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| The name applied to a number of Native American societies in the Ohio Valley that built burial mounds, used stone tools, and made pottery. |
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| This Southwestern Indian culture built extensive canal systems for irrigation to grow maize. They lived in permanent villages of several hundred people. |
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| The shift from hunting and gathering to farming that began in the American Southwest around 5500 B.C. This led to larger, more permanent settlements. |
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| To maintain equilibrium and interdependence between individuals of unequal power and prestige, Native Americans gave gifts and traded goods. |
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| The type of government in which political power is exercised locally by private individuals rather than through a centralized bureaucracy. |
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| The political body, the first representative assembly in the New World, met for the first time in 1619. |
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| the 1754 proposal, drawn up by Benjamin franklin, to form a colonial union with a representative assembly and an army; the plan was not adopted by the colonial assemblies. |
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| The war in North America (1754-1763) that was part of a worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain; it ended with the defeat of France. |
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| The treaty that ended the French and Indian War; it gave all of French Canada and Spanish Florida to Great Britain. |
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| The British policy that banned white settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains; it was intended to reduce conflict between whites and Indians but only antagonized settlers. |
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| British court in which judges without juries heard cases involving shipping and smuggling cases. |
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| Massachusetts revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized resistance to the Stamp Act and took part in the Boston Tea Party. |
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| The Boston merchant who served as lieutenant governor of Massachusetts and later governor of Massachusetts; his efforts to enforce the Stamp Act prompted a mob to destroy his house. |
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| The 1766 British law that asserted Parliament's right to make laws for and impose taxes on the American colonies. |
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| The 1767 British laws that required the colonials to pay duties on manufactured goods-such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea-imported from Great Britain. |
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| The Philadelphia lawyer who wrote "Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer" in which he stated the colonial position that Parliament could regulate trade but not tax colonials. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| In September 1774 delegates from all the colonies except Georgia met in Philadelphia to protect the Coercive Acts. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| Delegates from the colonies who met annually from 1775-1781 to direct the war effort, conduct foreign policy, and raise funds for the war. |
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| In 1775 the Second Continental Congress adopted this resolution offering to end armed resistance if the king would withdraw his troops and revoke the Intolerable Acts. |
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| Coercive (Intolerable) Acts |
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| The four acts passed by Parliament in 1774 to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party. |
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| These American victories in New Jersey raised the morale of the Continental Army and increased popular support for the patriot cause. |
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This stunning American victory over General Burgoyne gave a powerful boost to American self-confidence and led to the French alliance with the United States in the war against Britain.
*TURNING POINT* |
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| The American writer, inventor, and diplomat who negotiated the French Alliance in 1778. |
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| The Virginian who led militia forces in capturing key British forts in the Northwest Territory, lessening Indian attacks in the west and giving the U.S. claim to this area. |
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| The British commanded of British forces that invaded the interior of the Carolinas; he was forced to surrender at Yorktown on October 19, 1781. |
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| In August 1780, the American army commended by Horatio Gates suffered a humiliating defeat by the British. |
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| Battle of King's Mountain |
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| Colonial militiamen from the western Carolinas defeated a force of loyalists here in October 1780. |
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| The American commander in the Carolinas who offered pardons to loyalists, made alliances with the local Indian tribes, and divided his forces to wear down the British forces. |
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| In January 1781 American forces under General Daniel Morgan defeated a superior British forces. |
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| Battle of Guilford Courthouse |
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| Though the Americans were forced to withdraw from this battle, the British losses were so great that they retreated to the coast of get fresh supplies. |
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| In this treaty, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States, agreed to its boundaries, and called for the payment of prewar debts. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| The first national constitution of the United States that created as association of states with a central government that had limited powers. |
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| The confederation law that created a system for the survey, division, and sale of public lands in the Northwest Territory. |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| The law that established a plan for the admission of new states in Northwest Territory to the Union, protected the liberties of new settlers through a bill of rights, and banned slavery north of the Ohio River. |
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| The Virginia delegate who created the Virginia Plan as a framework for a new national government. His contributions to the Constitution of 1787 were so important that he has been called the "father of the Constitution." |
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| The plan for a new government that included three separate branches with representation in a bicameral national legislature based on population. A modified version of this plan was the framework for the new constitution. |
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| The nationalists created a strong central government with the constitution and all laws or treaties made under it the supreme law of the land. |
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| A framework of government in which each state exists within the framework of national government with the states and central government sharing or dividing powers. |
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-came to America as slaves
-Antislavery movement: opposition to slavery that began slowly during the revolutionary period
-Emancipation Proclamation: freed all slaves in Confederate held territory; changed the nature of the Civil War
-13th Amendment: ended slavery in all U.S. territories |
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Puritan orthodoxy that was supposed to govern the Massachusetts Bay Colony
-Wanted to establish a pure and godly church and society that will conform to God's will |
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| Spain's Early Colonization Efforts |
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-Ponce de Leon came to Florida in search of gold and slaves
-De Soto roamed the Southeast in search of the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola
-Essentially Spain's only interest in North America was in Ft. Augustine, FL
Their colonies outside of Florida barely survived or failed |
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| France's Early Colonization Efforts |
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-First tried Canada, but failed due to sickness and Indians
-Huguneots made a base in South Carolina, but they didn't last |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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-Adopted July 4th, 1776
-Basis for our government
-Idea of equality/equal opportunity
-The people have their own government
-Government should be the servant, not the master |
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Key Events:
-Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson's purchase of interior North America from France virtually doubled the size of the U.S.
-Lewis and Clark Expedition: two-year exploration of newly acquired territory; a scientific treasure trove |
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In the beginning, Britain had major advantages in population, economic development, and military preparedness. British support for their side of the war faded though as their national debt increased. Peace negotiations began after Cornwallis surrendered.
-Whigs: supporters of the Revolution
-Loyalists: opponents of the Revolution |
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| Constitutional system designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the other two |
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| Written frameworks of government that defined the people as sovereign, new states had to deal with problems of economic depression, east-west conflict, and conflict between the states. |
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| Created a new framework, federalism, allowing shared power between state and national governments, and embodied the separation of powers and checks and balances as a way to protect against too strong a government. |
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| How the Constitution was developed |
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The delegates: "Young Men of the Revolution"
-Sam Adams
-Patrick Henry
-John Hancock
-George Washington: chairman of delegates
-James Madison: author of the Virginia Plan, took debate notes
Benjamin Franklin: the eldest statesman at 86 |
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| Washington's Administration |
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-Commander of the Continental Army; main factor in American success, eventual President of the U.S.
-Foreign Policy: Proclamation of Neutrality |
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| How the Constitution was developed |
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The delegates: "Young Men of the Revolution"
-Sam Adams
-Patrick Henry
-John Hancock
-George Washington: chairman of delegates
-James Madison: author of the Virginia Plan, took debate notes
Benjamin Franklin: the eldest statesman at 86 |
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| Washington's Administration |
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-Commander of the Continental Army; main factor in American success, eventual President of the U.S.
-Foreign Policy: Proclamation of Neutrality |
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Rose out of opposition to Hamilton's economic policies, centralization of power in the federal government, taxes, and Washington's pro-British stance
-Federalists: organized by Hamilton
-Republicans: organized by Jefferson and Madison |
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| Undeclared Franco-American naval conflict in the Caribbean from 1798-1800, U.S. only lost one ship |
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| French demanded bribes from American negotiators: triggered great anger |
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Phrase coined to describe beliefs of ardent expressionists
-Where did we extend to in 1850? PACIFIC OCEAN! |
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| Mostly in the North, Americans were beginning to be able to counter Britain's factories |
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-Protestant Reformation: split of reformers from Roman Catholic church; triggered by Martin Luther
-John Calvin: Early Protestant theologian who believed in "predestination"
-Puritans: followed Calvin, dissenters from church of England |
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| Became President in 1796; brilliant, insightful, worked on the Articles of Confederation |
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| French violation of U.S. shipping rights, XYZ, Quasi War |
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| Proclamation of Neutrality |
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| Washington's statement that the U.S. would favor neither France nor Great Britain in their conflict but would follow a policy that was fair and impartial to both sides. |
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| in 1795 Thomas Pinckney was able to secure from Spain the free navigation of the MS River and protection from Indian attacks from Spanish held territories |
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| The treaty with Britain that addressed such issues as British refusal to evacuate forts in the Northwest and the seizure of American ships; the treaty was very unpopular but did avoid war with Britain. |
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| The two acts passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 to suppress Republican criticism of the Adam's administration. |
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| The agreement with France that ended the Quasi-War, arranged for the release of prisoners, and reestablished normal relations with France |
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