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American History 1812-1837
diplomatic history Assertive Republic
53
History
Undergraduate 4
10/01/2011

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Term
After the War of 1812, European imperialism shifted to...
Definition
Africa and Asia
Term
When did two periods of Depression occur after the War of 1812?
Definition
1819 and 1837
Term
What was the Missouri Compromise?
Definition
Missouri admitted to union as a slave state but slavery was prohibited past 36/30 parallel.  Maine was admitted as a free state.
Term
What was the "firebell in the night?"
Definition
How Thomas Jefferson described the slavery issue.
Term
Name 4 innovations that fed the American economy after War of 1812?
Definition
Roads, canals, steamboats and the cotton gin.
Term
What were the 7 features of Henry Clay's "American System" for economics?
Definition

national self-sufficiency

domestic manufacturing

expansion of home markets

protective tariffs

a national bank

federal financing of improvement projects

Federalism

Term
What was the main difference b/w Federalism and Republicanism?
Definition
Federalism favored a stronger central government, Republicanism favored stronger state governments.
Term
What was one major difference b/t the Federalists and National Republicans?
Definition
Federalists favored concentration on domestic manufacturing for domestic markets, Republicans favored rapid commercial and territorial expansion.
Term
What was the difference b/t Jefferson's vision for America and John Q Adams vision?
Definition
Jefferson predicted a series of independent republics.  John Q Adams worked toward a single nation covering much of N. America.
Term
What President was described as the "last of the Virginia dynasty?"
Definition
James Monroe
Term
What was one way that Monroe differered from his predecessors (especially Jefferson?)
Definition
Diplomatic functions b/c much more formal
Term
What was John Q Adams during the Monroe administration?
Definition
Secretary of State
Term
What happened to US political parties after War of 1812?
Definition
Federalism died out around 1815, to be replaced by the Whig party.  Whigs also favored a national bank and strong central government.
Term
Monroe made diplomatic functions more formal.  Name two more differences he made in US foreign relations?
Definition

Doubled the number of consuls, with many in Latin America

increased size of the Navy

Term
Who negotiated trade treaties with Tahiti and Hawaii?
Definition
Thomas Jones of USS Peacock
Term
What does "most favored nation" mean in trade?
Definition
commercial treaty binding the signatories to extend trading benefits equal to those accorded any third state. 

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/most-favored-nation#ixzz1ZX3JdL00
Term
Describe "reciprocity treaty policy"
Definition

1. We abolish discriminatory duties/shipping charges in exchange for shipping concessions from the other state.

2.  We will also retailiate in event of discriminatory policies.

3.  We make agreements with the other country without consideration of that country's relalationship with its enemies.

Term
When did reciprocity treaties start to develop?
Definition
1815
Term
What actions did US take after War of 1812 regarding foreign debts?
Definition

U S pursued repayment of debts owed by France.  France responded with demand that we repay loans they had made during the Revolutionary War.

 

We were able to collect debts on a small scale from Russia.

Term
What kind of commercial agreements occured during Monroe and Adams administration?
Definition

12 commercial treaties

 

reciprocity with Britain and several smaller European countries

 

Russia granted most favored nation status

 

short-lived trade agreements with Latin America

 

Term
What was the triangular trade as described in this period?
Definition

Sugar or molasses shipped from Caribbean to US or Europe

Sugar used to make rum

Profits from sugar used for manufactured goods

Goods used to barter for slaves in W. Africa

Slaves sold to planters in Caribbean and US

Term
How did Spain first respond to US attempts to gain Florida?
Definition

Spain tried to limit US to lands east of Ms River and require that we not recognize new Latin American governments.

 

We insisted on extending to the Colorado River and the ability to recognize LA governments after a "gentlemanly delay."

Term
Why was the US so eager to acquire Florida?
Definition

Spain had allowed Florida to degenerate into a haven for pirates, British agitators, and escaped slaves.

 

Florida would also serve a vital role for ports and defense.

Term
Who did Monroe send to Florida to "clean house?"
Definition

Andrew Jackson with 3,000 regulars and state militia and several thousand Creeks.

 

Jackson's campaign successful but served to expand slavery and Indian removal.

Term
How did Monroe and Adams differ over Jackson's mission?
Definition

Monroe maintained "plausible deniability" in case Jackson went wild.

 

Adams defended Jackson in terms of morality, national mission and destiny.

Term
What was the Transcontinental Treaty and when did it occur?
Definition
1819 - Spain kept TX but ceded all of Florida and the Spanish Northwest.  U.S. also assumed $5 million worth of debt owed by Spain to US citizens.
Term
What was the Anglo American Convention and when did it occur?
Definition
1818 - US and Britain agreed to share Oregon Territory for 10 years, with US expected to assume control after that.
Term
What was British foreign secretary Canning's response to Spanish actions?
Definition

1823 - Canning proposed that Britain and US make a joint statement opposing Spanish recolonization and denying British and US designs on Latin America.

 

We thought he was crazy.

Term
What were the US main objections to Canning's proposal?
Definition

It would make us look like a "little dog" tagging along after a "big dog" in foreign affairs.

 

British could use it against us to keep us out of Cuba.

Term
What was the Monroe Doctrine and when did it occur?
Definition

"HANDS OFF OUR HEMISPHERE!"

 

1823 - Monroe stated before Congress that any European effort at colonization or re-colonization in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US.

Term
Name two ways that the Monroe Doctrine was "fuzzy."
Definition

It was not a law, just a statement made to Congress.

 

Did not make clear how we would prioritize colonization efforts in northern hemisphere vs southern hemisphere.

Did not make clear exactly how we would respond to European agression in Latin America.

 

Statement probably fuzzy on purpose, to allow us room to take different actions depending on circumstances.

Term
What were some of the responses to the Monroe Doctrine?
Definition
European countries angered, but they did turn their attentions to Africa and Asia.
Term
What was unique about Thomas Jefferson and John Adams?
Definition
They both died on July 4, 1826, 50 years after the Declaration of Independence.
Term
What was the "First Great Awakening" in US history?
Definition

Period of active religious revival, led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.  

 

1720-1750

 

Meetings encouraged emotional responses as evidence of working of Holy Spirit

Term
What was the "Second Great Awakening" in US history?
Definition

period of active religious revival

 

1820-1870

 

featured much anticipation of the return of Christ, and many new religious denominations

 

movement also sent many missionaries to foreign countries

Term
How did the US view Latin America during this period?
Definition

U S feared the new countries would fall back under Spanish rule, or form trading blocs that would compete with US interests.

 

Adams, Clay and many others saw Latin American countries as fledglings in need of American ideas and guidance.

Term
Give 4 examples of US interference in Latin America?
Definition

Raguet's public contempt of Brazilian monarchy

 

Poinsett and Freemason attempt to instigate rebellion against Mexican government

 

US charge intrudes into Chilean debate over principles of government

 

US publicly backed Simon Bolivar in Bolivia and Columbia but plotted with his enemies

Term
Describe the overall position of the US toward Latin American governments
Definition

US pursued conditional recognition without making concrete promises of assistance

 

US preferred Cuba ruled by Spain rather than an independent Cuba or Cuba ruled by Mexico or Columbia

Term
What was the "Panama Congress?"
Definition

Simon Bolivar's summit meeting to unite South American in case they needed to defend themselves against Spain.

 

Adams and Clay supported the idea with some reservations, Crawford, VP Calhoun, and Andrew Jackson opposed.

 

The Congress assembled in 1826 but US did not send a representative.

Term
What was unusual about the Presidential election of 1826?
Definition

Jackson won the electoral vote but lost to Monroe when the election was referred to the House of Representatives.

 

Jackson then built organizations that vigourously opposed Monroe's policies, leading to deeper divisions b/w political parties.

Term
When did Jackson serve as President?
Definition
1830 and 1834 (served until 1837)
Term
Describe 3 features of Jackson's administration
Definition

Had 4 secretaries of state in 8 years, did a lot of policy making himself

 

"Spoils system"

 

Used diplomatic service for political ends

Term
What were 2 major issues during Jackson administration?
Definition

Nullification controversy - South Carolina declared Federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional

 

 

Bank wars - Jackson opposed and finally ended the Second Bank of the United States, in favor of holding federal funds in state banks

 

 

No major foreign policy issues

Term
Major accomplishments of Jackson administration?
Definition

Pursued new trade markets

Almost doubled our exports

New treaties with Middle East and East Asia

Settled US debt with France

Term
Describe 1831 incident b/w USS Lexington and the Falkland Islands
Definition
Need to look up
Term
What was the "Pepper Coast incident" in 1831?
Definition
US Merchant ship "Friendship" attacked by Malayan pirates.  Jackson responded with warship Potomac.  Set a precedent that came to be known as "gunboat diplomacy."
Term
Calhoun on Indians
Definition
"Our views of their interest, and not their own, ought to govern them."
Term
Clay on Indians
Definition
"Their disappearance from the human family will be no great loss to the world."
Term
Terms of 1830 Indian Removal Act
Definition
Indians were supposed to have the chance to submit to state law and stay in place, but state officials proceeded with forceful removal.
Term
Results of Indian Removal Act
Definition

U S acquired over 100 million acres of land and 30 million acres in the West, all for $70 million.

 

46,000 Indians removed

 

Cherokees resisted the longest, finally removed by Van Buren on the "Trail of Tears."

Term
Who were the two US officials posted in Mexico who did much to damage relations b/w the two countries?
Definition
Poinsett and Butler
Term
When did Tx win independence from Mexico?
Definition
1836 Battle of San Jacinto
Term
What was another name for the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819?
Definition
Transcontinental Treaty
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