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An American Vision; Key Terms for Chapters 1-10
175
History
11th Grade
01/10/2010

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Term
radiocarbon dating
Definition
method of determining how old biological objects are by measuring the radioactivity left in a special type of carbon (p.13)
Term
Ice Age
Definition
a period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets (p.13)
Term
glacier
Definition
a huge sheet of ice (p.13)
Term
nomad
Definition
a person who continually moves from place to place, usually in search of food (pp.13, 425)
Term
agricultural revolution
Definition
period when early Americans learned how to plant and raise crops (p.13)
Term
maize
Definition
one of the first crops grown by early Americans, known today as corn (p.14)
Term
civilization
Definition
a highly organized society marked by knowledge of trade, government, the arts, science, and often, writen language (p.14)
Term
obsidian
Definition
a dark glass formed by the cooling of molten lava (p.14)
Term
kiva
Definition
circular cerimonial room built by the Anasazi(p.16)
Term
pueblo
Definition
Spanish for village, term used by the early Spanish explorers to denote large housing structures built by the Anasazi (p.16)
Term
kachina
Definition
a good spirit that the Pueblo people believed brought messages to the gods to their town each year (p.21)
Term
slash-and-burn agriculture
Definition
flaming technique in which land is cleared and made fertile by cutting down and burning forests (p.23)
Term
longhouse
Definition
large, rectangular building with barrel-shaped roofs covered in bark, used by some Native Americans (p.23)
Term
wigwam
Definition
conical or dome-shaped dwelleing built by Native Americans using bent poles covered in hides or bark (p.23)
Term
kinship group
Definition
large group of extended families (p.23)
Term
savannah
Definition
a rolling grassland (p.27)
Term
mosque
Definition
Muslim place of worship (p.28)
Term
matrilineal
Definition
relation to, based on, or tracing decent through the maternal line (p.30)
Term
serf
Definition
person bound to a manner (p.33)
Term
Renaissance
Definition
French for rebirth, a period in Europe from 1350 to 1600 during which a rebirth of interest in the culture of ancient Greece and Rome occurred (p.36)
Term
astrolabe
Definition
device used to determine direction, latitude, and local time (p.36)
Term
caravel
Definition
sailing ship capable of long-distance exploration (p.37)
Term
line of demarcation
Definition
north-south line of longitude through the Atlantic Ocean dividing lands in the Americas claimed by Spain and Portugal (p.42)
Term
circumnavigate
Definition
to sail around (p.43)
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
series of complex societal and environmental interactions between Europe and the Americas begun with Columbus's first voyage (p.43)
Term
conquistador
Definition
Spanish for conquerer, the men who led the expeditions to conquer the Americas (p.52)
Term
presidio
Definition
fort built by the Spanish in the Americas (p.54)
Term
hidalgo
Definition
low-ranking nobles who came to America as conquistadore (p.54)
Term
encomienda
Definition
system of rewarding conquistadors tracts of land, including the right to tax and exact labor from Native Americans (p.54)
Term
hacienda
Definition
a huge ranch (p.55)
Term
vaquero
Definition
men who herded cattle on haciendas (p.55)
Term
Northwest Passage
Definition
the mythical nothern water route through North America to the Pacific Ocean (p.55)
Term
coureurs de bois
Definition
French fur traders who lived among the Native Americans (p.56)
Term
Puritan
Definition
someone who wanted to purify the Angelican Church during the 1500's and 1600's (p.60)
Term
joint-stock company
Definition
form of buisness organization in which many investors pool funds to raise large amounts of money for large projects (p.61)
Term
privateer
Definition
privately owned ship licensed by the govenment to attack ships of other countries (p.61)
Term
burgesses
Definition
representatives to the general assembly of the Virginia colony (p.64)
Term
headright
Definition
system in which settlers were granted land in exchange for settling in Viginia (p.64)
Term
proprietary colony
Definition
a colony owned by an individual (p.64)
Term
Separatist
Definition
a Puritan who broke away from the Angelical Church (p.66)
Term
Pilgrim
Definition
a Separatist who journeyed to the American colonies in the 1600s for religious freedom (p.67)
Term
heretic
Definition
a dissenter from established church beliefs (p.69)
Term
pacifism
Definition
opposition of war or violence as a means of settling disputes (p.75)
Term
cash crop
Definition
a crop grown primarily for profit
Term
plantation
Definition
a large, commercial, agricultural estate
Term
indentured servant
Definition
an individual who contracts to work for a colonist for a specified number of years in exchange for transportation to the colonies, food, clothing, and shelter
Term
gentry
Definition
wealthy landowners in the South, also called the planter elite
Term
subsistence farming
Definition
farming only enough food to feed someone's family
Term
Middle Passage
Definition
the difficult journey slaves endured in crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas
Term
slave code
Definition
a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and denied the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people
Term
town meeting
Definition
a gathering of free men in a New England town to elect leaders which developed into the local town government
Term
selectmen
Definition
men chosen to manage a town's affairs
Term
bill of exchange
Definition
credit slip given by English merchants to planters in exchange for sugar or other goods
Term
triangular trade
Definition
a three-way trade route that exchanged goods between the American colonies and two other trading partners
Term
artisan
Definition
a skilled worker who practices a trade or handicraft
Term
entrepreneur
Definition
one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a buisness or enterprise
Term
capitalist
Definition
person who invests wealth, particularly money, into a buisness
Term
mercantalism
Definition
the theory that a state's power depends on its wealth
Term
natural rights
Definition
fundamental rights that all people are born posessing, including the right of life, liberty, and property
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
movement during the 1700s that promoted science, knowledge, and reason
Term
Great Awakening
Definition
movement during the 1700s that stressed dependence on God
Term
rationalism
Definition
philosophy that emphasizes the role of logic and reason in gathering knowledge
Term
pietism
Definition
movement in the 1700s that stressed an individual's piety and an emotional union with God
Term
revival
Definition
large public meeting for preaching and prayer
Term
customs duty
Definition
a tax on imports and exports
Term
inflation
Definition
the loss of value of money
Term
nonimportation agreement
Definition
a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source
Term
writ of assistance
Definition
a search warrent enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling
Term
committee of correspondence
Definition
committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies
Term
minuteman
Definition
componies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute's notice
Term
Loyalist
Definition
American colonists who supported Britain and opposed the War for Indepence
Term
Patriot
Definition
American colonist who supported the War for Independence
Term
guerilla warfare
Definition
a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
Term
letters of marque
Definition
licenses issued by Congress to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships
Term
republic
Definition
form of government in which power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote
Term
emancipation
Definition
the act or process of freeing enslaved persons
Term
manumission
Definition
the voluntary freeing of enslaved persons
Term
duty
Definition
a tax on imports
Term
recession
Definition
an economic slowdown
Term
popular sovereignty
Definition
government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there
Term
federalism
Definition
political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
Term
separation of powers
Definition
government principal in which power is divided among different branches
Term
legislative branch
Definition
a branch of government that makes the nation's laws
Term
executive branch
Definition
branch of government that implements and enforces laws
Term
judicial branch
Definition
branch of government that interprets laws and renders judgment in cases involving those laws
Term
checks and balances
Definition
the system in which each branch of government has the ability to limit the power of the other branches to prevent any from becoming too powerful
Term
veto
Definition
power of the chief executive to reject laws passed by the legislature
Term
impeach
Definition
to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office
Term
amendment
Definition
a change to the Constitution
Term
Federalist
Definition
a supporter of the Constitution
Term
Antifederalist
Definition
an opponent of the Constitution
Term
cabinet
Definition
a group of advisors to the president
Term
bond
Definition
a note issued by the government which promises to pay off a loan with interest
Term
speculator
Definition
person who risks money in hopes of a financial profit
Term
enumerated powers
Definition
powers listed in the Constitution as belonging to the federal government
Term
implied powers
Definition
powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but claimed by the federal government
Term
agrarianism
Definition
philosophy that agriculture and owning land is the backbone of the economy
Term
most-favored nation
Definition
a policy between countries ensuring fair trading practices
Term
alien
Definition
a person living in a country who is not a citizen of that country
Term
sedition
Definition
incitement to rebellion
Term
interposition
Definition
theory that a state should be able to intervene between the federal government and the people to stop an illegal action
Term
nullification
Definition
theory that the states have the right to declare a federal law invalid
Term
judicial review
Definition
power of the Supreme Court to determine whether laws of congress are constitutional and to strike down those that are not
Term
impressment
Definition
a kind of legalized kidnapping in which people are forced into the military service
Term
embargo
Definition
a government ban on trade with other countries
Term
War Hawks
Definition
members of Congress during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain
Term
nationalism
Definition
loyalty and devotion to a nation
Term
revenue tariff
Definition
tax on imports for the purpose of raising money
Term
protective tariff
Definition
tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers
Term
interchangeable parts
Definition
uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces
Term
labor union
Definition
an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members' interests
Term
strike
Definition
work stoppage by workers to force an employer to meet demands
Term
cotton gin
Definition
a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber
Term
planter
Definition
plantation owners who held 20 or more enslaved people
Term
yeoman farmer
Definition
owner of a small farm with four or fewer enslaved persons, and usually none
Term
slave code
Definition
a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people
Term
"favorite son"
Definition
men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own sate and region
Term
"corrupt bargain"
Definition
an illigitimate agreement between polititions
Term
mudslinging
Definition
an attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults
Term
revenue tariff
Definition
tax on imports for the purpose of raising money
Term
protective tariff
Definition
tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers
Term
interchangeable parts
Definition
uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces
Term
labor union
Definition
an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members' interests
Term
strike
Definition
work stoppage by workers to force an employer to meet demands
Term
cotton gin
Definition
a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber
Term
planter
Definition
plantation owners who held 20 or more enslaved people
Term
yeoman farmer
Definition
owner of a small farm with four or fewer enslaved persons, and usually none
Term
slave code
Definition
a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people
Term
"favorite son"
Definition
men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own sate and region
Term
"corrupt bargain"
Definition
an illigitimate agreement between polititions
Term
mudslinging
Definition
an attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults
Term
spoils system
Definition
practice of handing out government jobs to supporters; replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters
Term
caucus system
Definition
a system in which members of a political party meet to choose their paty's candidate for president or decide policy
Term
secede
Definition
to leave or withdraw
Term
nullification
Definition
theory that states have the right to declare a federal law invakid
Term
nativism
Definition
hostility toward immigrants
Term
romanticism
Definition
a literary, artistic, ans philosophical movement in the 1700s emphasizing the imagination and the emotions, advocating feeling over reason, innerspirituality over environments created by humans
Term
transcendentalism
Definition
a philosophy stressing the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things,and the importance of the individual conscience
Term
utopia
Definition
community based on a vision of a perfect society sought by reformers
Term
benevolent society
Definition
an association focusing on spreading the word of God and combating social problems
Term
temperance
Definition
moderation in or abstinence from alchohol
Term
penitentiary
Definition
prison whose purpose is to reform prisoners
Term
gradualism
Definition
theory that slavery should be ended gradually
Term
abolition
Definition
immediate ending of slavery
Term
emancipation
Definition
the act or process of freeing enslaved persons
Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition
idea popular in the United States during the 1800s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean
Term
squatter
Definition
someone who settles on public land under government regulation with the hopes of aquiring the title to the land
Term
overlander
Definition
someone who travels overland to the West
Term
Tejano
Definition
Spanish-speaking inhabitants of Texas
Term
empresario
Definition
a person who arranged for the settlement of Texas in the 1800's
Term
annexation
Definition
incorporating a territory within the domain of a country
Term
envoy
Definition
a person delegated to represent one country to another
Term
cede
Definition
to give up by treaty
Term
popular sovereignty
Definition
government subject to the will of the people
Term
secession
Definition
withdrawal from the Union
Term
Underground Railroad
Definition
a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Term
transcontinental railroad
Definition
a railway system extending across the continent
Term
referendum
Definition
the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature
Term
insurrection
Definition
an act of rebelling against the established government
Term
Confederacy
Definition
nation declared to have been formed by the southern states that seceded from the Union on 1860-1861
Term
martial law
Definition
the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency
Term
customs duty
Definition
a tax on imports and exports
Term
inflation
Definition
the loss of value of money
Term
nonimportation agreement
Definition
a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source
Term
writ of assistance
Definition
a search warrent enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling
Term
committee of correspondence
Definition
committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies
Term
minuteman
Definition
componies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute's notice
Term
Loyalist
Definition
American colonists who supported Britain and opposed the War for Indepence
Term
Patriot
Definition
American colonist who supported the War for Independence
Term
guerilla warfare
Definition
a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
Term
letters of marque
Definition
licenses issued by Congress to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships
Term
republic
Definition
form of government in which power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote
Term
emancipation
Definition
the act or process of freeing enslaved persons
Term
manumission
Definition
the voluntary freeing of enslaved persons
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