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American Heritage Comprehensive Review
Beginning of the semester to the end
87
History
Undergraduate 1
12/12/2011

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Founding
Definition
A conscious, deliberate act of creating a system of government.
Term
Issues When Creating a Founding
Definition
1. We need to cooperate, but our interests conflict
2. We want freedom, but with order, not anarchy.
Term
Anarchy
Definition
The chaotic expression of group will.
-Generates fear of disorder
-Engenders a desire for order
Term
Tyranny
Definition
Organized expression of the will of one person or small group of people.
-Generates fear of dictator or ruler.
Term
Historical Analysis of Sovereignty
Definition
-Divine right of Kings (Gods)
-Theocracy (Gods)
-Aristocracy (Wise/Wealthy)
-Democracy (The People)
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
-Challenges idea that church can intercede between God and Man
-Believed faith alone saves
-Transfers responsibility from church to individual
Term
John Calvin
Definition
-All are fallen/ only select few saved
-Those who are saved will profess this by their works
-Purpose of life: to glorify God through your works
-God and state separate in function, one in purpose
Term
Body of Christ Metaphor
Definition
-We are all separate parts of the body of Christ
-Knit together with love
-Purpose: to improve lives through service to God
Term
The Puritan Community
Definition
-Each person is accountable for him or herself living up to the universal standard of righteousness
-Keep an eye out on your neighbor
-Civil liberty, not Natural liberty
Term
Civil vs. Natural Liberty
Definition
Civil: free to do that which is just, good, and honest.
Natural: free to do what you want.
Term
Benjamin Constant's Ancient vs. Modern Liberty
Definition
Ancient: freedom to participate in government and community life.
-Lose individual/private rights
Modern: Freedom from government
-Enjoy our liberty so much we surrender political power too
easily
Solution: Political Liberty
- Preserve individual rights will promoting an interest in
politics
Term
Sir Robert Filmore
Definition
- Believed in Divine Right of Kings
-Unnatural for people to govern
-No law of King can be bad because it comes from God
Term
Locke's Second Treatise
Definition
-All men are free and equal
-Natural, unalienable rights: life, liberty, and property
-Government's only purpose is to secure natural rights
-Consent of governed needed for legitimacy
-Governments who fail to protect should be destroyed
-Right of people to revolt
Term
Body of Christ Metaphor
Definition
-We are all separate parts of the body of Christ
-Knit together with love
-Purpose: to improve lives through service to God
Term
The Puritan Community
Definition
-Each person is accountable for him or herself living up to the universal standard of righteousness
-Keep an eye out on your neighbor
-Civil liberty, not Natural liberty
Term
Civil vs. Natural Liberty
Definition
Civil: free to do that which is just, good, and honest.
Natural: free to do what you want.
Term
Benjamin Constant's Ancient vs. Modern Liberty
Definition
Ancient: freedom to participate in government and community life.
-Lose individual/private rights
Modern: Freedom from government
-Enjoy our liberty so much we surrender political power too
easily
Solution: Political Liberty
- Preserve individual rights will promoting an interest in
politics
Term
Sir Robert Filmore
Definition
- Believed in Divine Right of Kings
-Unnatural for people to govern
-No law of King can be bad because it comes from God
Term
Locke's Second Treatise
Definition
-All men are free and equal
-Natural, unalienable rights: life, liberty, and property
-Government's only purpose is to secure natural rights
-Consent of governed needed for legitimacy
-Governments who fail to protect should be destroyed
-Right of people to revolt
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
GENERALITY
Definition
Laws must apply to broad categories of people and not single anyone out.
Ex: Japanese Internment
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
PROSPECTIVITY
Definition
Laws must apply to future action, not past, and people must know about these laws in advance.
Ex: Ex post facto laws
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
PUBLICITY
Definition
1. Laws must be known and certain
2. People should know that the law WILL be enforced
Ex: Man chaining his bike to a tree in NY
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
CONSENT
Definition
Laws must be generally acceptable to those who must live by them.
Term
Principles of the Rule of Law
DUE PROCESS
Definition
Laws must be administered impartially
Ex: Nazi telling woman she can save one child
Term
Command/Planning Economic System
Definition
Government has the authority to create cooperation, resolve conflicts, and set prices.
Ex: Mercantilism and Communism
Term
Market Economic System
Definition
Free exchange promotes cooperations and market determined prices create incentives that allocate resources
Ex: Capitalism
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
-Economic Success=Fat King's treasury
-High exports, low imports
Term
Adam Smith's
Wealth of Nations
Definition
- National Wealth through free trade
- Purpose of government: to maintain an environment conducive to free exchange of goods.
Term
Free Exchange
Definition
-Both parties are made better off
-Self Interest guides
-Invisible hand
Term
Scarcity
Definition
"You can't always get what you want"
-Unlimited wants but limited resources
-Consumers have to make choices
-Prices ration goods
-Leads to increase in price
Term
Opportunity Cost
Definition
The cost of any choice is the best forgone alternative (the second best option)
Term
Adam Smith's Division of Labor
SPECIALIZATION
Definition
1. Each workman becomes more dexterous in his/her field
2. Saves transition times
3. Machines do the work of many men
Term
Law of Comparative Advantage
Definition
1. Everybody is the low opportunity cost producer of something.
2. Specialize in producing things for which there is the lowest opportunity cost.
Term
How does a market economy control self-interest
Definition
Competition and prices
Term
Law of Demand
Definition
As prices go up, people will start buying less
Term
Law of Supply
Definition
As prices go up, people will begin to produce more of the product
Term
Equilibrium Price
Definition
The point at which buyers wish to buy the same amount the sellers wish to sell
Term
Adam Smith's
INVISIBLE HAND
Definition
Prices
- Ration scarcity
- Act as incentives to change business behavior
Profits
- Cover costs
- Attract new businesses
- Low profits cause businesses to leave
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section I: OPENING
Definition
States that [we] are about to state the causes which compel us to separate.
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section II: THEORETICAL CORE
Definition
1. Self-Evident Truths
2. Consent of the governed
3. Right of People to abolish tyrannical government
-Not for light, transient reason
-Only after many occasions of abuse
-Remind/warn first
Term
Pursuit of Happiness
Definition
Greek: eudemonia
- What is fitting or appropriate as humans
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section III: EVIDENCE
Definition
List of grievances US suffered from King.
Term
Declaration of Independence
Section IV: CONCLUSION
Definition
The United States are absolved from the crown with the approval of God
Term
Thomas Paine
"The American Crisis"
Definition
"These are the times that try men's souls!"
"The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph!"
"What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly."
Term
December 31 1776
Washington Pleads with Men to Reenlist
Definition
By staying.."you will render that service to the cause of liberty and to your country which you probably never can do under any other circumstances."
Term
Early Stirrings
Definition
1. Tea Act ---> 2. Boston Tea Party ---> 3. Intolerable Acts
Term
First Major Battles
Definition
1. Battles of Lexington and Concord
-Paul Revere's Ride
2. Battle of Bunker Hill
Term
December 25-26 1776
FIRST BATTLE OF TRENTON
Definition
Washington crosses the Delaware to surprise Hessian troops
-Think famous painting
Term
January 2 1777
SECOND BATTLE OF TRENTON
Definition
Washington sneaks away after lighting large bonfires
Term
Post-Revolution Assumptions
Definition
1. High level of public virtue among people
2. Executive branch should be weak
3.Sovereignty should lie with states
Term
Articles of Confederation
Definition
1. STATE SOVEREIGNTY
2. No executive or judicial
3. No power to tax
4. Each state has equal vote
5. Unanimous to amend
Term
Problems with Articles of Confederation
Definition
No power to...
1. Resolve conflicts between states
2. Regulate inter-state trade
3. Enforce decisions
4. Conduct unified foreign policy
Term
Madison's Diagnosis of State Problems
Definition
1. Multiplicity of laws
2. Mutability of laws
3. Injustice of laws
4. Impotence of laws
5. States need to be coerced by national government
Term
VIRGINIA PLAN
Edmund Randolph
Definition
-Congress= 2 houses elected by people and 1st house
-Proportional to population
- Sovereignty in nation
Term
NEW JERSEY PLAN
William Patterson
Definition
-Congress= Unicameral
-Equal representation
-Retained state sovereignty
Term
BRITISH PLAN
Hamilton
Definition
-Bicameral Legislature
-Elected by people and electors
-National veto
Term
THE GREAT COMPROMISE
Definition
2 Legislative bodies
1. House= representing individuals
2. Senate= representing states
Term
SMALL Republic Argument
Brutus
Definition
1. History
-bad examples
2. Diversity
-Large republics are more diverse and therefore less able to
settle on a common goal
-Constant clashing of opinions
3. Representatives
-In large republic, people will feel less attached to
representative
-Representatives will forget the people
Term
LARGE Republic Argument
Madison- Federalist #10
Definition
Competing factions will balance government out and give everyone a voice
- Think World's Largest Water Balloon Fight
Term
Madison's Theory on How to Deal with Factions
Definition
Control the effects:
-Enlarge the republic
1. Majority factions less likely to form
2. Majority factions less likely to coordinate
3. Favors those with enlightened views
Term
Madison's Federalist #51
Separation of Powers
Definition
- Control political conflict (caused by factions) by allowing government to control its people, and itself
- Think missionary companion system
Term
Madison's Auxiliary Precautions
Definition
1. Structure solution
2. Social arrangements that influence human nature to give the most desirable outcome
Term
Paradox of Separation of Powers
Definition
Sharing some powers is key to the separation of powers
Term
Effects of Electoral College System
Definition
1. Reduces incentive to campaign in "Safe" states
2. Reduces incentives for 3rd party candidate
3. May weaken incentive for voters in "Safe" states to vote
Term
Hamilton's FEDERALIST vision
*Cities
Definition
1. Strong, national power feared by world
2. Broad interpretation of Constitution
3. Aristocratic leadership
-Suspicious of too much democracy
Term
Article VI: Supremacy Clause
Definition
The Constitution and any laws made under thereof shall be the supreme law of the land
Term
Constitutionalism
Definition
The idea that the Constitution is a permanent document, not easily amended.
Term
Hamilton's Federalist #78
JUDICIAL REVIEW
Definition
1. Judiciary has neither control of the purse or the sword
2. No force or will, merely judgement
3. Judges elected for life
-Allows them to be disinterested/impartial
Term
Jefferson's REPUBLICAN vision
*Country Roads
Definition
-State level politics
-Narrow interpretation of Constitution
-Emphasis on agrarian values
-Encourage most virtuous (those closest to soil) to participate in politics
Term
Proportional Representation
Definition
Each party that receives a vote is represented in some way
Term
Why US has only 2 Political Parties
Definition
-Single-Member Voting districts
-Winner-Take-All System
Term
Implications of 2-Party System
Definition
-Must appeal to broad swath of voters to win representation
-The system awards compromise, not extremes
Term
John C. Calhoun
Pro-Slave
Definition
Argued that at first, slavery was seen as morally wrong, BUT NOT ANYMORE!
Term
George Fitzhugh
Pro-Slave
Definition
"Cannibals, ALL!"
-Free laborers in the North are slaves without the rights of slaves
-Slaves are free
-When work is done, master provides for everything
-Masters grow to love slaves due to proximity
-Masters care for slaves out of self-interest as well
-Financial investment
Term
James Henry Hammond
Pro-Slave
Definition
Difference between North and South is that the "slaves" of the South are hired for life and well-compensated.
-Way less beggars in South
Term
Constitutional Failures
Madison's Large Republic
Definition
States factioned off into large regions of opinion creating dead lock
Term
Constitutional Failures
Federalism
Definition
Should National government decide the slave question? or should each state decide for themselves?
- Think Kansas-Nebraska Act
Term
Constitutional Failures
Separation of Powers
Definition
South had power in both Senate and Supreme Court= dead lock
Term
Constitutional Failures
Political Process- Democracy
Definition
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Southerners moved to Nebraska temporarily to skew vote
Term
Constitutional Failures
Supreme Court
Definition
Dredd Scott Decision
-Chief Justice Taney
-Slaves are not people
-Constitution has no power to disban slavery
Term
Constitutional Failures
The Presidency
Definition
Presidential candidates all had different viewpoints
Term
Election of 1860
Slavery Election
Definition
John Bell: Moderate
-No stand on slavery, keep Union together
Stephen Douglas: Moderate
-Let the people decide on slavery
John Breckinridge: Southern Extreme Democrat
-Preserve the Union with slavery
Abraham Lincoln: Extreme Republican
-Preserve Union by gradually abolishing slavery
Term
Different Perspectives on Reasons for War
Definition
- North: to keep Union together
- South: to combat Northern tyranny
Term
Market Weaknesses
IMPERFECT INFORMATION
Definition
Lack of complete or correct information causes parties to make economic decisions that are potentially harmful
-Ex: Cigarettes, Budweiser, and FDA
Term
Market Weaknesses
MONOPOLY
Definition
Nobody should be able to exercise control over prices, but because Monopolies have exclusive control over production, they can "monopolize" prices
-Ex: Think of government controlling prices of utilities
Term
Market Weaknesses
RECESSION
Definition
Occurs when "shock" hits the system
-Raise in oil prices, adjustment in stock market, etc
Term
How Government Corrects Recession
Definition
1. Fiscal Policy
-Increase government spending/tax cuts
-Think Obama Incentives
-Increases National debt
2. Monetary Policy
-Reduce interest rates
-Ex: Housing Market
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