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Allegra's Class
Chapter 8-Special Senses
145
Anatomy
11th Grade
12/24/2011

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Term
SPECIAL SENSES
Definition
THE TRADITIONAL 4 SENSES-TASTE, SMELL, SIGHT, HEARING
Term
SPECIAL SENSE RECEPTORS
Definition
ARE EITHER LARGE, COMPLEX SENSORY ORGANS (EYES, TEARS) OR LOCALIZED CLUSTERS OF RECEPTORS (TASTE BUDS, OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM)
Term
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
Definition
THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES, EYE LIDS, CONJUNCTIVA, AND LACRIMAL APPARATUS.
Term
EYELIDS
Definition
ANTERIORILY PROTECTS THE EYES. THE EYELIDS MEET AT THE MEDIAL AND LATERAL CORNERS OF THE EYE.
Term
MEDIAL COMMISSURE
Definition
(CANTHUS) THE MEDIAL CORNER OF THE EYE.
Term
LATERAL COMMISSURE
Definition
(CANTHUS) THE LATERAL CORNER OF THE EYE
Term
PALPERBRAL FISSURE
Definition
THE SPACE BETWEEN THE EYELIDS
Term
TARSAL GLANDS
Definition
MODIFIED SEBACEOUS GLANDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EYELID EDGES. PRODUCES AN OILY SECRETION THAT LUBRICATES THE EYE.
Term
CILIARY GLANDS
Definition
MODIFIED SWEAT GLANDS LIE IN BETWEEN THE EYELASHES
Term
CONJUNCTIVA
Definition
IS A MUCOUS MEMBRANE THAT LINES THE EYELIDS AND COVERS PART OF THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE EYEBALL. THE CONJUNCTIVA  SECRETES MUCOUS TO LUBRICATE THE EYEBALL AND KEEP IT MOIST.
Term
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Definition
IS MADE UP OF THE LACRIMAL GLANDS AND DUCTS THAT DRAIN LACRIMAL SECRETIONS INTO THE NASAL CAVITY
Term
LACRIMAL GLANDS
Definition
LOCATED ABOVE THE LATERAL END OF EACH EYE, RELEASES TEARS  (TEARS-DILUTE SALT SOLUTION)
Term
LACRIMAL CANALICULUS
Definition
THE SHORT PASSAGE IN THE EYELID, BEGINNING AT THE LACRIMAL POINT AND DRAINING TEARS FROM THE LACRIMAL LAKE TO THE LACRIMAL SAC.
Term
LACRIMAL SAC
Definition

THE DIALTED UPPER PORTION OF THE NASOLACRIMAL DUCT THAT RECEIVES TEARS FROM THE LACRIMAL DUCTS

 
 
 
 
Term
NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
Definition
(TEAR DUCT) CARRIES TEARS FROM THE LACRIMAL SAC INTO THE NASAL CAVITY
Term
LYSOZYME
Definition
AN ENZYME IN LACRIMAL SECRETION THAT DESTROYS BACTERIA
Term
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Definition
INFLAMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA THAT CAUSES RED, IRRITATED EYES
Term
PINKEYE
Definition
EYE INFECTION CAUSED BY BACTERIA OR VIRUSES
Term
EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES
Definition
THERE ARE 6 EXTRINISIC EYE MUSCLES: LATERAL RECTUS, MEDIAL RECTUS, SUPERIOR RECTUS, INTERIOR RECTUS,  INFERIOR OBLIQUE, SUPERIOR OBLIQUE.
Term
LATERAL RECTUS
Definition
EXTERNAL EYE MUSCLE THAT MOVES THE EYE LATERALLY. THE CONTROLLING CRANIAL NERVE IS THE ABDUCENS.
Term
MEDIAL RECTUS
Definition
EXTERNAL EYE MUSCLE THAT MOVES THE EYE MEDIALLY. THE CONTROLLING CRANIAL NERVE IS THE OCULOMOTER.
Term
SUPERIOR RECTUS
Definition
EXTERNAL EYE MUSCLE THAT ELEVATES THE EYE AND TURNS IT MEDIALLY. THE CONTROLLING CRANIAL NERVE IS THE OCULOMETER.
Term
INTERIOR RECTUS
Definition
EXTERIOR EYE MUSCLE DEPRESSES THE EYE AND TURNS IT MEDIALLY. THE CONTROLLING CRANIAL NERVE IS THE OCULOMOTOR.
Term
INFERIOR OBLIQUE
Definition
EXTERIOR EYE MUSCLE THAT ELEVATES THE EYE AND TURNS IT LATERALLY. tHE CONTROLLING CRANIAL NERVE IS THE OCULOMOTOR.
Term
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
Definition
THE EXTERNAL EYE MUSCLE THAT DEPRESSES THE EYE AND TURNS IT LATERALLY. THE CONTROLLING CRANIAL NERVE IS THE TROCHLEAR.
Term
HUMORS
Definition
FLUIDS THAT FILL THE INTERIOR OF THE EYEBALL TO KEEP THE EYELIDS IN SHAPE.
Term
FIBROUS LAYER
Definition
OUTER LAYER OF THE EYEBALL MADE UP OF THE SCLERA AND THE CORNEA.
Term
SCLERA
Definition
THICK, WHITE CONNECTIVE TISSUE KNOWN AS THE WHITE OF THE EYE.
Term
CORNEA
Definition
TRANSPARENT TISSUE THAT LETS LIGHT ENTER THE EYE. IT IS THE MOST EXPOSED PART OF THE EYE. IT CAN REPAIR ITSELF AND HAS NO BLOOD VESSELS.
Term
VASCULAR LAYER
Definition
THE MIDDLE LAYER OF THE EYEBALL. IT HAS 3 REGIONS: THE CHOROID, CILIARY BODY, AND IRIS.
Term
CILIARY BODY
Definition

The ciliary body is the structure in the eye that releases a transparent liquid (called the aqueous humor) within the eye.

The ciliary body also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on something. This process is called accommodation.

Term
CHOROID
Definition
THE BLOOD-RICH NUTRITIVE TUNIC THAT HAS A DARK PIGMENT. THE PIGMENT PREVENTS LIGHT FROM ENTERING THE EYE.
Term
IRIS
Definition
THE PIGMENTED, INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE THAT ACTS AS THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE EYE. 
Term
PUPIL
Definition
THE PUPIL IS A HOLE LOCATED IN THE CENTER OF THE IRIS OF THE EYE THAT ALLOWS LIGHT TO ENTER THE RETINA. IT APPEARS BLACK BECAUSE MOST OF THE LIGHT ENTERING THE PUPIL IS ABSORBED BY THE TISSUES INSIDE THE EYE.
Term
SENSORY LAYER
Definition
INNERMOST LAYER OF THE EYEBALL KNOWN AS THE RETINA
Term
RETINA
Definition
THE LIGHT SENSITIVE LAYER OF THE EYE; CONTAINS RODS AND CONES.
Term
PIGMENTED LAYER
Definition
THE PIGMENTED LAYER OF THE RETINA OR RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM (RPE)IS THE PIGMENTED CELL LAYER JUST OUTSIDE THE NEUROSENSORY RETINA THAT NOURISHES RETINAL VISUAL CELLS, AND IS FIRMLY ATTACHED TO THE UNDERLYING CHOROID AND OVERLYING RETINAL CELLS.
Term
NEURAL LAYER
Definition
THE TRANSPARENT LAYER OF THE RETINA CONTAINING MILLIONS OF RODS AND CONES.
Term
PHOTORECEPTORS
Definition
THE RODS AND CONES
Term
RODS
Definition
RECEPTORS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISION AT LOW LIGHT LEVELS (SCOTOPIC VISION).
Term
CONES
Definition
RECEPTORS THAT ARE ACTIVE AT HIGHER LIGHT LEVELS (PHOTOPIC VISION) AND ARE CAPABLE OF COLOR VISION AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH SPATIAL ACUITY.
Term
NIGHT BLINDNESS
Definition
IMPAIRS THE ABILITY TO DRIVE SAFELY AT NIGHT. CAUSED BY ANYTHING THAT INTERFERES WITH ROD FUNCTION. ALSO CAUSED BY VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY.
Term
FOVEA CENTRALIS
Definition
A TINY PIT THAT CONTAINS ONLY CONES LATERAL TO EACH BLIND SPOT.
Term
VISUAL ACQUITY
Definition
POINT OF SHARPEST VISION
Term
INTERMEDIATE COLORS
Definition
IMPULSES RECEIVED AT THE SAME TIME FROM MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF CONE BY THE VISUAL CORTEX.
Term
BIPOLAR CELLS
Definition
CELLS THAT ARE PART OF THE RETINA THAT EXSIST BETWEEN THE PHOTORECEPTORS (RODS AND CONES) AND THE GANGLION CELLS. THEY ACT INDIRECTLY OR DIRECLTY TO TRANSMIT SIGNALS FROM THE PHOTORECEPTORS TO THE GANGLION CELLS.
Term
GANGLION CELLS
Definition

A RETINAL GANGLION CELL(RGC) IS A TYPE OF NEURON OF THE RETINA.

 

Term
OPTIC NERVE
Definition
ALSO CALLED THE CRANIAL NERVE 2, TRANSMITS VISUAL INFORMATION FROM THE RETINA TO THE BRAIN.
Term
OPTIC DISC/BLIND SPOT
Definition

THE OPTIC DISC OR OPTIC NERVE HEAD IS THE LOCATION WHERE GANGLION CELL AXONS EXIT THE EYE TO FORM THE OPTIC NERVE. THERE ARE NO LIGHT SENSITIVE RODS OR CONES TO RESPOND TO A LIGHT STIMULUS AT THIS POINT. THIS CAUSES A BREAK IN THE VISUAL  FIELD CALLED :THE BLIND SPOT". THE OPTIC DISC REPRESENTS THE BEGINNING OF THE OPTIC NERVE. (THE SECOND CRANIAL  NERVE) AND IS THE POINT WHERE THE AXONS OF RETINAL GANGLION CELLS COME TOGETHER. THE OPTIC DISC IS ALSO THE ENTRY POINT FOR THE MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS THAT SUPPLY THE RETINA.

Term
LENS
Definition
FOCUSES LIGHT ENTERING THE EYE ON THE RETINA
Term
CILIARY ZONULE
Definition
A SERIES OF FIBERS CONNECTING THE CILIARY BODY AND LENS OF THE EYE.
Term
CATARACTS
Definition
THE LENS BECOMES HARD AND OPAQUE. THIS CAUSES VISION TO BECOME HAZY AND DISTORTED. THIS EVENTUALLY CAUSES BLINDNESS. THE BLINDNESS CAN BE TREATED WITH THE SURICAL REMOVAL OF THE LENS AND REPLACED WITH A LENS TRANSPLANT.
Term
AQUEOUS HUMOR
Definition
A CLEAR, WATERY FLUID THAT FILLS THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE LENS. SIMILAR TO BLOOD PLASMA.
Term
VITREOUS HUMOR
Definition
A GEL-LIKE SUBSTANCE THAT FILLS THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE LENS. HELPS TO PREVENT THE EYEBALL FROM COLLAPSING INWARD.
Term
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Definition
PRESSURE INSIDE THE EYE
Term
SCLERAL VENUS SINUS
Definition
THE VASCULAR STRUCTURE ENCIRCLING THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE AND THROUGH WHICH THE AQUEOUS HUMOR IS RETURNED TO BLOOD CIRCULATION
Term
GLAUCOMA
Definition
GLAUCOMA IS NOT JUST ONE EYE DISEASE, BUT A GROUP OF EYE CONDITIONS RESULTING IN OPTIC NERVE DAMAGE, WHICH CAUSES LOSS OF OF VISION. ABNORMALLY HIGH PRESSURE INSIDE YOUR EYE (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) USUALLY, BUT NOT ALWAYS, CAUSES THIS DAMAGE.
Term

OPHTHALMOSCOPE

(FUNDOSCOPE)

Definition
AN INSTRUMENT THAT ILLUMINATES THE INTERIOR OF THE EYEBALL; ALLOWING THE RETINA, OPTIC DISC, AND INTERNAL BLOOD VESSELS TO BE SEEN.
Term
FUNDUS
Definition
THE FUNDUS OF THE EYE IS THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE EYE, OPPOSITE THE LENS, AND INCLUDES THE RETINA, OPTIC DISC, MACULA, FOVEA, AND POSTERIOR POLE. THE FUNDUS CAN BE VIEWED WITH AN OPHTHALMOSCOPE.
Term
REFRACTED
Definition
LIGHT RAYS THAT ARE BENT
Term
DIVERGE
Definition
LIGHT SPREADS OUT
Term
ACCOMODATION
Definition
THE ABILITY OF THE EYE TO FOCUS SPECIFICALLY ON CLOSE OBJECTS (LESS THAN 20 FEET AWAY)
Term
OPTIC CHIASMA
Definition
THE PLACE WHERE THE FIBERS FROM THE MEDIAL SIDE OF EACH EYE CROSS OVER TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BRAIN.
Term
OPTIC TRACTS
Definition
IT IS A CONTINUATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE AND RUNS FROM THE OPTIC CHIASM (WHERE HALF OF THE INFORMATION FROM EACH EYE CROSSES SIDES, AND HALF STAYS ON THE SAME SIDE) TO THE LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS.
Term
OPTIC RADIATION
Definition
 THE MASSIVE FANLIKE FIBER SYSTEM PASSING FROM THE LATERAL GENICULATE BODY OF THE THALAMUS TO THE VISUAL CORTEX.
Term
BINOCULAR VISION
Definition
TWO-EYED VISION THAT PROVIDES FOR DEPTH PERCEPTION.
Term
HEMIANOPIA
Definition
THE LOSS OF THE SAME SIDE OF VISUAL FIELD OF BOTH EYES, RESULTING FROM DRAINAGE TO THE VISUAL CORTEX ON ONE SIDE; CAN'T SEE PAST THE MIDDLE TO EITHER THE RIGHT OR LEFT SIDE.
Term
VISUAL CORTEX
Definition

THE VISUAL CORTEX OF THE BRAIN IS THE PART OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX RESPONSIBLE FOR VISUAL INFORMATION LOCATED IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE, IN THE BACK OF THE BRAIN.

Term
CONVERGENCE
Definition
THE REFLEXIVE MOVEMENT OF THE EYES MEDIALLY WHEN WE VIEW CLOSE OBJECTS.
Term
PHOTOPUPILLARY REFLEX
Definition
IMMEDIATE CONSTRICTION OF THE PUPILS WHEN THE EYE IS SUDDENLY EXPOSED TO BRIGHTER LIGHT. PREVENTS EXCESSIVE BRIGHT LIGHT FROM DAMAGING PHOTORECEPTORS.
Term
ACCOMODATION PUPILLARY REFLEX
Definition
CONSTRICTION OF THE PUPILS REFLEXIVELY WHEN CLOSE OBJECTS ARE VIEWED; PROVIDES FOR MORE ACUTE VISION.
Term
EMMETROPIA
Definition
THE EYE THAT FOCUSES IMAGES CORRECTLY ON THE RETINA-"HARMONIOUS VISION".
Term
MYOPIA
Definition
NEARSIGHTEDNESS; DISTANT OBJECTS APPEAR BLURRY.
Term
HYPEROPIA
Definition
FARSIGHTEDNESS; SEE DISTANT OBJECTS; PROBLEMS SEEING CLOSE OBJECTS. RESULTS FROM AN EYEBALL THAT IS TOO SHORT.
Term
ASTIGMATISM
Definition
BLURY IMAGES OCCUR BECAUSE POINTS OF LIGHT ARE FOCUSED NOT AS POINTS ON THE RETINA, BUT AS LINES.
Term
MECHANORECEPTORS
Definition
RECEPTORS SENSITIVE TO MECHANICAL PRESSURES SUCH AS TOUCH, SOUND, OR CONTRACTIONS.
Term
EXTERNAL EAR
Definition
THE OUTER EAR MADE UP OF THE AURICLE AND THE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS.
Term
EAR
Definition
SHELL SHAPED STRUCTURE SURROUNDING THE AUDITORY CANAL OPENING.
Term
AURICLE (PINNA)
Definition
THE EAR
Term
EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS
Definition
AUDITORY CANAL; A SHORT, NARROW CHAMBER (1 INCH LONG BY 1/4 INCH WIDE) CARVED INTO THE TEMPORAL BONE OF THE SKULL.
Term
CERUMINOUS GLANDS
Definition

GLANDS LOCATED IN THE 

SKIN-LIKE WALLS OF THE AUDITORY CANAL THAT SECRETE A  WAXY YELLOW SUBSTANCE (EARWAX).

Term
CERUMEN
Definition
EARWAX
Term
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Definition
EARDRUM; SOUND WAVES ENTER THE AUDITORY CANAL EVENTUALLY HIT THIS MEMBRANE AND CAUSE IT TO VIBRATE.
Term
MIDDLE EAR
Definition
TYMPANIC CAVITY; IS A SMALL, AIR-FILLED, MUCOSA-LINED CAVITY WITHIN THE TEMPORAL BONE.
Term

PHARYNGOTYMPANIX

(EUSTACHIAN TUBE)

Definition
A TUBE THAT CONNECTS THE MIDDLE EAR AND THE PHARYNX; ALLOWS PRESSURE TO BE EQUALIZED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE EAR DRUM.
Term
OTITIS MEDIA
Definition
INFLAMATION OF THE MIDDLE EAR; RESULTS FROM A SORE THROAT
Term
OVAL WINDOW(VESTIBULR WINDOW)
Definition
IS A MEMBRANE-COVERED OPENING WHICH LEADS FROM THE MIDDLE EAR TO THE VESTIBULE OF THE INNER EAR.
Term
ROUND WINDOW
Definition
THE ROUND WINDOW IS ONE OF THE TWO OPENINGS INTO THE INNER EAR. IT IS CLOSED OFF FROM THE MIDDLE EAR BY THE THE ROUND WINDOW MEMRANE, WHICH VIBRATES WITH OPPOSITE PHASE TO VIBRATIONS ENTERING THE INNER EAR THROUGHT THE OVAL WINDOW; IT ALLOWS FLUID IN THE COCHLEA TO MOVE, WHICH IN TURN ENSURES THAT HAIR CELLS OF THE BASILAR MEMBRANE WILL BE STIMULATED AND THAT AUDITION WILL OCCUR.
Term
MYRINGOTMOY
Definition
LANCING OF THE EARDRUM REQUIRED TO RELIEVE PRESSURE IN THE EAR CAUSED BY TOO MUCH FLUID OR PUS.
Term
OSSICLES
Definition
THE THREE BONES OF THE MIDDLE EAR; ANVIL, HAMMER, STIRRUP
Term
BONES OF THE MIDDLE EAR
Definition

HAMMER OR MALLEUS

ANVIL OR INCUS

STIRRUP OR STAPES

THE HAMMER MOVES AND TRANSFERS VIBRATION TO THE ANVIL; THE STIRRUP PRESSES ON THE OVAL WINDOW; EVENTUALLY EXCITING HEARING RECEPTORS.

Term
INTERNAL EAR
Definition
A MAZE OF BONY CHAMBERS CALLED THE OSSEOUS (BONY) LABYRYINTH LOCATED DEEP WITHIN THE TEMPORAL BONE BEHIND EYE SOCKET.
Term
COCHLEA
Definition
A CAVITY OF THE INNER EAR RESEMBLING A SNAIL SHELL; HOUSES THE HEARING RECEPTOR.
Term
VESTIBULE
Definition
SITUATED IN THE INTERNAL EAR BETWEEN THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS AND THE COCHLEA
Term
PERILYMPH
Definition
PLASMA-LIKE FLUID THAT FILLS THE OSSEOUS LABYRINTH
Term
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
Definition
(LOCATED IN THE PERILYMPH) A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE SACS THAT FOLLOWS THAT SHAPE OF THE BONY LABYRINTH.
Term
ENDOLYMPH
Definition
THICK FLUID THAT IS LOCATED IN THE MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH.
Term
VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
Definition
EQUILIBRIUM RECEPTORS OF THE INNER EAR.
Term
MACULAE
Definition
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM RECEPTORS PROVIDES INFORMATION ON WHICH WAY IS UP OR DOWN; HELPS US KEEP OUR HEAD ERECT.
Term
OTOLITHIC HAIR MEMBRANE
Definition
A JELLY-LIKE MASS STUDDED WITH OTOLITHS; THE HAIRS OF THE MACULE ARE EMBEDDED IN THIS SUBSTANCE.
Term
OTOLITHS
Definition
TINY STONES MADE OF CALCIUM SALTS
Term
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
Definition
THE SPECIAL SENSE WHICH INTERPRETS THE POSITION OF THE HEAD PERMITTING THE CNS TO MAINTAIN STABILITY AND POSTURE WHEN THE HEAD AND BODY ARE NOT MOVING; IT IS DETECTED BY MECAHNORECEPTORS IN THE VESTIBULE OF THE INNER EAR, THE UTRICLE AND SACCULE, WHICH EACH CONTAIN A MACULA WITH THE RECEPTORS FOR STATIC EQUILIBRIUM; WHEN THE HEAD MOVES WITH REFERENCE TO GRAVITYTHE OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE SHIFTS THE MECHANORECEPTORS (HAIR CELLS) IN THE MACULA DETECT THIS MOVEMENT AND SEND THE INFORMATION ALONG THE VESTIBULAR NERVE TO THE BRAIN FOR INTERPRETATION ("WHICH WAY IS UP").
Term
VESTIBULAR NERVE
Definition

The division of the vestibulcochlear (eighth) cranial nerve which conducts sensory information regarding static and dynamic equilibrium from the vetibular apparatus of the inner ear to the various centers of the CNS which process and integrate that information with visual

and proprioception.

Term
DYNAMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Definition
RECEPTORS FOUND IN THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS THAT RESPOND TO ANGULAR ROATATORY MOVEMENTS OF THE HEAD.
Term
CRISTA AMPULLARIS (CRISTA)
Definition
A RECEPTOR REGION MADE UP OF A TUFT OF HAIR CELLS COVERED WITH A GELATINOUS CAP CALLED THE CUPULA.
Term
CUPULA
Definition
A GELATINOUS CAP THAT COVERS HAIR CELLS IN THE INNER EAR.
Term
AMPULLA
Definition
A SWOLLEN REGION AT THE BASE OF EACH MEMBRANOUS SEMICIRCULAR CANAL OF THE EAR.
Term
SPIRAL ORGAN OF CORTI
Definition
LOCATED IN THE COCHLEAR DUCT; CONTAINS THE HEARING RECEPTORS (HAIR CELLS)
Term
COCHLEAR DUCT
Definition
THE COCHLEA IS THE AUDITORY PORTION OF THE INNER EAR. IT IS A SPIRAL-SHAPED CAVITY IN THE BONY LABYRINTH, MAKING 2.5 TURNS AROUND ITS AXIS, THE MODIOLUS.
Term
COCHLEAR NERVE
Definition
A DIVISION OF THE CRANIAL NERVE VIII (THE VESTIBULOR COCHLEAR NERVE) THAT HAIR CELLS TRANSMIT IMPULSES ALONG TO THE AUDITORY CORTEX IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE, WHERE INTERPRETATION OF SOUND (HEARING) OCCURS.
Term
DEAFNESS
Definition
HEARING LOSS OF ANY DEGREE
Term
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
Definition
COULD BE CAUSED BY EARWAX BUILDUP OR FUSIONOF THE OSSICLES; RESULTS WHEN SOMETHING INTERFERES WITH THE CONDUCTION OF SOUND VIBRATION TO THE FLUIDS IN THE EAR.
Term
OTOSCLEROSIS
Definition
FUSSION OF THE OSSICLES
Term
BASILAR MEMBRANE
Definition
THE BASILAR MEMBRANE WITHIN THE COCHLEA OF THE INNER EAR IS A STIFF STRUCTURAL ELEMENT THAT SEPARATES TWO LIQUID-FILLED TUBES THAT RUN ALONG THE COIL OF THE COCHLEA, THE SCALA MEDIA, AND THE SCALA TYMPANI. 
Term
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
Definition
A JELLY-LIKE MEMBRANE COVERING THE ORGAN OF CORTI IN THE EAR. A STRONG SHEET OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RUNNING FROM THE BASILAR PART OF THE OCCIPITAL BONE TO THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE BODIES OF THE AXIS AND THIRD CERVICAL VERTEBRA.

Term

 

SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS

 

Definition
A PROBLEM OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURES THAT OCCUR WHEN THERE IS A DEGENERATION OR DAMAGE TO THE RECEPTOR CELLS IN THE SPINAL ORGAN OF THE CORTI, TO THE COCHLEA NERVE OR TO NEURONS OF THE AUDITORY CORTEX.
Term
OTITIS MEDIA
Definition
AN EAR INFECTION THAT IS MOST OFTEN A BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTION THAT AFFECTS THE MIDDLE EAR, THE AIR-FILLED SPACE BEHIND THE EARDRUM THAT CONTAINS THE TINY VIBRATING BONES OF THE EAR. CHILDREN ARE MORE LIKELY THAN ADULTS TO GET EAR INFECTIONS. 
Term
MENIERE'S SYNDROME
Definition
PROGRESSIVE DEAFNESS; SUSPECTED CAUSES ARE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, DEGENERATION OF CRANIAL NERVE VIII AND INCREASED PRESSURE OF THE INNER EAR FLUIDS.
Term
VERTIGO
Definition
A SENSATION OF SPINNING; CAN'T STAND UP WITHOUT EXTREME DISCOMFORT.
Term
CHEMORECEPTORS
Definition
RECEPTORS FOR TASTE AND OLFACTION
Term
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS
Definition
RECEPTORS FOR THE SENSE OF SMELL(1,000'S OCCUPY THE AREA OF ONE POSTAGE STAMP) IN THE ROOF OF EACH NASAL CAVITY.
Term
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS
Definition
NEURONS EQUIPPED WITH OLFACTORY HAIRS.
Term
OLFACTORY HAIRS
Definition
LONG CILIA THAT PROTRUDE FROM THE NASAL EPITHELIUM AND ARE CONTINUOUSLY BATHED BY A LAYER OF MUCOSA.
Term
OLFACTORY FILAMENTS
Definition
BUNDLED AXONS OF OLFACTORY NEURONS THAT COLLECTIVELY MAKE UP THE OLFACTORY NERVE.
Term
OLFACTORY NERVE
Definition

CRANIAL NERVE I;

A NERVE THAT REGISTERS SMELLS BY CARRYING THE IMPULSES FOR THE SENSE OF SMELL FROM THE NOSE TO THE BRAINOLFACTORY NERVES CONTINUOUSLY REGENERATE. THE OLFACTORY NERVES ARE THE ONLY NERVES IN THE HUMAN BODY KNOW TO POSSESS THIS REMARKABLE CAPACITY FOR

SELF-RENEWAL.

Term
ANOSMIAS
Definition
OLFACTORY DISORDERS; MOST RESULT FROM HEAD INJURY, NASAL CAVITY INFLAMATION, OR AGING.
Term
OLFACTORY AURAS
Definition
HALLUCINATIONS; EXPERIENCED BY SOME EPILEPTICS JUST BEFORE THEIR SEIZURES.
Term
TASTE BUDS
Definition
SPECIFIC RECEPTORS FOR TASTE. 10,000 TASTEBUDS MOSTLY ON THE TOUNGE; SOME SCATTERED ON THE PALATE AND INNER CHEEKS.
Term
GUSTATORY CELLS
Definition
SPECIFIC CELLS THAT RESPOND TO THE CHEMICALS DISOLVED IN THE EPITHELIAL CELLS
Term
FACIAL NERVE
Definition
THE NERVE OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; SERVES THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NERVE.
Term
BASAL CELLS
Definition
STEM CELLS FOUND IN THE DEEP REGIONS OF THE TASTE BUDS.
Term
UMAMI
Definition
JAPANESE WORD FOR DELICIOUS.
Term
STRABISMUS
Definition
CROSSED EYES; RESULTS FROM THE UNEQUAL PULLS BY THE EXTERNAL EYE MUSCLES THAT PREVENT THE BODY FROM COORDINATING MOVEMENT OF THE 2 EYES.
Term

OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM

(CONJUNCTIVITIS)

Definition
A BABY'S EYES BECOME RED AND SWOLLEN DURING BIRTH; CAUSED BY THE MOTHER HAVING A SECUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE.
Term
PRESBYOPIA
Definition
OLD-VISION; RESULTS FROM DECREASING LENS ELASTICITY THAT ACCOMPANIES AGING; DIFFICULTY WITH CLOSE VISION (FARSIGHTEDNESS)
Term
PRESBYCUSIS
Definition
A TYPE OF SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS
Term
OTOSCLERIOUS
Definition
WHEN THE EAR OSSICLES FUSE; CAUSING A HEARING PROBLEM.
Term
RUBELLA
Definition
MEASLES; OCCURS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY; MAY LEAD TO CONGENITAL BLINDNESS.
Term
VAGUS NERVE
Definition

THE 10TH CRANIAL NERVE, OR THE WANDERING NERVE.

 

THE VAGUS NERVE HELPS TO REGULATE THE HEART BEAT, CONTROL MUSCLE MOVEMENT, KEEPS A PERSON BREATHING, AND TRANSMITS A VARIETY OF CHEMICALS THROUGH THE BODY. IT IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR KEEPING THE DIGESTIVE TRACT IN WORKING ORDERCONTRACTING THE MUSCLES OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES TO HELP PROCESS FOODAND SENDING BACK INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS BEING DIGESTED AND WHAT THE BODY IS GETTING OUT OF IT.

Term
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
Definition
THE NINTH CRANIAL NERVE;  SUPPLIES THE TOUNGE, THROAT, AND ONE OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS; PROBLEMS WITH THIS NERVE RESULTS IN TROUBLE TASTING AND SWALLOWING. 
Term
PAPILLAE
Definition
SMALL PEG-LIKE PROJECTIONS ON THE DORSAL TOUNGE.
Term
TASTE PORE
Definition
THE MINUTE OPENING OF A TASTE BUD ON THE SURFACE OF THE ORAL MUCOSA THROUGH WHICH THE GUSTATORY HAIRS OF THE SPECIALIZED NEUROEPITHELIAL GUSTATORY CELLS PROJECT.
Term

GUSTATORY HAIRS

(MICROVILLI)

Definition
 HAIRS THAT PROJECT OFF OF THE GUSTATORY RECEPTOR CELLS OF THE TOUNG SURFACE. THE MICROVILLE SWEEP THE PASSING SALIVA FOR DISSOLVED FOOD MOLECUES AND SEND NERVE IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN TO BE INTERPRETED AS TASTE.                                        
Term

CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE

(VALLATE PAPILLAE)

Definition

 ANY OF THE USUALLY 8-12 LARGE PAPILLAE NEAR THE BACK OF THE TOUNGE; EACH IS SURROUNDED WITH A MARGINAL SULCUS AND SUPPLIED WITH TASTE BUDS RESPONSIVE TO BITTER FLAVORS. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Term
FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
Definition
THE FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE ARE MUSHROOM SHAPED PAPILLAE (PROJECTIONS) ON THE TOUNGE. THEY ARE LOACTED ON THE TOP (DORSAL) SURFACE OF THE TOUNGE. THEY HAVE TASTE BUDS ON THEIR SUPERIOR (UPPER) SURFACE WHICH CAN DISTINGUISH 5 TASTES: SWEET, SOUR, BITTER, SALTY, AND UNAMI.
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