to show they were getting into WWI for a moral cause. National Self Determination—national boundaries and ethnic identities; League of Nations—international peace keeping body (national police). Americans didn’t like it b/c we don’t want to be involved in world affairs. Disarmament—reducing or abolishing weapons (defensive weapon) (hopes to prevent war). The 14 pts established the agenda for the peace conference that followed the war.

conclusion of WWI. U.S. Senate didn’t sign it. established the League of Nations. Applied the principle of self determination into Eastern Europe. Placed strict limits on the size of Germany’s future military. Made Germany responsible for reparation payments (to pay for war). The treaty created impossible demands that Germany and Eastern Europe could not stand up to. Sewed the seeds of future wars.

1947. Stopping the spread of socialist/communist thinking inside the U.S. We were scared that communism was going to become a world wide thing. Seen as threat. Heightened time of fear of ideologies.

In the 1930s Roosevelt formalized a policy initiated by Herbert Hoover by which the U.S. rejected the right to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. The Good Neighbor Policy essentially reversed the Roosevelt Corollary.

Hoping to stimulate the American economy, FDR suggested that America exchange ambassadors with the Soviet Union. FDR’s Republican predecessors had stubbornly refused the recognition of the Soviet Union, but in 1933, with the help of the Democrats, America officially recognized the USSR.

 Gerald Nye was senator of North Dakota. He and many Americans believed that American involvement in WWI was a mistake. In 1934 and 35, Nye headed a series of senate hearings which revealed that international bankers and armed exporters had pressed the Wilson administration to enter the war and had profited from involvement.  This led to pacifist protests across the nation culminating in the passage of the Neutrality Acts.

In the 1930s, America’s long standing desire to avoid foreign entanglements dominated congress. Beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that band travel on belligerence ships and the sail of arms to countries at war. Congress hoped these policies would allow the U.S. to avoid international conflicts.

  Japanese were going to take over China.  Invaded Nanging. Killed and raped many to assert power  “the rape of Nanging”

Permitted the US to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement in WWII.

 FDR and Churchill met and issued the charter. Issued August 12, 1941, promised the final destruction of the Nazi regeam.  Open access to markets, self determination in Eastern Europe and a global extension of new deal policies

 Surprise attack on December 7, 1941. Japan attacked U.S. because they were in a war with China (embargo on oil). Japan didn’t think the US could fight. We declared war the next day. Pushed America out of its isolationist ways.

Japanese Internment--Executive Order 9066:

Policy adopted by the Roosevelt administration in 1942 under which 110,000 persons of Japanese descent, most of the American citizens, were removed from the West Coast and forced to spend more of WWII in internment camps; it was the largest violation of American civil liberties in the 20^th century

FDR (U.S.), Churchill (Britian), and Stalin (USSR). At the Yalta Conference, talked about post WWI

 Major involvement of U.S. troups did not begin until June 6, 1944 on a day that became known as D-Day. Nearly 200,000 American, British and Canadian soldiers under the command of General Eisenhower landed in Normandy, France, in the most massive amphibious military operation in history. The allied troops managed to take the beaches of Normandy, France, liberating Paris a short time after.  D-Day marked the decline of Hitler’s regeme because

Meeting in 1945 between the Big Three to discuss the post WWII. The outcomes of the Yalta Conference included the United Nations (an organization meant to keep world peace), divided Germany, declared that Eastern Europe would have Free Elections to recreate themselves, it divided occupation of Korea, and gave the Soviets the occupation of the North Pacific. The concerns between FDR and Churchill were if the USSR would live up to their agreements. 

 In 1940, FDR authorized the creation of this. It was a top secret program in which American scientists developed an atomic bomb during WWII. FDR authorized the program because of a warning from Albert Einstein who claimed German scientists were trying to develop an atomic weapon. The project successfully created two atomic bombs, Fat Man and Little Boy, which were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Created in 1942 to coordinate industrial efforts in WWII

 An American spy sent to spy on the Soviet Union and see what they were planning to do. He wrote the “Long Telogram”. He said we cannot beat them so we must contain communism. So the U.S. adopted the Containment Policy towards communism.

was issued in 1947. It offered U.S. support to democratic nations threatened by communism. This was specifically geared toward Greece and Turkey. Truman granted 450 million dollars to be spent in Greece and Turkey in the form of economic and military aid to improve standards of living. It worked. Thwarting and the success of the Truman Doctrine, led to the passage of the Marshall Plan which announced economic aid to Western Europe.

1947. Authorized the reorganization of government to coordinate military branches and security agencies. It created the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Military Establishment which would later be renamed the Department of Defense.

 It was a U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-WWII Europe through massive economic aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947. The plan stemmed out of the success of the Truman Doctrine. Business men called it a “win, win” because Europe is receiving our money and they are only going to be buying from us to rebuild so it would boost our economy and rebuild at the same time.

 It was established by the U.S., Canada, and Western European Nations. It pledged mutual defense against any future Soviet attack. It was a double containment against Germany trying to re-arm itself. NATO was the first long term military alliance between the U.S. and Europe since the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France during the American Revolution.

 After Truman requested the $450 million to aid Turkey and Greece, he gave a speech bringing assistance to any anti-communism country. Congress approved the creation of different agencies to aid in this, one being the National Security Council-68, to make sure communism didn’t spread and for the purpose of containment; the advisors of containment.

An eleventh month airlift used because the Soviet Union took over all of Berlin and blockaded it off.  U.S. would drop big crates of food and supplies from planes. Soviets opened Berlin back up because it was embarrassing.

 Korea was split at the Yalta Conference at the 38 Parallel, US occupied south (democracy), Soviet Union was north (communism). In 1950, both nations decided Korea was too dangerous for them to occupy so they both left. North Korea attacked South Korea, the United Nations intervened and wanted to push North Korea back across the 28^th parallel, re-established the 38^th parallel by signing a cease-fire treaty in 1953

 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee launched a series of hearings about communist influence in Hollywood. There were several celebrities that testified there were communist within the movie industry.  Congress charged 10 people and identified 200 others who were communist sympathizers. One very important man got his start in the HUAC—Richard Nixon.

 February of 1950, McCarthy announced that he had a list of 205 communists who were working for the state department. The charges were preposterous and McCarthy never identified a single person guilty of genuine disloyalty.  Although many Republicans supported him at first, they realized the whole scheme had been fabricated and he became an embarrassment to the party. Many politicians used the term McCarthyism as shorth/slang for character assassination, guilt by association and abuse of power by the name of anti-communism.

Was accused of espionage and Communist Party membership by the HUAC in 1948

Husband and wife accused of selling info to the communists. They were executed. Husband was the only one that actually did it.

Created in 1946 to supervise peacetime uses of atomic energy. No need to create atomic energy when there was no war going on.

Israel, France, and Britain, without consulting the US, invaded Egypt after the Egyptian leader nationalized the Suez Canal. This infuriated the US so Eisenhower forced Israel, France, and Britain to stop the invasion. After the fiasco, America replaced Britain as the dominant power in the middle-east. With this came containment in the middle-east.

The leader of North Vietnam. A communist-nationalist. Was kicked out of Vietnam by the French and went to France to study communism. After that he went to Russia and studied Stalin who was a communist leader. Then went back to North Vietnam and applied what he had learned with the goal of reunifying Vietnam as a communist regime.

Cubans were rising up against Castro (with support of US). So US sent CIA to Cuba to help push revolt along. This was the closest thing to war that USSR (who was supporting Castro) and the US had come.

- In 1962, US planes discovered the Soviet Union was planting missile sights in Cuba. Kennedy rejected advice from military leaders to attack Cuba because he didn’t want to give the Soviets a reason to start a war with us. Instead, he blockaded Cuba and demanded that the missile sights be removed. So Kennedy and the Soviet Union (Khrushchev) leader met and discussed that the US would withdraw their missiles from Turkey if the Soviet Union removed their missiles from Cuba. The whole world was on edge for 13 days because the two countries were on the verge of all out nuclear war. But it was resolved.

One of Kennedy’s first acts of his presidency were to establish the Peace Corps. This sent young Americans abroad to aid in the economic and educational process of developing countries and to improve the image of the United States. By 1966 there were over 15,000 young Americans serving in the Peace Corps.

A wall in Berlin which separated Berlin into two sections, the east and the west. Soviets- East. Americans-West. East side was communist and the West side was democratic. Berlin is in the Eastern half of Germany (so it’s completely surrounded by communists). Communists blockaded the American side, causing them to spend a lot of money to fly in supplies.

Civil rights demonstration on August 28th, 1963, where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I have a dream” speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. 

Post 1966, cry of a more militant civil rights movement. Malcom X was the Father of the Black Power slogan. It was a rally cry for those who were bitter over the federal government’s failure to stop violence against civil rights workers, white attempt to determine movement strategy, and the Civil Rights Movement failure to have any impact on the economic problems of black ghettos. “Black Power means black freedom.”

Medicare is for the elderly, Medicaid is for the poor. Lindon B. Johnson’s Great Society Programs.

 In 1964 Vietnam ships encountered American ships off the coast of Vietnam.  Johnson proclaimed that the Vietnam ships had fired on the American ship and claimed that this was an active aggression against the U.S. In response, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorizing the President to take all necessary measures to repel armed attack in Vietnam.

Founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights, sit ins, and other forms of grass roots protest. Was dedicated to replacing the culture of segregation with a beloved community of racial justice and to empower ordinary blacks to take control of the decisions that affected their lives.

The intellectual father of the Black Power Movement.  He insisted that blacks control the political and economic resources of their communities and rely on their own efforts rather than working with whites.

 to expand the war through increases in the air campaining (bombing raids and such). This contradicted what Nixon said during the campaign.Word of these private bombings got out to the public which renewed campus protests.

In 1972, congress approved thsi which banned gender discrimination in higher education.

 In June 1972 some former employees of Nixon’s reelection committee broke into the Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex in Washington D.C.  No one knows what the burglars were looking for but it became clear by mid-1974 that Nixon had authorized payments to them to remain silent. This whole conspiracy hurt Nixon’s political reputation and he resigned his office.

OPEC [and the embargo]:

The Organization of Petroleum Export Countries. America is protecting Israel. The other countries of the Middle East wanted us out so they all stopped selling oil to us. The oil embargo created stagflation in America. It hurt America and those countries distributing oil because we were their main customer.

 page 979) the religious right proved remarkably adept at using modern technology, including mass mailings and televised religious programming, to raise funds for their crusade and spreak their message.

 the U.S. economy became stagnant due to the oil embargo. Prices were going up and wages were staying the same.

Amendment to guarantee equal rights for women introduced in 1923, but not passed by congress until 1972. It failed to be ratified by the states.

Popular name for President Reagan’s philosophy of supply-side economic which combined tax cuts

 scandal of the second Reagan administration involving sales of arms to iran in partial exchange for relesase of hostages in Lebanon and use of the arms money to aid the contras in Nicaragua, which had been expressly forbidden by congress.

 was a communist governments that agreed to give up power. in 1990 a reunified german nation absorbed east Germany. The remarkably swift and almost entirely peaceful collapse of communism in eastern Europe became known as the velvet revolution.

: In Feb, 1991, the U.S. launched Operation Desert Storm which quickly drove the Iraqi Army out of Kuwait. 

North American Free Trade Agreement.  President George Bush Sr. negotiated the agreement to create a free trade zone consisting of our neighbors to the North and our neighbors to the South.

 a Houston based energy company that epitomized the new economy- it bought and sold electricity rather than actually producing it- reported as profits billions of dollars in operating losses. Were convicted by a Texas jury of multiple jury of multiple counts of fraud.

 U.S supreme court case that determined the winner of the disputed 2000 election.

the bush administration said that they would not abide by it. Which sought to combat global warming a slow rise in the earths temperature that scientist warned could have a disastrous effects on the worlds climate

military campaign in 2003 in which the united states, unable to gain approval by the united nations, unilaterally occupied Iraq and removed dictator Saddam Hussein from power.

 a mammoth bill that few members of the house or senate had actually read. It conferred unprecedented powers on law enforcement agencies charged with preventing the new, vaguely defined crime of domestic terrorism,” including the power to wiretap spy on citizens, open letters, , read emails, and obtain personal records from third parties.