Falls, Ontario, this conference proposed that the Huerta government be eliminated and a provisional government be established |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| His election under a new constitution adopted in early 1917, led to formal recognition of the Mexican government by the U.S. with preliminary recognition coming as early as 1915 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carranza's erstwhile lieutenant, a Mexican revolutionary leader and outlaw, he made several raids into the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| President Wilson sent him into Mexico with an expeditionary force to capture Villa. Attempt proved fruitless |
|
|
Term
| Foreign policy in Asia: Insular cases: |
|
Definition
| (DeLima v. Bidwell, Downes v. Bidwell) supreme court cases that sought to define the status of alien peoples in the newly acquired territories with respect to the rights of American citizens. |
|
|
Term
| Supreme Court during cases such as DeLima v. Bidwell, Downes v. Bidwell |
|
Definition
| distinguished between incorporated and unincorporated territories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After the Spanish-American War, Emilio Aguinaldo led an uprising of Filipinos against U.S. control of their homeland. |
|
|
Term
| Schurman Commission (1899) Led by |
|
Definition
| Jacob G. Schurman, this five man commission investigated conditions in the Philippines to determine how to set up a civil government. |
|
|
Term
| Philippine commission (1900) |
|
Definition
| Headed by William Howard Taft, appointed civil governor of the Philippines in 1901, the commission had as its purpose the reconstruction of the civil government of the Philippines |
|
|
Term
| Philippine Government Act (1902) |
|
Definition
| Made the Philippines an unincorporated U.S. territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was to remain as the governing body until a two-house legislature was established with the lower house to be an elected body. (Philippine Government Act 1902) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promised independent for the Philippines when a stable government had been established |
|
|
Term
| Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) |
|
Definition
| Signed in New Hampshire, this agreement ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) |
|
|
Term
| President Theodore Roosevelt acted as a mediator |
|
Definition
| in ending this conflict by inviting representatives of both powers to negotiate a settlement (Russo-Japanese War 1904-05) |
|
|
Term
| Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905) |
|
Definition
| U.S. promised not to interfere with Japan's ambitions in Korea in exchange for Japan's pledge to respect U.S. control of the Philippines. |
|
|
Term
| Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) under this executive agreement with Japan, the two countries agreed to maintain the status quo in the Pacific to respect each other's territories in the Pacific, and to support the |
|
Definition
| "open door policy" in China and China's independence and territorial integrity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an uprising instigated by a secret Chinese society known as the Boxers, it was designed to drive foreigners out of China |
|
|
Term
| John Hay: President McKinley's secretary of state, he initiated the |
|
Definition
| "open door policy" with China by sending notes to Germany, England, Russia, and later France, Japan, and Italy, requesting that nations holding "spheres of influence" uphold Chinese customs and preserve Chinese independence and territorial integrity |
|
|
Term
| World War I began on June 28, 1914, |
|
Definition
| when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist while visiting Saravejo, a provincial capital in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which Slavic nationalists wanted to annex and make part of Serbia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, also called the Central Powers on the eve of World War I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consisting of France, Great Britain, and Russia, known as the Allies, was organized to create a "balance of power" in Western Europe against the nations of the Triple Alliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Issued by Great Britain at the start of World War I, established an Allied blockade around Germany, extended the list of contraband items, and declared the North Sea and English channel "military areas." |
|
|
Term
| The Orders in Council led the Germans |
|
Definition
| to start a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare to eliminate the blockade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although President Wilson urged America to be "impartial in thought as well as deed and issued a proclamation of neutrality on August 4, 1914, he was an admirer of Great Britain's traditions, culture, and political system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British passenger liner was sunk by a German U-boat. When Wilson learned that 128 Americans had died, he demanded that Germany respect the rights of neutral nations, which included the American right to travel on nonmilitary vessels of warring nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advocated building up our national defenses and preparing for involvement in the war. By the end of 1915, President Wilson had advocated a preparedness program to congress, and rearmament was under way by the summer of 1916. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An unarmed French steamer, the Sussex, was attacked by Germany and several American passengers were injured. |
|
|
Term
| Council of National Defense (1916) |
|
Definition
| Created by Congress, it coordinated industry and the nation's resources for the support of national security |
|
|
Term
| Civilian Advisory Commission, |
|
Definition
| which set up local defense councils in every state, county, and school district, connected to the Council of National Defense |
|
|
Term
| National Defense Act (1916) |
|
Definition
| Provided for increasing the regular army to 175,000 and the National Guard to 450,000, and authorized the creation of military training at universities and colleges. |
|
|
Term
| Merchant Marine Act (1916) |
|
Definition
| Created the U.S. Shipping Board, which formed the Emergency Fleet Corporation to build, requisition, purchase, and operate merchant vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson ran on the slogan "He kept us out of war." He won by a small margin. His Republican opponent, Charles Evans Hughes, was an associate justice of the Supreme Court (1910-16) and later became Chief Justice (1930-41) during the Great Depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this dispatch was sent in January 1917, by Alfred Zimmerman, Germany Foreign Secretary, to the German representative in Mexico. Urging Mexico to support Germany if the United States declared war on Germany. In return, Mexico would receive Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Sparked U.S. entry into WWI on April 6, 1917 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| former suffrage organizer, in 1916 became the first woman ever elected to Congress, where she represented Montana. |
|
|
Term
| American Expeditionary Force |
|
Definition
| Under General John J. Pershing, it arrived in Europe at the end of 1917. |
|
|
Term
| Selective Service Act (1917) |
|
Definition
| legislation required all males between 21 and 30 to register for military service. A 488,000 member army, 470,00 for the National Guard, and the conscription of 500,000 men were authorized. Women served in the Army and Navy Nurses Corps and in the auxiliary forces of the regular navy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partly through the sale of so-called Liberty Bonds to the public. other sources were income taxes, excess profits taxes, inheritance taxes, and special taxes on liquor, tobacco, and theater tickets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established a graduated income tax, an excess profits tax, and an increase in excise taxes. |
|
|
Term
| Committee on Public Information (CPI) |
|
Definition
| Created by Congress in April 1917, the committee had as its chairman journalist George Creel |
|
|
Term
| War Industries Board (July 1917) |
|
Definition
| Under financier Bernard Baruch, this agency organized the nation's economy |
|
|
Term
| Headed by Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo, the |
|
Definition
| Railroad War Board facilitated the transportation of troops and war supplies by mail |
|
|
Term
| Lever Food and Fuel Control Act |
|
Definition
| President Wilson had authority over the production, disposition, and prices of food, fuel, and other supplies needed by the army; control extended to producers, processors, and dealers in these products. |
|
|
Term
| Herbert Hoover, an engineer and business executive |
|
Definition
| who later became U.S. president, was the administrator of the Food Administration |
|
|
Term
| Espionage Act (June 1917) |
|
Definition
| a $10,000 fine and 20 years imprisonment was prescribed for interfering with the draft or for attempting to discourage loyalty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of several citizens' vigilante groups established to ensure patriotism. Others included Boy Spies of America, the American Defense Society, and the American Protective Association(the largest with 250,000 members) |
|
|
Term
| National War Labor Board (April 1918) |
|
Definition
| American Federation of Labor President Samuel Gompers sat on this board, created by President Wilson to mediate labor disputes so that strikes would be avoided. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More repressive than the Espionage Act, it established punishment for interfering with the sale of Liberty Bonds, for writing or speaking against the government, the U.S. Constitution, the armed forces, or the flag and for impending recruitment efforts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gave President Wilson almost dictatorial powers until 6 months after the war's end. powers included the authority to reorganize executive agencies or create new ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presented by President Wilson in an address to Congress on January 8, 1918, as the basis for peace terms at the close of World War I. |
|
|
Term
| Fourteen Points espoused a belief in the right of all peoples to |
|
Definition
| self determination, as evidenced by recommendations for boundary adjustments along with the creation of new nations. Included also, freedom of the seas, open covenants, adjustment of colonial claims with respect for native populations, free trade, reductions in armaments, and impartial mediation of colonial claims. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| held beginning in Dec. 1918. |
|
|
Term
| Participants of the Paris Peace Conference included |
|
Definition
| David LLoyd George, prime minister of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau, president of France, Vittorio Orlando, prime minister of Italy; and Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States. |
|
|
Term
| League of Nations: On January 25, 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the Allies voted to accept the creation of the League of Nations. |
|
Definition
| would oversea world affairs and prevent future wars. five permanent members: Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S., established in 1920. U.S. Senate rejected the treaty |
|
|
Term
| In 1946 the United Nations replaced the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signed in June 1919, was the peace treaty that ended World War I, failed to receive the necessary two-thirds approval of the Senate because it provided for the creation of the League of Nations. |
|
|
Term
| opponents of the treaty of Versailles. Senators |
|
Definition
| Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson and William E. Borah |
|
|
Term
| 1919 and 1920 strikes: raging inflation, concern about job security, and poor working conditions combined to generate labor discontent |
|
Definition
| In 1919, there were 3,600 strikes. The Great Steel Strike in January 1920 involved 350,000 steel-workers in several Midwestern states, which ended in failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| along with racial violence and labor unrest, the fear of revolution emerged. The Communist victory in the Russian Revolution of 1917 set these fears in motion. |
|
|
Term
| Schenck v. United States (1919) |
|
Definition
| Secretary Schenck of the Socialist Party was accused of distributing anti-draft literature during World War I. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes ruled that free speech was never an absolute right, especially during wartime. |
|
|
Term
| Palmer raids and other anti-Communist measures |
|
Definition
| as attorney general, Palmer set up an antiradical division in the Justice Department and appointed J. Edgar Hoover, a young government attorney, to direct what soon became the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legacy of the Red Scare, the case began with the arrest in May 1920 of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzettie for murder in South Braintree, Massachusetts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During World War I, over half a million blacks migrated from the rural South to industrial cities in search of work. |
|
|
Term
| Railroad Transportation Act (1920) |
|
Definition
| returned the railroads to private control and enlarged the Interstate Commerce Commission to 11 members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created the Federal Power Commission, consisting of the secretaries of war, the interior, and agriculture, and authorized it to license the construction and operation of dams and hydroelectric plants on rivers and streams on public lands of the United States. |
|
|
Term
| For 12 years after 1921, the presidency and the Congress were controlled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Republican candidate Warren G. Harding an obscure Ohio senator defeated Democratic candidate, Ohio Governor James M. Cox and the Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formerly a U.S. senator from Ohio (1915-21) served as president from 1921 until his unexpected death on August 2, 1923 in San Francisco while on a speaking tour. He helped streamline the budged, supported anti-lynching legislation, and was tolerant on civil liberties issues. |
|
|
Term
| Calvin Coolidge succeeded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain friends of President Harding, who, as government appointees were responsible for the scandals of his administration. |
|
|
Term
| Ohio gang included members such as |
|
Definition
| Charles R. Forbes, Harry M. Daughtery, Edwin Denby, and Albert B. Fall. |
|
|
Term
| Veterans Bureau scandal (1923) |
|
Definition
| A senate investigation disclosed that Charles R. Forbes, director of the Veterans Bureau, was responsible for the waste and misappropriation of $250,000,000 of veterans' funds. He was found guilty and received a 2-year prison sentence and a $10,000 fine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the scandals of the Harding administration exposed by a 1924 congressional investigation, chaired by senator Thomas J. Walsh, involved naval oil reserves in Wyoming and Elk Hills, California |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attorney General (1921-24) resigned under pressure in 1924 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harding's Secretary of the Navy (1921-24) he resigned in 1924 as a result of his part in the Teapot Dome scandal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| completed President Harding's term (1923-25) and was then elected for a second term (1925-29) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretary of the treasury, he got Congress to cut taxes on corporate profits, personal incomes, and inheritances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As secretary of commerce under Harding and Coolidge, he worked to promote a more efficient, better organized national economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contest was between incumbent Calvin Coolidge, a Republican, and a Wall Street lawyer, John W. Davis, a Democrat and former ambassador to Great Britain (1918-1921) |
|
|
Term
| Robert Lafollette ran in the election of 1924 on the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Republican, Secretary of Commerce Herbert C. Hoover, defeated the Democratic candidate, Governor of New York, Alfred E. Smith, the first Catholic candidate to run for president, and the Socialist Party candidate, Norman Thomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the Republican president from 1929 to 1933, his administration is generally associated with the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression. At the end of his administration(1933) the Twentieth Amendment was passed, which provides that presidents begin their terms in January. |
|
|
Term
| Palmer raids and other anti-Communist measures |
|
Definition
| as attorney general, Palmer set up an antiradical division in the Justice Department and appointed J. Edgar Hoover, a young government attorney, to direct what soon became the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legacy of the Red Scare, the case began with the arrest in May 1920 of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzettie for murder in South Braintree, Massachusetts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During World War I, over half a million blacks migrated from the rural South to industrial cities in search of work. |
|
|
Term
| Railroad Transportation Act (1920) |
|
Definition
| returned the railroads to private control and enlarged the Interstate Commerce Commission to 11 members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created the Federal Power Commission, consisting of the secretaries of war, the interior, and agriculture, and authorized it to license the construction and operation of dams and hydroelectric plants on rivers and streams on public lands of the United States. |
|
|
Term
| For 12 years after 1921, the presidency and the Congress were controlled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Republican candidate Warren G. Harding an obscure Ohio senator defeated Democratic candidate, Ohio Governor James M. Cox and the Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formerly a U.S. senator from Ohio (1915-21) served as president from 1921 until his unexpected death on August 2, 1923 in San Francisco while on a speaking tour. He helped streamline the budged, supported anti-lynching legislation, and was tolerant on civil liberties issues. |
|
|
Term
| Calvin Coolidge succeeded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain friends of President Harding, who, as government appointees were responsible for the scandals of his administration. |
|
|
Term
| Ohio gang included members such as |
|
Definition
| Charles R. Forbes, Harry M. Daughtery, Edwin Denby, and Albert B. Fall. |
|
|
Term
| Veterans Bureau scandal (1923) |
|
Definition
| A senate investigation disclosed that Charles R. Forbes, director of the Veterans Bureau, was responsible for the waste and misappropriation of $250,000,000 of veterans' funds. He was found guilty and received a 2-year prison sentence and a $10,000 fine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the scandals of the Harding administration exposed by a 1924 congressional investigation, chaired by senator Thomas J. Walsh, involved naval oil reserves in Wyoming and Elk Hills, California |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attorney General (1921-24) resigned under pressure in 1924 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harding's Secretary of the Navy (1921-24) he resigned in 1924 as a result of his part in the Teapot Dome scandal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| completed President Harding's term (1923-25) and was then elected for a second term (1925-29) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretary of the treasury, he got Congress to cut taxes on corporate profits, personal incomes, and inheritances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As secretary of commerce under Harding and Coolidge, he worked to promote a more efficient, better organized national economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contest was between incumbent Calvin Coolidge, a Republican, and a Wall Street lawyer, John W. Davis, a Democrat and former ambassador to Great Britain (1918-1921) |
|
|
Term
| Robert Lafollette ran in the election of 1924 on the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Republican, Secretary of Commerce Herbert C. Hoover, defeated the Democratic candidate, Governor of New York, Alfred E. Smith, the first Catholic candidate to run for president, and the Socialist Party candidate, Norman Thomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the Republican president from 1929 to 1933, his administration is generally associated with the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression. At the end of his administration(1933) the Twentieth Amendment was passed, which provides that presidents begin their terms in January. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paternalistic techniques adopted by industrial employers and designed to weaken the union movement and to remove the causes of industrial discontent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corporate leaders' crusade for the open shop, which received the support of the National Association of Manufacturers in 1920. |
|
|
Term
| Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932) |
|
Definition
| Prohibited the use of injunctions against certain union practices such as strikes, boycotts, and picketing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily because of overproduction, food prices and farm income declined sharply during the 1920s |
|
|
Term
| Emergency Tariff Act (1921) |
|
Definition
| raised the rates on agricultural products; overall, was designed to end the downward trend of tariff rates |
|
|
Term
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) |
|
Definition
| Imposed the highest tariff rates in U.S. history |
|
|
Term
| Mcnary-Haugen Bill (1924-28) |
|
Definition
| agricultural measure, which incorporated the idea of parity (a complex price-raising scheme) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of congressmen who supported bills to aid agriculture |
|
|
Term
| Grain and Cotton Stabilization Corporation (1930) |
|
Definition
| established by the Federal Farm Board and authorized to purchase grain and cotton in order to raise prices, the agency was unsuccessful because commodity prices did not remain at a high level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns of consumption and leisure made the 1920s a distinctive decade, introduced the idea of installment buying(buy now, pay later) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly influential force in shaping popular culture because it promoted the diffusion of common values and attitudes nationwide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| newest form of mass culture during the 1920s |
|
|
Term
| National Broadcasting Company |
|
Definition
| first national radio network was established in 1927 |
|
|
Term
| Leisure public recreation |
|
Definition
| strived as state and local governments built baseball diamonds, swimming pools, golf courses, and tennis courts. Robert Moses created a vast system of highways, parks, playgrounds, and picnic areas. (1920s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Professional sports flourished during the 1920s. Numerous sports heroes emerged: Gene Tunney, Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Bobby Jones, Bill Tilden, Gertrude Ederle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| musical innovation of the decade (1920s) it sparked the term Jazz Age |
|
|
Term
| Ferdinand Morton and Louis Armstrong |
|
Definition
| early jazz musicians were black |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most popular car of the decade(1920) 15 million were mass-produced between 1908 and 1927. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Young American writers and intellectuals who believed the U.S. no longer furnished the means to achieve personal fulfillment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| novel, "A Farewell to Arms" (1929) expressed his generation's contempt for the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Baltimore journalist who ridiculed American life in his magazines, "Smart Set and American Mercury." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| critiqued the American obsession with material success in "The Great Gatsby" and explored the culture of youth in his "This Side of Paradise" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first great American playwright and the only one ever to win a Nobel Prize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Writers, referred to as "fugitives" and "agrarians," who evoked the strong rural traditions of their region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "new professional woman" was a widely publicized image of the 1920s, most working women were not professionals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reforming zeal and associational activity continued in the 1920s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Black intellectuals created a thriving Afro-American culture in New York City's Harlem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jamaican-born leader of a black working-class movement advocating a return to Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| public health nurse led the national birth control movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited immigration from European, Australian, Near Eastern, and African countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made changes in the naturalization laws. an alien woman could no longer acquire automatic U.S. citizenship by marrying a U.S. citizen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limited the number of immigrants admitted to the U.S. in any one year to 164,000 |
|
|
Term
| National Origins act (1929) |
|
Definition
| limited the total number of immigrants admitted to the U.S. in any one year to 150,000. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prime example of nativism in the 1920s, the modern Klan targeted Catholics, Jews, and foreigners as well as blacks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement promoted by provincial men and women, generally from rural America, sought to preserve and maintain traditional region as the center of American life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, transport, or sale of liquor after January 16, 1920 |
|
|
Term
| Washington Naval Conference (1921-22) |
|
Definition
| Initiated by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, it attempted to prevent a naval arms race among the United States, Britain, and Japan |
|
|
Term
| The Five-Power Pact (1922) |
|
Definition
| The United States, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and France agreed to a 10-year naval holiday during which time no new ships would be built. For every 5 tons of American and British warships, Japan would maintain 3 and France and Italy, 1.75 each |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pledged to maintain China's territorial integrity and independence and to support the "open door policy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the United States, Britain, France, and Japan agreed to respect each other's rights in their Pacific island possessions and pledged to settle disputes concerning these areas by joint negotiation |
|
|
Term
| Geneva Naval Disarmament Conference (1927) |
|
Definition
| initiated by President Coolidge to consider limitations on the construction of smaller naval craft, it was attended by only Japan, Great Britain, and the United States, no agreement was reached upon at the Washington Conference. |
|
|
Term
| London Naval Conference (1930) |
|
Definition
| the Five-Power Pact was expanded to cover a full range of warships. |
|
|
Term
| Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) |
|
Definition
| negotiated by French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand and Secretary of State Frank Kellogg who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929, this multilateral treaty outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After World War I, European nations owed debts of about $26 billion. The ability of the Allies to repay the United States depended upon Germany's ability to pay its war debts to the Allies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an American banker negotiated large private loans from American banks to revive the German economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reformulated Dawes Plan to manage future war debts and reparations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the depression in Europe affected the European nations' ability to repay their debts to the United States, President Hoover in 1931 declared a 1-year moratorium on the payment of war debts. |
|
|
Term
| Lusanne Conference (1932) |
|
Definition
| resulted in an Allied agreement that future reparations and debt payments by Germany were impossible, but that Germany should make one last payment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, proposals for U.S. membership in the World Court were defeated by the Senate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The U.S. intervened in Latin American affairs to protect its interests. |
|
|
Term
| Hoover-Stinson Doctrine (1932) |
|
Definition
| stating that the U.S. would refuse to recognize any treaty that impaired the sovereignty of China or infringed on the "open door" policy, the doctrine was enunciated as a response to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. |
|
|
Term
| While the stock market crash of 1929 was the first sign of the Great Depression, other factors explain why this depression was so severe and why it lasted so long |
|
Definition
| a flawed stock market was only one economic weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U.S. economy depended upon a few basic industries, particularly construction and automobiles. At the end of 1920s these industries began to decline. The newer petroleum, chemical, and plastic industries were not strong enough to compensate |
|
|
Term
| Mal-distribution of purchasing power |
|
Definition
| proportion of profits from industrial and agricultural production going to farmers, workers, and other consumers was too small to create an adequate market, resulting in low consumer demand versus an ever-increasing supply. |
|
|
Term
| Banks and the credit structure |
|
Definition
| throughout the 1920s, farmers were in debt, Their land was mortgaged, and crop prices were too low to allow them to pay off debts to banks |
|
|
Term
| America's position in international trade |
|
Definition
| During the 1920s exports were a significant factor in the U.S. economy. Demand for American goods declined by the end of the decade when European industry and agriculture improved. |
|
|
Term
| International debt structure |
|
Definition
| European nations that had been aligned with the United States during World War I owed large amounts of money to American banks. |
|
|
Term
| Stock market crash (October 1929) |
|
Definition
| caused by over-speculation in stocks, expansion in some industries, and overproduction of agricultural products, followed by deflated prices, easy credit, and the collapse of the market overseas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set off by the stock market crash in October, overextension of loans, and the inflationary trend that had begun in 1924. Effects included widespread unemployment, bank closings, and mortgage foreclosures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small numbers of intellectuals, artists, workers, and blacks became involved in radical causes during the Great Depression |
|
|
Term
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff (19330) |
|
Definition
| an attempt to protect American farmers from international competition by raising agricultural tariffs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest peacetime tax increase up to that time. represented Hoover's response to the Federal Reserve's contraction on the money supply. |
|
|
Term
| Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1932) |
|
Definition
| Made government securities available to back Federal Reserve notes |
|
|
Term
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) |
|
Definition
| Lent money to banks, railroad companies, agricultural associations, and insurance companies in an effort to revive the economy and stop deflation. |
|
|
Term
| Home Loan Bank Act (1932) |
|
Definition
| Passed to encourage new home construction and reduce foreclosures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In June 1932, over 20,000 unemployed veterans marched on Washington D.C., petitioning Congress to make immediate payment of a bonus to all who had served in World War I. |
|
|
Term
| Form Holiday Association (1932) |
|
Definition
| organization formed by a group of unhappy farmers in Des Moines, Iowa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt(who had been a New York State legislator, assistant secretary of the navy under Wilson, a vice-presidential candidate in 1920, and a two-term governor of New York) Roosevelt promised the American people a new deal and received 57 percent of the popular. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between March 9 and June 16, 1933 a special session of Congress enacted a series of laws dealing with the banking crisis and other conditions resulting from the Great Depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of special advisors assisted President Roosevelt in developing a program for reconstructing the country. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roosevelt explained various New Deal projects in these talks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programs that Roosevelt proposed encompassed to provide immediate help to the poor and unemployed, bring business back from the depths of bankruptcy, introduce into the economic system long-range changes that would prevent future depressions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On March 6, 19933 President Roosevelt, by proclamation, declared a 4-day national banking holiday by suspending all transactions of banking institutions. |
|
|
Term
| Emergency Banking Act (1933) |
|
Definition
| provided for the reopening of banks under supervision of the Federal Reserve and permitted that RFC to purchase stock in the national banks. |
|
|
Term
| Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933) |
|
Definition
| separated commercial and investment banking and restricted the use of bank credit for speculative purposes |
|
|
Term
| Truth in Securities Act (1933) |
|
Definition
| required that all corporations securities offered for interstate sale be registered with the Federal Trade Commission |
|
|
Term
| Securities and Exchange Commission (1934) |
|
Definition
| created to police the stock market |
|
|
Term
| Silver Purchase Act (1934) |
|
Definition
| designed to increase the price of silver and to strengthen the economy, it provided for the purchase of silver by the U.S. Treasury until the total value of such silver reached one-third the value of the government's gold stock, or until the price of silver reached $1.29 per ounce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enabled the president to fix the devaluation of the dollar at 50 to 60 cents in relation to its gold content, purchase all gold stock in Federal Reserve banks, and place it in the U.S. Treasury, setting up a fund to stabilize the dollar. |
|
|
Term
| Reciprocity Trade Agreement Act (1934) |
|
Definition
| Authorized the president to negotiate agreements with other nations and reduce U.S. tariff rates by as much as 50 percent in return for lower foreign tariffs on U.S. exports |
|
|
Term
| Export-Import Bank (1934) |
|
Definition
| created to make loans or guarantee loans to private sources for the encouragement of foreign trade. |
|
|
Term
| Revenue Wealth Tax Act (1935) |
|
Definition
| income tax rates remained unchanged, but surtaxes on net incomes ranged from 31 percent on incomes of $50,000 to 75 percent on incomes over $5 million. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represented a significant consolidation of federal control of the country's banks. |
|
|
Term
| Home Owners Loan Corporation (1933) |
|
Definition
| created to provide funds to be used in refinancing first mortgages at low interest rates on homes evaluated at less than $20,000; money was lent and new long-term mortgages were arranged. |
|
|
Term
| Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933) |
|
Definition
| Established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), headed by Harry Hopkins, which gave cash grants to states to bolster state relief agencies. |
|
|
Term
| Civil Works Administration (1933) |
|
Definition
| provided work relief for over 4 million unemployed men. |
|
|
Term
| Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (1935) |
|
Definition
| created the Works Progress Administration (WPA), led by Harry Hopkins, as the main federal relief agency from 1935 to 1943. |
|
|
Term
| Social Security Act (August 1935) |
|
Definition
| significant piece of social welfare legislation that created many programs |
|
|
Term
| Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) |
|
Definition
| allowed the secretary of agriculture to make subsidy payments to farmers who reduced their production of cotton, wheat, corn, rice, tobacco, and dairy products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created the Farm Credit administration which lent money to farmers at low interest rates to halt foreclosures on farms; all farm credit agencies were placed under its control. |
|
|
Term
| Commodity Credit Corporation (1933) |
|
Definition
| Authorized loans to farmers for crops stored on their farms or in warehouses. |
|
|
Term
| Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) |
|
Definition
| charted by Congress and given the authority to acquire, construct, and operate dams, manufacture and distribute nitrate and fertilizer, generate and sell electric power, assist in rural electrification, help control floods, reclaim land, prevent soil erosion, and improve economic and social conditions. |
|
|
Term
| Rural Electrification Administration (1935) |
|
Definition
| introduced electric service to rural areas without electricity. |
|
|
Term
| Resettlement Administration (1935) |
|
Definition
| this agency and its successor the Farm Security Administration, established in 1937, attempted through loans to help farmers cultivate sub-marginal soil and resettle on better land. |
|
|
Term
| Civilian Conservation Corps (1933) |
|
Definition
| established to provide employment for 500,000 men. |
|
|
Term
| Public Works Administration (1933) |
|
Definition
| Established under NIRA and headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it promoted work relief by distributing money for public works programs. It received $3.3 billion for the construction, repair, or improvement of public buildings, roads, and other projects. |
|
|
Term
| Support for literature and the arts |
|
Definition
| Under the WPA, four projects were included: Federal Writers Project, Federal Arts Project, Federal Music Project, and the Federal Theater Project |
|
|
Term
| National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (1933) |
|
Definition
| created the National Recovery Administration, headed by Hugh S. Johnson, a retired general and businessman |
|
|
Term
| National Labor Relations Act (July 1935) |
|
Definition
| also known as the Wagner Act, it established the National Labor Relations Board. |
|
|
Term
| Wheeler-Howard Act (Indian Reorganization Act) (1935) |
|
Definition
| ended the program of distributing Indian tribal lands on an individual basis. |
|
|
Term
| American Liberty League (1934) |
|
Definition
| composed of wealthy Northern industrialists and conservative Democrats (about 125,000 members) led by the DuPont family. opposed the New Deal's attacks on free enterprise and its "dictatorial" policies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an elderly California physician who attracted more than 5 million members with his plan (the townsend plan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed paying pensions of $200 per month to all unemployed persons over 60. |
|
|
Term
| Father Charles E. Coughlin |
|
Definition
| catholic priest in Royal Oak, Michigan, a Detroit suburb, who organized the National Union for Social Justice, which promoted his views. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was governor and senator from Louisiana and had presidential ambitions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created in 1935 as a national organization, had about 4 million members in 1935 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| running against Alfred M. Landon, the Republican governor of Kansas (1933-37) and William Lenke of North Dakota, nominated by the Union Party formed by Coughlin, Townsend, and Long supports, Roosevelt received almost 61 percent of the popular vote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| judiciary reorganization bill was submitted to Congress in February 1937 by Roosevelt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Began in the fall of 1937 and lasted for 9 months. |
|
|
Term
| Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act (1937) |
|
Definition
| Created the Farm Security Administration, which was authorized to extend low-interest rate loans, repayable in small installments, to farm tenants and sharecroppers. |
|
|
Term
| Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) |
|
Definition
| Established a minimum wage (40 cents/hour initially), a maximum work week of 40 hours, and an official rate of time-and-a-half for overtime work, and abolished child labor in industries producing goods for interstate commerce. |
|
|
Term
| "New" Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938) |
|
Definition
| designed to replace the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, declared unconstitutional in 1936 |
|
|
Term
| House Un-American Activities Committee (May 1938) |
|
Definition
| investigated chairman Martin Dies of Texas, liberal groups, labor leaders, New Dealers, and Communists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| did not end the Great Depression, but did prevent further decay of the economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economy was stabilized through the increased regulatory functions of the federal government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The New Deal made the federal government a protector of interest groups and a mediator of the competition among them. |
|
|
Term
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (1935) |
|
Definition
| Founded within the American Federation of Labor (AFL), it was reorganized in 1938 by John L. Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term referring to blacks whom Roosevelt appointed to significant second-level positions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaped limited benefits from the New Deal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Native Americans benefited to some extent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933) |
|
Definition
| Trade opportunities precipitated from this event |
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal Trade Agreement (1934) |
|
Definition
| The president could raise or lower tariffs without congressional approval in return for reciprocal concessions from other nations. |
|
|
Term
| Good neighbor policy: Developed by Secretary of State |
|
Definition
| Cordell Hull at the Seventh International Conference of American States, held in Montevideo, Uruguay. |
|
|
Term
| Buenos Aires Conference (1936) |
|
Definition
| Roosevelt attended this conference, where the American states agreed to consult together whenever any one of them was threatened by aggression and to remain neutral if hostilities broke out between any two of them. |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of Lima (1938) |
|
Definition
| commitment by the 21 American states that they would resist all threats to their peace and security. |
|
|
Term
| declaration of Panama (1939) |
|
Definition
| Established a security zone around the Americas and warned belligerent powers not to undertake hostile action in the area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pledge by the foreign ministers of American states to prevent the transfer of any European possessions in the Western Hemisphere to any other European power. |
|
|
Term
| Pittman Resolution (1940) |
|
Definition
| approved military and economic aid to any Latin American nations threatened by aggression; aim was to fortify Western Hemispheric defenses. |
|
|
Term
| United States-Mexico Oil Agreement (1941) |
|
Definition
| prevented the nationalizing of American and British owned oil lands by the Mexican government of Lazaro Cardenas |
|
|
Term
| Nye munitions investigation (1934) |
|
Definition
| A Senate committee under Senator Gerald P. Nye examined the influence of economic interests on America's decision to enter World War I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| authorized the president to declare an embargo of up to 6 months on arms shipments to any country where a state of war existed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continued the Neutrality Act of 1935 and added loans and credits to the list of items forbidden to belligerent nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Authorized the president to determine when a state of war existed or a civil war was a threat to peace. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repealed the arms embargo for England and France |
|
|
Term
| Spanish Civil War (1936-37) |
|
Definition
| Falangists, under General Francesco Franco, revolted against the existing constitutional monarchy |
|
|
Term
| "Quarantine" speech (October 5, 1937) |
|
Definition
| Roosevelt indicated his opposition to the isolationist attitude of the neutrality acts |
|
|
Term
| Panay incident (December 12, 1937) |
|
Definition
| Japanese planes bombed the U.S. gunboat Panay and three oil tankers on the Yangtze River in China, killing two Americans. |
|
|
Term
| Selective Service and Training Act (Burke-Wadworth Act) (1940) |
|
Definition
| established the first peacetime military draft in America, and required the registration of men between 21 and 35 (later between 18 and 64) |
|
|
Term
| National Defense Advisory Commission (May 1940) |
|
Definition
| headed by General Motors President William B. Knudsen, this agency was created to obtain materials, manage labor problems, control prices, supervise transportation, and encourage industrial and farm production. |
|
|
Term
| National Defense Research Committee (June 1940) |
|
Definition
| created to develop scientific research for military purposes. |
|
|
Term
| Aid to Britain (September 1940) |
|
Definition
| two measures were significant. Roosevelt traded 50 U.S. World War I destroyers for 99-year leases on a number of British air and naval bases in the West indies and the Atlantic. The Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) authorized the president to lend or lease arms and equipment to nations whose defense he considered vital to the United States. |
|
|
Term
| War preparation viewpoints |
|
Definition
| Two opposing groups sought to influence Congress and the public |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Document issued by Roosevelt and Churchill during their secret meeting near Newfoundland; it proclaimed war aims and common principles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cited by Roosevelt in a speech to Congress, freedom of speech, religions, from want, and from fear. |
|
|
Term
| Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) |
|
Definition
| Japanese assets in the United States had been frozen in response to Japanese aggression in Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roosevelt won 55 percent of the popular vote and a third term in office |
|
|
Term
| War Powers Act (December 1941) |
|
Definition
| Gave the president emergency authority to create new executive agencies and reorganize existing ones. |
|
|
Term
| Office of Price Administration (January 1942) |
|
Definition
| Set price ceilings on all goods except farm produce, and established rent controls to protect consumers' interest and prevent inflation. |
|
|
Term
| War Production Board (January 1942) |
|
Definition
| supervised production and supply |
|
|
Term
| National War Labor Board (January 1942) |
|
Definition
| mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes in war industries; was later given authority to stabilize wages |
|
|
Term
| War Manpower Commission (April 1942) |
|
Definition
| Created to determine how industry, agriculture, and government could be ensured of adequate labor supply |
|
|
Term
| Office of War Information (June 1942) |
|
Definition
| Coordinated war news issued by government agencies, and used press, motion pictures, and radio to convey this information to Americans |
|
|
Term
| Office of Strategic Services (June 1942) |
|
Definition
| Created to engage in intelligence activities in foreign countries and to evaluate intelligence information |
|
|
Term
| Office of Civilian Defense (1942) |
|
Definition
| Directed a program of civilian defense in case of a direct attack on the United States. |
|
|
Term
| "No strike" pledge and "little steel" formula |
|
Definition
| During the war, unions agreed not to stop production by striking |
|
|
Term
| Anti-inflation Act (1942) |
|
Definition
| authorized the administration to freeze agricultural prices, salaries, wages, and rents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased corporate income taxes to a maximum of 40 percent and set a flat rate of 90 percent on excess profits. |
|
|
Term
| Smith-Connally Act (1943) |
|
Definition
| Enabled the president to seize plants where war production was threatened by strikes |
|
|
Term
| Fair Employment Practices Commission |
|
Definition
| investigates discrimination against blacks in war industries |
|
|
Term
| Smith v. Allwright (1944) |
|
Definition
| The Supreme Court ruled that Texas' all-white primary election was unconstitutional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were American citizens of Japanese ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unnaturalized Japanese-born immigrants living in the United States |
|
|
Term
| In 1944 the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the relocations (Korematsu v. United States), |
|
Definition
| but later that year, after Roosevelt's relection, most Japanese-Americans were released. |
|
|
Term
| Women played an active role during WWI |
|
Definition
| most worked in heavy industrial jobs (e.g. as riveters, welders, blast furnace cleaners, drill press operators) giving rise to the name "Rosie the riveter." |
|
|
Term
| Casablanca Conference (January 1943) |
|
Definition
| Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to establish a second front in Europe, to invade Europe through Sicily and Italy, and to continue the war until the "unconditional surrender" of all enemies. |
|
|
Term
| Teheran Conference (November-December 1943) |
|
Definition
| Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed to open a second front within 6 months. |
|
|
Term
| Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944) |
|
Definition
| Representatives of the United States, Great Britain, the U.S.S.R. and China formulated a plan to create the United Nations (UN). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Running against Roosevelt was 42-year old Thomas E. Dewey, Republican governor of New York. Roosevelt received 53 percent of the popular vote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provided education, medical care, job training, unemployment pensions, and compensation, and offered mortgage loans to male and female war veterans |
|
|
Term
| Yalta Conference (February 1945) |
|
Definition
| Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide a defeated Germany into occupation zones. |
|
|
Term
| Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) |
|
Definition
| When Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945, the war in Europe ended. |
|
|
Term
| Potsdam Conference (July 1945) |
|
Definition
| Truman, Attlee, and Stalin drew up plans for the reconstruction of Europe and for dealing with a defeated Germany. |
|
|
Term
| Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) |
|
Definition
| The United States dropped an atomic bomb, secretly developed during the war via the Manhattan Project, on these two Japanese cities, and the Japanese surrendered soon afterward. |
|
|
Term
| Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day) |
|
Definition
| On August 15, 1945, the war with Japan ended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an international military tribunal tried major war criminals at Nuremberg, Germany (1945-46) and in Tokyo, Japan (1946-48) In Germany, 12 criminals were sentenced to be hanged; in Japan, 7. |
|
|
Term
| Legacy of WWII: New U.S. position |
|
Definition
| minor casualties compared to the other Allies and to the Axis powers. Only nation possessing the atomic bomb, became a superpower and assumed leadership in world affairs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many items were rationed during the war and continued to be in short supply for some time thereafter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal bureaucracy expanded dramatically during the war, as did federal power. |
|
|
Term
| After FDR's untimely death in April 1945, |
|
Definition
| Harry S. Truman assumed the presidency. Largely inexperienced in foreign policy, he viewed the Soviet Union with suspicion and dislike |
|
|
Term
| Containment: George F. Kennan |
|
Definition
| an influential diplomat, proclaimed that U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union should focus on the containment of Russia's expansive tendencies, a principle later enunciated as the Truman Doctrine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| President Truman's foreign policy principle, stated before Congress on March 12, 1947 viewed communism as an ideological threat that must be met anywhere in the world, even if it did not directly involve the Soviet Union. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Announced by Secretary of State George C. Marshall at Harvard University commencement in 1947. Approved by Congress in 1948 and known as the European Recovery Program, it granted over $12 billion of economic assistance to European nations. |
|
|
Term
| Atomic Energy Commission (1946) |
|
Definition
| established by the McMahon Act, it promoted the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes and safeguarded national security. |
|
|
Term
| National Security Act (1947) |
|
Definition
| established a new Department of Defense, the National Security Council (NSC), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The United States and 20 other American nations agreed to provide for the security of all American nations against acts of aggression. All would determine what action to take against an aggressor of any one of them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| England, France, and the United States had merged their occupation zones into a new West German republic. |
|
|
Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949) |
|
Definition
| Formed by 12 Western European nations, declaring that an armed attack against one member constituted an attack against all. NATO countries would maintain a military force in Europe as defense against a possible Soviet invasion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A response to NATO, this military alliance aligned the Soviet Union with Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria |
|
|
Term
| Soviets explode atomic bomb (1949) |
|
Definition
| This shocking revelation by President Truman on Sept 22, 1949 encouraged the arms races between the superpowers. |
|
|
Term
| Point Four Program (1949) |
|
Definition
| Proposed by President Truman, it offered technical assistance, sponsored and financed largely by the United States, to underdeveloped nations. |
|
|
Term
| Establishment of Communist China (1949) |
|
Definition
| The Nationalist forced under Chiang Kai-shek were defeated by the Communist forces and fled to the island of Taiwan in December 1949. |
|
|
Term
| Japan as ally: American occupation of Japan ended in |
|
Definition
| 1951, when a peace treaty was signed. A security treaty, also signed, gave the United States military bases in Japan. |
|
|
Term
| Conflict in Korea: in 1948, |
|
Definition
| The Republic of (South) Korea was established, as well as the People's Republic (North Korea). |
|
|
Term
| When Douglas MacArthur commander of the troops, sought to expand military operations against the Chinese, |
|
Definition
| he was removed from his command by President Truman |
|
|
Term
| United States-Philippines Security Treaty (1951) |
|
Definition
| The two nations agreed to consult together on measures of self-defense in case of an armed attack on either |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The United States, Australia, and New Zealand agreed to settle disputes among themselves peacefully and to consult together when any signer was threatened by an attack in the Pacific area. |
|
|
