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| the rights of citizens to vote, to receive equal treatment before the law, and to share equally with other citizens the benefits of public facilities (such as school) |
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| the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution containing a lost of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press |
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| the provision in the fourteenth amendment to the constitution guaranteeing that no sate shall deny to any person the equal protection of the law |
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| a rule that holds that evidence gathered in violation of the Constitution cannot be used in trial |
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| the doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the supreme court ruled that a state could provide separate but equal facilities for blacks |
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| the standard by which in the supreme court judges classifications based on race. to be accepted such as classification must be closely related to compelling public purpose. |
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| the requirement imposed by law or administrative regulation that an organization or other minorities in its membership |
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| the view that judges should discern the general principles underlying the Constitution and its often vague language and asses how best to apply them in contemporary circumstances. |
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| (1819) the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank. |
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| a latin term meaning made more certain. an order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review. |
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| a doctrine that a citizen cannot sue the government without consent. |
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| a latin term meaning a friend of the court. refers to interested groups or individuals, not directed involved in a suit. |
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| a supreme court opinion by one or more justices in the minority to explain the minority disagreements with the courts ruling |
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| rights chiefly rights to be free of government interference accorded to an individual by the constitution free speech free press and so on |
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| protection against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property as guaranteed in the fifth and fourteenth amendments |
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| a doctrine whereby the supreme court incorporates that is includes many parts of the bill of rights into restrictions on state government actions |
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| exist that a crime has been committed and that the evidence bearing on the crime will be found at a certain location |
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