Term
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Definition
| method of determining how old biological objects are by measuring the radioactivity left in a special type of carbon (p.13) |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets (p.13) |
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Term
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Definition
| a huge sheet of ice (p.13) |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who continually moves from place to place, usually in search of food (pp.13, 425) |
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Term
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Definition
| period when early Americans learned how to plant and raise crops (p.13) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the first crops grown by early Americans, known today as corn (p.14) |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly organized society marked by knowledge of trade, government, the arts, science, and often, writen language (p.14) |
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Term
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Definition
| a dark glass formed by the cooling of molten lava (p.14) |
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Term
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Definition
| circular cerimonial room built by the Anasazi(p.16) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spanish for village, term used by the early Spanish explorers to denote large housing structures built by the Anasazi (p.16) |
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Term
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Definition
| a good spirit that the Pueblo people believed brought messages to the gods to their town each year (p.21) |
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Term
| slash-and-burn agriculture |
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Definition
| flaming technique in which land is cleared and made fertile by cutting down and burning forests (p.23) |
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Term
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Definition
| large, rectangular building with barrel-shaped roofs covered in bark, used by some Native Americans (p.23) |
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Term
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Definition
| conical or dome-shaped dwelleing built by Native Americans using bent poles covered in hides or bark (p.23) |
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Term
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Definition
| large group of extended families (p.23) |
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Term
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Definition
| a rolling grassland (p.27) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muslim place of worship (p.28) |
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Term
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Definition
| relation to, based on, or tracing decent through the maternal line (p.30) |
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Term
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Definition
| person bound to a manner (p.33) |
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Term
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Definition
| French for rebirth, a period in Europe from 1350 to 1600 during which a rebirth of interest in the culture of ancient Greece and Rome occurred (p.36) |
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Term
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Definition
| device used to determine direction, latitude, and local time (p.36) |
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Term
|
Definition
| sailing ship capable of long-distance exploration (p.37) |
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Term
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Definition
| north-south line of longitude through the Atlantic Ocean dividing lands in the Americas claimed by Spain and Portugal (p.42) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| series of complex societal and environmental interactions between Europe and the Americas begun with Columbus's first voyage (p.43) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spanish for conquerer, the men who led the expeditions to conquer the Americas (p.52) |
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Term
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Definition
| fort built by the Spanish in the Americas (p.54) |
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Term
|
Definition
| low-ranking nobles who came to America as conquistadore (p.54) |
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Term
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Definition
| system of rewarding conquistadors tracts of land, including the right to tax and exact labor from Native Americans (p.54) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| men who herded cattle on haciendas (p.55) |
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Term
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Definition
| the mythical nothern water route through North America to the Pacific Ocean (p.55) |
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Term
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Definition
| French fur traders who lived among the Native Americans (p.56) |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who wanted to purify the Angelican Church during the 1500's and 1600's (p.60) |
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Term
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Definition
| form of buisness organization in which many investors pool funds to raise large amounts of money for large projects (p.61) |
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Term
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Definition
| privately owned ship licensed by the govenment to attack ships of other countries (p.61) |
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Term
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Definition
| representatives to the general assembly of the Virginia colony (p.64) |
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Term
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Definition
| system in which settlers were granted land in exchange for settling in Viginia (p.64) |
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Term
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Definition
| a colony owned by an individual (p.64) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a Puritan who broke away from the Angelical Church (p.66) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a Separatist who journeyed to the American colonies in the 1600s for religious freedom (p.67) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a dissenter from established church beliefs (p.69) |
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Term
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Definition
| opposition of war or violence as a means of settling disputes (p.75) |
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Term
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Definition
| a crop grown primarily for profit |
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Term
|
Definition
| a large, commercial, agricultural estate |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who contracts to work for a colonist for a specified number of years in exchange for transportation to the colonies, food, clothing, and shelter |
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Term
|
Definition
| wealthy landowners in the South, also called the planter elite |
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Term
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Definition
| farming only enough food to feed someone's family |
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Term
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Definition
| the difficult journey slaves endured in crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and denied the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people |
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Term
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Definition
| a gathering of free men in a New England town to elect leaders which developed into the local town government |
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Term
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Definition
| men chosen to manage a town's affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| credit slip given by English merchants to planters in exchange for sugar or other goods |
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Term
|
Definition
| a three-way trade route that exchanged goods between the American colonies and two other trading partners |
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Term
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Definition
| a skilled worker who practices a trade or handicraft |
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Term
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Definition
| one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a buisness or enterprise |
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Term
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Definition
| person who invests wealth, particularly money, into a buisness |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that a state's power depends on its wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| fundamental rights that all people are born posessing, including the right of life, liberty, and property |
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Term
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Definition
| movement during the 1700s that promoted science, knowledge, and reason |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement during the 1700s that stressed dependence on God |
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Term
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Definition
| philosophy that emphasizes the role of logic and reason in gathering knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| movement in the 1700s that stressed an individual's piety and an emotional union with God |
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Term
|
Definition
| large public meeting for preaching and prayer |
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Term
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Definition
| a tax on imports and exports |
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Term
|
Definition
| the loss of value of money |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source |
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Term
|
Definition
| a search warrent enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling |
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Term
| committee of correspondence |
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Definition
| committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies |
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Term
|
Definition
| componies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute's notice |
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Term
|
Definition
| American colonists who supported Britain and opposed the War for Indepence |
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Term
|
Definition
| American colonist who supported the War for Independence |
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Term
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Definition
| a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes |
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Term
|
Definition
| licenses issued by Congress to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of government in which power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote |
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Term
|
Definition
| the act or process of freeing enslaved persons |
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Term
|
Definition
| the voluntary freeing of enslaved persons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there |
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Term
|
Definition
| political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
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Term
|
Definition
| government principal in which power is divided among different branches |
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Term
|
Definition
| a branch of government that makes the nation's laws |
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Term
|
Definition
| branch of government that implements and enforces laws |
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Term
|
Definition
| branch of government that interprets laws and renders judgment in cases involving those laws |
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Term
|
Definition
| the system in which each branch of government has the ability to limit the power of the other branches to prevent any from becoming too powerful |
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Term
|
Definition
| power of the chief executive to reject laws passed by the legislature |
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Term
|
Definition
| to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change to the Constitution |
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Term
|
Definition
| a supporter of the Constitution |
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Term
|
Definition
| an opponent of the Constitution |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of advisors to the president |
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Term
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Definition
| a note issued by the government which promises to pay off a loan with interest |
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Term
|
Definition
| person who risks money in hopes of a financial profit |
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Term
|
Definition
| powers listed in the Constitution as belonging to the federal government |
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Term
|
Definition
| powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but claimed by the federal government |
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Term
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Definition
| philosophy that agriculture and owning land is the backbone of the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy between countries ensuring fair trading practices |
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Term
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Definition
| a person living in a country who is not a citizen of that country |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that a state should be able to intervene between the federal government and the people to stop an illegal action |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that the states have the right to declare a federal law invalid |
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Term
|
Definition
| power of the Supreme Court to determine whether laws of congress are constitutional and to strike down those that are not |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of legalized kidnapping in which people are forced into the military service |
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Term
|
Definition
| a government ban on trade with other countries |
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Term
|
Definition
| members of Congress during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain |
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Term
|
Definition
| loyalty and devotion to a nation |
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Term
|
Definition
| tax on imports for the purpose of raising money |
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Term
|
Definition
| tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers |
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Term
|
Definition
| uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members' interests |
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Term
|
Definition
| work stoppage by workers to force an employer to meet demands |
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Term
|
Definition
| a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| plantation owners who held 20 or more enslaved people |
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Term
|
Definition
| owner of a small farm with four or fewer enslaved persons, and usually none |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people |
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Term
|
Definition
| men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own sate and region |
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Term
|
Definition
| an illigitimate agreement between polititions |
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Term
|
Definition
| an attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults |
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Term
|
Definition
| tax on imports for the purpose of raising money |
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Term
|
Definition
| tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers |
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Term
|
Definition
| uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members' interests |
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Term
|
Definition
| work stoppage by workers to force an employer to meet demands |
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Term
|
Definition
| a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| plantation owners who held 20 or more enslaved people |
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Term
|
Definition
| owner of a small farm with four or fewer enslaved persons, and usually none |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people |
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Term
|
Definition
| men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own sate and region |
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Term
|
Definition
| an illigitimate agreement between polititions |
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Term
|
Definition
| an attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults |
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Term
|
Definition
| practice of handing out government jobs to supporters; replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system in which members of a political party meet to choose their paty's candidate for president or decide policy |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that states have the right to declare a federal law invakid |
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Term
|
Definition
| hostility toward immigrants |
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Term
|
Definition
| a literary, artistic, ans philosophical movement in the 1700s emphasizing the imagination and the emotions, advocating feeling over reason, innerspirituality over environments created by humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy stressing the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things,and the importance of the individual conscience |
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Term
|
Definition
| community based on a vision of a perfect society sought by reformers |
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Term
|
Definition
| an association focusing on spreading the word of God and combating social problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| moderation in or abstinence from alchohol |
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Term
|
Definition
| prison whose purpose is to reform prisoners |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that slavery should be ended gradually |
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Term
|
Definition
| immediate ending of slavery |
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Term
|
Definition
| the act or process of freeing enslaved persons |
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Term
|
Definition
| idea popular in the United States during the 1800s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean |
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Term
|
Definition
| someone who settles on public land under government regulation with the hopes of aquiring the title to the land |
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Term
|
Definition
| someone who travels overland to the West |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spanish-speaking inhabitants of Texas |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person who arranged for the settlement of Texas in the 1800's |
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Term
|
Definition
| incorporating a territory within the domain of a country |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person delegated to represent one country to another |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| government subject to the will of the people |
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Term
|
Definition
| withdrawal from the Union |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North |
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Term
| transcontinental railroad |
|
Definition
| a railway system extending across the continent |
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Term
|
Definition
| the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature |
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Term
|
Definition
| an act of rebelling against the established government |
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Term
|
Definition
| nation declared to have been formed by the southern states that seceded from the Union on 1860-1861 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency |
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Term
|
Definition
| a tax on imports and exports |
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Term
|
Definition
| the loss of value of money |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a search warrent enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling |
|
|
Term
| committee of correspondence |
|
Definition
| committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| componies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute's notice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American colonists who supported Britain and opposed the War for Indepence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American colonist who supported the War for Independence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| licenses issued by Congress to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of government in which power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act or process of freeing enslaved persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the voluntary freeing of enslaved persons |
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