Term
Brachygnathia inferior
- common term, description |
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Definition
| "Parrot Mouth", short mandible + normal maxilla |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Most common salivary gland neoplasia? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cricopharyngeal achalasia - what is it? who does it affect? Problems associated? Treatment? |
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Definition
Congenital neuro disorder - incoordination of cricopharyngeal sphincter during swallowing... fails to open at right time --> bolus hits it and is gagged out.
Occurs in young animals once they start eating solid foods.
May aspirate and develop pneumonia
Tx: Cricopharyngeal myotomy |
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Term
| What are the 4 categories of IBD? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytic/plasmacytic, Eosinophilic, Pyogranulomatous, Suppurative |
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Term
| What is the most common sign of IBD in dogs? In cats? |
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Definition
Dogs = chronic diarrhea (SI usually)
Cats = Vomiting |
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Term
| How do you diagnose IBD? What can it be confused with? |
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Definition
| Histopathology. Can be confused with lymphosarcoma (esp. if biopsies are small or superficial). Mucosa may look normal btw |
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Term
| What can intestinal lymphangiectasia lead to? |
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Definition
| SI diarrhea, ascites (due to protein loss), weight loss, vomiting. Leakage of lymph causes inflammation and granuloma formation and worsening of the lymphatic obstruction. |
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Term
| Who is affected by intestinal lymphangiectasia? |
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Definition
| Dogs, esp. yorkies, soft-coated wheaten terriers, lundehounds |
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Term
| Another name for antibiotic responsive enteropathy? |
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Definition
| Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth |
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Term
| What's the most common intestinal tumor of cats/ |
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Definition
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Term
| Best way to diagnose intestinal lymphoma? |
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Definition
| Histopathology (surgical or endoscopic) |
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Term
| What is mesenteric torsion/volvulus and who most often gets it? |
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Definition
| Large breed dogs. Intestines twist about the root of the mesentery. Poor prognosis. |
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Term
| What occurs in SI adenocarcinoma? What are the clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Causes thickening or a circumferential mass in the small (maybe large) intestine. This can cause an obstruction, which will cause vomiting. Also anorexia and weight loss. |
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Term
| Is leiomyosarcoma usually present as a mass or as diffuse? Proximal SI or distal SI? What's an unusual sign that can occur? |
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Definition
| Usually a mass lesion found in the proximal SI or stomach. Can have hypoglycemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome. |
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Term
| What's the most common sign of intestinal obstruction? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What's the most common malignant intestinal tumor in dogs? |
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Definition
| Intestinal adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| What viral diseases cause erosive and ulcerative esophagitis? |
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Definition
| BVD, Rinderpest, and IBR (in neonates) |
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Term
| 4 places where obstruction can happen in the esophagus |
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Definition
| Dorsal to the larynx, thoracic inlet, base of the heart, diaphragmatic hiatus |
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Term
| What's a potential sequela of choke? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| After how long does a lodged esophageal foreign body cause necrosis/stricture? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you tell between megaesophagus and PRAA? |
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Definition
| Megaesophagus dilates the esophagus cranial and caudal to the heart. PRAA will only dilate cranial to the heart. |
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Term
| Secondary changes to Spirocerca Lupi? |
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Definition
| Granulomas, also Fibrosarcomas and osteosarcomas |
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Term
| How do high roughage and high grain diets affect the papilla in the rumen? |
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Definition
High roughage = longer papilla
High grain = shorter papilla |
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Term
| What are the potential sequelae to esophageal obstruction? |
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Definition
| Bloat, esophageal damage and secondary stricture, esophageal dilation, aspiration pneumonia, esophageal perforation and periesophageal inflammation |
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Term
| What causes acute rumen acidosis? |
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Definition
| Excess carbohydrate ingestion leads to decrease in rumen pH. |
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Term
| In bacterial rumenitis, what is the main bacteria involved? What occurs? |
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Definition
| Fusobacterium necrophorum. It's a normal inhabitant that invades the rumen wall after mucosal damage (acidosis.) |
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Term
| What causes death in acute rumen acidosis? |
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Definition
| Dehydration (due to osmotic movement of fluid into rumen), acidosis and circulatory collapse |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of mycotic rumenitis? |
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Definition
| Opportunistic fungi that invade and cause deeper mucosal lesions. Fungi invade into vessels --> causes necrosis and hemorrhage --> causes thrombosis and INFARCTS |
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Term
| How does the rumen pH change with rumen acidosis? |
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Definition
| Increases in later stages of death (<5.0), which may increase after death |
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Term
| Some lesions/effects of bacterial rumenitis? |
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Definition
| Erythema, edema, and erosions/ulceration |
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Term
| Where are lesions most obvious with BVDV in the rumen? |
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Definition
| Mucosa of rumen pillars - look for erosions, ulcers, plaques |
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|
Term
| When will Bovine herpes virus (IBR) become systemic and invade the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Only as neonates - NOT as an adult. As an adult, it stays orally |
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|
Term
| What are potential sequelae to ulcers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 basic causes of ulcers? |
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Definition
Local disturbances/trauma to epithelium
High gastric acidity
Local blood flow disturbances
Depressed prostaglandins |
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|
Term
| What do prostaglandins do? |
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Definition
| 1. Stimulate mucus and bicarbonate 2. Increase epithelial proliferation 3. Increase mucosal blood flow 4. Inhibit acid secretion by parietal cells |
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|
Term
| Clinical signs of gastric ulcers? |
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Definition
| Vomiting (and of coffee grounds-like material), inappetence, abdominal pain, melena, anemia |
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Term
| Pre-dispositions for cattle with ulcers? Where are the ulcers found? Clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Young stressed calves/feed lot animals on high grain rations. High producing animals. Found in pyloric region. Clinical signs: anorexia, decreased milk production, melena, pain in xyphoid |
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Term
| Pre-dispositions for pigs with ulcers? Where are the ulcers found? possible sequelae? |
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Definition
| Pigs on finely ground grain ration that are stressed. Found in the pars esophaga. Could lead to fatal gastric hemorrhage (exsanguination) |
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Term
| Pre-dispositions for horses with ulcers? Where are the ulcers found? Clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Competitive/performance horses; idiopathic in foals. Most severe in non-glandular mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus. Signs of mild colic during/after eating and foals lying in dorsal recumbency. |
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Term
| What pre-disposes dogs to ulcers? |
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Definition
| Often idiopathic. May be associated with mast cell tumors (that secrete histamine), NSAIDs, and major surgery. |
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Term
| Name the broad categories of what causes gastric ulcers? And how do they do it? |
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Definition
| Stress - reduced perfusion, NSAIDs/steroids - decreased prostaglandins (decrease bicarb, decreased perfusion), Diet (ulcerogenic), Gastrinomas (gastric acid hypersecretion), Mast cell tumors - hypersecretion of gastric acid, Gastric neoplasia - trauma, uremia |
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Term
| Where does BLV like to go to in the GI system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What species do we see gastric adenocarcinoma in? What kind of response does it cause? Is it known to metastasize or not? |
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Definition
| Dogs. Intense fibrous response. Tends to metastasize and is very aggressive, infiltrative. |
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Term
| What's a tumor that is hard to distinguis from leiomyosarcoma grossly in the stomach/stomach biopsies? Which one is more aggressive? |
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Definition
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. GIST is more aggressive. |
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Term
| What are the unique things about leiomyosarcomas? |
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Definition
| Can cause paraneoplastic syndrome of hypoglycemia. Has good prognosis following resection. |
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of vomiting? |
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Definition
| Nausea, Retching, Expulsion |
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|
Term
| what is obstructed in gastric dilation and volvulus? |
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Definition
| Cardia and pylorus. Leads to venous outflow being obstructed as well --> infarction, congestion |
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Term
| What are the hallmarks are clostridial infection? |
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Definition
| Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis, emphysema |
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Term
| What is death due to in "Braxy"? Again, what is "braxy" and what species does it affect? |
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Definition
| Exotoxemia. Clostridium septicum. Sheep and calves - younger. |
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Term
| Abomasal tympany. Who does it affect? What bacteria and what conditions cause it? |
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Definition
| Young animals - 24-48 hours old. Caused by Clostridium perfringens. Seen in calves fed highly-fermentable milk replacer (cold or unhygienic) |
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Term
| E. coli in post-weaning pigs causes what major sign? Why? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How do blister beetles affect the horses stomach? |
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Definition
| Edema, ulceration, and necrosis of the non-glandular mucosa. Hyperemia of the glandular mucosa. |
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Term
| What species are mainly affected by uremia in the stomach? Signs? |
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Definition
| Dogs and cats (sometimes horses). Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis. Mucosal mineralization may occur. |
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Term
| What bacteria is associated with gastric edema in pigs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the mechanism of edema formation in edema disease of swine? |
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Definition
- Edema factor (enterotoxin). Acts on capillary beds (including gastric submucosa) and causes them to leak fluid
- vascular damage --> increased vascular permeability |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action in edema formation of Ostertagia and Haemonchus? |
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Definition
Hypoproteinemia. 1. Protein loss through parasitism (Haemonchus)
2. Abomasal mucosal protein leakage due to inflammation (Ostertagia) |
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|
Term
| What nematode causes granulomas in the esophagus? In what species? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are potential sequelae of Spirocerca lupi infection? |
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Definition
| - esophageal obstruction due to granuloma, esophageal neoplasia, Ulceration, aortic lesions/spondylosis due to parasite migration |
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Term
| What will occur in intestines that go through volvulus or torsion? Lesions? |
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Definition
| Congestion, edema, ischemia and eventually necrosis. Affected segment will be sharply demarcated, distended, dark red/black, and thickened/edematous. |
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Term
| What are the secondary effects of intestinal volvulus and torsion? |
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Definition
| Ileus, toxemia, peritonitis |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of intestinal strangulation in older horses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are potential sequelae to esophageal obstruction? |
|
Definition
| Bloat, pressure necrosis, stricture |
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|
Term
| What can occur with linear foreign bodies? |
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Definition
| Intestinal plication with possible perforation and peritonitis |
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|
Term
| What are the predisposing factors to impacted feed? |
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Definition
| Water deprivation! Dietary change, poor dentition, intestinal stricture, or abnormal intestinal motility |
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|
Term
| Who has the most problem with impacted parasites? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What causes rectal stricture in pigs? Explain the pathogenesis. |
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Definition
| Salmonella infection. Thrombosis/infarction --> heals by fibrosis --> Leads to stricture |
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|
Term
| What pathological processes lead to stricture? |
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Definition
| Fibrosis, Inflammation, Neoplasia |
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|
Term
| Most common cause of rectal tears in horses? |
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Definition
| Iatrogenic (via rectal palpation) |
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|
Term
| In diarrhea, what contributes to abnormal protein metabolism? |
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Definition
| Decreased protein uptake, Malabsorption of peptides/amino acids, protein loss |
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|
Term
| What can occur secondary to abnormal protein metabolism (esp. associated with diarrhea)? |
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Definition
| Weight loss, cachexia, hypoproteinemia (with edema, ascites), and possibly death |
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|
Term
| What is the turnover rate for mature enterocytes in the intestine in adults? Neonates? What is their function? |
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Definition
| Adults = 2-3 days, Neonates = 7-10 days. Final digestive and absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes. |
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Term
| What can an intestinal crypt cell do? or not do? |
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Definition
| It can replace any intestinal epithelial cell type. But it has no digestive function. |
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Term
| What is the function of goblet cells in the intestine? Where are they found? |
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Definition
| Secretes mucus. Found more in distal intestine. |
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|
Term
| What is the function of M-cells in the intestine? |
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Definition
| Samples antigens and transports them to GALT. |
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|
Term
| Does the large intestine have villi? Does it have crypts? |
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Definition
| No it does not have villi but it does have crypts with cells that will replace the absorptive epithelial cells. |
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|
Term
| LI or SI diarrhea has straining? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| LI or SI diarrhea has urgency? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| LI or SI diarrhea has increased frequency (> 5x a day)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| LI or SI diarrhea has weight loss? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| LI or SI diarrhea has mucus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| LI or SI diarrhea has fat? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| LI or SI diarrhea has increased volume? |
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Definition
| SI (>3x) ... LI it can be increased, but it's only 1-3x |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 mechanisms of small bowel diarrhea? |
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Definition
| Malabsorption, Maldigestion, Secretory, Effusive or exudative |
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|
Term
| Describe malabsorptive diarrhea. What causes it? |
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Definition
| Atrophy of villous. Due to damage to intestinal crypt cells or loss of epithelium. |
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|
Term
| Describe maldigestive diarrhea. What causes it? |
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Definition
| Subset of malabsorptive. Abnormal digestion due to lack of pancreatic enzymes. |
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Term
| Describe secretory diarrhea. What causes it? |
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Definition
| Excessive (ACTIVE) secretion of fluid by enterocytes. Villi look NORMAL. Caused by enterotoxins, prostaglandins, histamine, or cytokines. Independent of permeability or absorptive capacity of intestine!!! |
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Term
| Describe effusive and excretory diarrhea. What causes it? |
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Definition
| Increased intestinal permeability and osmotic gradient causes fluid to PASSIVELY flow out into the lumen out of the tissue. Due to inflammation, hypertension, or lymphangiectasia. |
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Term
| What are the 2 mechanisms of large bowel diarrhea? |
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Definition
| 1. Reduced absorption due to epithelial damage. 2. May also have effusion or secretion of fluid. |
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|
Term
| 3 mechanisms of rotavirus? |
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Definition
| Malabsorption, Secretory, Effusion |
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Term
| 2 mechanisms of enteric coronavirus. What disease does it cause in pigs? Prognosis? |
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Definition
| Malabsorption (due to villous atrophy), and somewhat secretory. Causes TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis) in pigs. High mortality in young pigs (<10 days) |
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Term
| What is the virus in FIP? What's the pathogenesis of the wet form? |
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Definition
| Coronavirus. Systemic pyogranulomatous vasculitis --> Increased vascular permeability. Causes abdominal distension due to peritoneal and/or pleural effusion. Replicates in macrophages. |
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Term
| Explain the pathogenesis of parvovirus. |
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Definition
| Attacks the CRYPT cells (rapidly dividing cells) --> Crypt necrosis and villous blunting --> malabsorptive diarrhea with effusion. Also attacks bone marrow cells (hematopoietic cells) |
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|
Term
| What are the pathologic lesions in parvovirus? |
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Definition
| Segmental intestinal reddening with dull serosal surface. Red/brown and fluid intestinal contents +/- fibrohemorrhagic exudate |
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|
Term
| What virus causes diarrhea in foals? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What viruses cause diarrhea in neonatal cavles and pigs? |
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Definition
| Rotavirus and Coronavirus |
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|
Term
| What is the usual outcome of BVDV infection? |
|
Definition
| Subclinical or mild disease with anorexia, lethargy, mild oral ulcerations and possibly diarrhea |
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|
Term
| Describe the acute and severe BVDV pathogenesis |
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Definition
| High morbidity/mortality!! Fever, diarrhea, pneumonia, sudden death. Eurosions or ulcers in oral cavity, esophageal mucosa and rumen. Ulceration and hemorrhage of intestinal Peyer's patches. |
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|
Term
| How can a cow get the mucosal disease of BVDV? |
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Definition
| A persistently infected calf (a calf that gets BVDV during days 42-150 of their gestation) is infected with a cytopathic strain --> overwhelming infection that is typically fatal |
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|
Term
| How can you diagnose BVDV of PI cattle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the lesions associated with mucosal disease (associated with BVDV persistent infection). |
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Definition
| Widespread mucosal ulceration. Peyer's patch necrosis & hemorrhage (similar to acute, severe BVDV). Anorexia, depression, watery diarrhea, fever, nasal discharge. Death within a few days to a couple of weeks. |
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Term
| How does Rinderpest affect the intestines? |
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Definition
| Erosive lesions of all mucous membranes |
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Term
| What 3 viruses of cattle are known to have lesions in the upper alimentary tract? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 3 mechanisms of diarrhea with Salmonella? Be specific with causes |
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Definition
Secretory - due to enterotoxin. Malabsorption - due to enterocyte loss (due to cytotoxins)
Exudation - due to loss of mucosal integrity/inflammation. |
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|
Term
| What should you consider if you see any species with hemorrhagic enteritis +/- FIBRINOHEMORRHAGIC lesions in the small OR large intestine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which Salmonella is the most common cause of enterocolitis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What intestinal disease causes "button ulcers", and what are they? |
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Definition
| Salmonella. Thrombosis of mucosal venules. |
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|
Term
| Describe the lesions of Salmonella |
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Definition
| Denuded mucosa overlain by fibrinohemorrhagic mat in SI and colon. |
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Term
| What are possible sequelae to Salmonella infection? |
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Definition
| 1. Bacteremia and endotoxemia 2. Chronic infections and carrier states |
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|
Term
| Specifically, what is the most important cause of clostridial enteritis in domestic animals? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How do you get a definitive diagnosis for Clostridium perfringens? |
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Definition
| Need to demonstrate enterotoxin in the gut because this is a normal inhabitant of the GI tract |
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|
Term
| What is the most common lesion of clostridium perfringens (of the types)? |
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Definition
| Hemorrhagic enteritis or enterocolitis |
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|
Term
| With Clostridium, rapid growth in a ________________ environment leads to ____________ production. |
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Definition
| Anaerobic environment --> leads to exotoxin production |
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Term
| What causes Peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) in dogs? What kind of dogs are mostly affected? |
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Definition
| Clostridium perfringens. Mini and toy breeds that are < 2 years old |
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Term
| What are the major clinical signs of a dog affected with HGE? How should you treat? |
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Definition
| MARKED HEMOCONCENTRATION! (PCV > 60) with acute, severe hemorrhagic diarrhea. Treat with fluids |
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Term
| What causes hemorrhagic bowel syndrome of dairy cattle? Describe the major clinical signs |
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Definition
| Clostridium perfringens type A suspected. Can cause intraluminal hemorrhage (and necrohemorrhagic jejunitis/enteritis) with dark blood clots in feces |
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|
Term
| What is "Colitis X"? What is the cause? What species? |
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Definition
| Severe non-bloody and rapidly fatal diarrhea in horses. Caused by Clostridium difficile. |
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|
Term
| what are the lesions associated with Colitis X? how can you diagnose it? |
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Definition
| Cecal and colonic mucosa are edematous, congested and hemorrhagic. Diagnosis of exclusion. |
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|
Term
| What is and what causes Tyzzer's disease and what species does it affect? |
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Definition
| Clostridium piliforme. Multifocal hepatic necrosis in foals, Enteritis in rabbits/rodents. |
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|
Term
| What causes "Quail disease"? Briefly describe it's effect |
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Definition
| Clostridium colinum. Causes rapid death/high morality in quails due to enterotyphlitis. |
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Term
| What species are affected by Lawsonia interacellularis? What/where are it's lesions? |
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Definition
| Feeder pigs, young horses, hamsters. Mucosal proliferation/thickened mucosa in distal small intestine and/or colon |
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|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of Lawsonia intracellularis? |
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Definition
| Intracellular bacteria causes hyperplasia of intestinal epithelial cells --> diarrhea due to decreased mucosal function (can also cause hypoproteinemia) |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of Lawsonia intracellularis in pigs (name that disease!)? Horses? |
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Definition
Pigs = water, possibly bloody diarrhea (Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy)
Horses = hypoproteinemia is more of a problem than diarrhea |
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|
Term
| What causes porcine proliferative enteropathy? What lesions will you see? |
|
Definition
| Lawsonia intracellularis. Thickened mucosa of distal ILEUM, cecum and colon --> may progress to hemorrhage and/or necrosis |
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|
Term
| What causes swine dysentery? Who does it affect? Main clinical signs? |
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Definition
| Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. It affects pigs 8-14 weeks old. Gives them LARGE BOWEL diarrhea w/ mucus, blood, fibrin... "rice water stool" |
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|
Term
| What disease is caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of diarrhea with swine dysentery? Lesions? |
|
Definition
| Colonic malabsorption due to epithelial damage. Lesions = colitis, superficial erosions, hypersecretion of mucus |
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|
Term
| Describe Enterotoxigenic E. coli, who it affects, and how it causes diarrhea |
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Definition
| SECRETORY small bowel diarrhea. Neonates of many species. Mucosa NOT altered!! |
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Term
| Describe enteropathogenic E.coli, it's type of diarrhea and pathogenesis. |
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Definition
| Bacteria that are attaching and effacting that adhere to epithelium and cause exfoliation --> villous atrophy --> MALABSORPTIVE diarrhea. Gives opportunity for secondary pathogens. |
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|
Term
| Describe enteroinvasive E. coli/septicemic colibacillosis, who it affects, main causes, and lesions |
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Definition
| Septecemia in calves, lambs,foals with failure of passive transfer. Also causes FIBRINOUS ARTHRITIS, serositis, meningitis and hypopyon. Enteritis possible. |
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|
Term
| What are the common sites of edema in edema disease of pigs? What bacteria causes it? |
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Definition
| Stomach, mesocolon, CNS, eyelids. Enterotoxemic E.coli |
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Term
| Remember, ETEC's main mechanism? Will the villous be destroyed? |
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Definition
| intestinal hypersecretion. No villous will be intact |
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Term
| Remember, EPEC's main mechanism? Will the villous be destroyed? |
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Definition
| Attaching and effacting causing malabsoprtion. Yes it will be atrophied. Similar to Coronavirus and Rota virus |
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|
Term
| What causes Johne's Disease? When are they susceptible to infection? When do they develop clinical disease? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium avium sbsp. paratuberculosis. Susceptible before 30 days old, but disease between 2-5 years. |
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|
Term
| Main clinical signs of Johne's Disease? |
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Definition
| Profuse effortless and intractible diarrhea with EMACIATION |
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|
Term
| Lesions associated with Johne's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Thickening of ileum, cecum, +/- colon with enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes and maybe granulomatous lymphangitis. |
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|
Term
| What is the main clinical sign of Johne's disease in sheep/goats? |
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Definition
| Chronic wasting (more than diarrhea, intestinal lesions) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Acid-fast bacteria in macrophages. |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs and lesions associated with Rhodococcus equi enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
| Bronchopneumonia mostly, also ulcerative colitis. Colonic ulcer covered by necrotic debris with mesenteric lymph node enlargement. |
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Term
| What causes Potomac horse fever? What are the clinical signs? Where does it cause lesions? |
|
Definition
| Neorickettsia risticii. Fever, water diarrhea, depression, mild colic and dependent edema. Reddening, edema and hemorrhage of colonic mucosa. |
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|
Term
| What disease in dogs with caused by Neorickettsia helminthoeca? What are the main clinical signs? What/where are the lesions/ |
|
Definition
| Salmon poisoning (think Northwest!) Severe diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, fever and lymphadenopathy. Hemorrhagic and granulomatous enterocolitis with GALT hemorrhage and necrosis, esp. in the ILEOCECAL region. |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of large bowel diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| Tenesmus, frank blood, mucus, increased frequency, straining, mild increase in volume |
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|
Term
| Who is affected by histiocytic ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
| Boxers dogs and related French bulldogs, < 2 years old |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of histiocytic ulcerative colitis? Lesions? |
|
Definition
| Soft feces +/- mucus and blood. Sometimes weight loss. Thickened and folded mucosa with ulceration, numerous macrophages with PAS positive granules and bacteria |
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|
Term
| Who is most likely to have Histoplasma in the GI tract? Where else can it be found? |
|
Definition
| Dogs = GI Histoplasma. Cats more likely have it in the mouth. |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs for GI Histoplasma? What are the lesions? |
|
Definition
| Weight loss, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, tenesmus possible. Small and large intestine with thickening of mucosa w/ ulceration and large mesenteric lymph nodes |
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|
Term
| Who can be affected by Pythium insidiosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions caused by Pythium? |
|
Definition
| Segmental thickening (due to granulomatous inflammation) and ulceration of GI tract (pylorus and small intestine). Fibrotic, thickened wall with caseous yellow foci of necrosis |
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|
Term
| What turkey disease causes typhlitis with cecal thickening and fibrinonecrotic debris in the lumen? |
|
Definition
| Histomonas Meleagridis - or Blackhead. |
|
|
Term
| What species is affected by Histomonas meleagridis? How is it transmitted? What/where are the lesions. |
|
Definition
| Mostly turkeys. Turkeys eat earthworms with cecal worms that go to the cecal mucosa. Causes cecal thickening and fibrinonecrotic debris in lumen. Also liver has target-shaped necrotic foci. |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of diarrhea thanks to coccidia? |
|
Definition
1. Malabsorptive diarrhea (via villous atrophy)
2. Exudative due to epithelial erosion and ulceration |
|
|
Term
| What 2 genera are mostly the problem in Coccidia? Which is most important? and who do they affect? |
|
Definition
Eimeria - in calves
Eimeria - in sheep/goats (dz in young)
Isospora suis - MOST IMPORTANT; neonatal infections in pigs either 5-6 days to 2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of an Eimeria infection in calves? Describe the lesions |
|
Definition
Causes diarrhea +/- mucus, tenesmus.
If severe can cause fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis; mild = congestion, edema. |
|
|
Term
| What lesions will you find in sheep/goat Eimeria? |
|
Definition
| Edema/thickening of ileum, cecum, and colon. Numerous pale and slightly raised foci in SI mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| Does coccidia in pigs cause hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age does Isospora suis affect pigs? What are the lesions? |
|
Definition
| 5-6 days to 2-3 weeks. Fibrinous or fibrinonecrotic exudate in distal SMALL intestine. NO HEMORRHAGE. |
|
|
Term
| Who does Cryptosporidium affect? What is it's mechanism of diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| Esp. neonates in many species. MALABSORPTIVE diearrhea (minimal gross lesions) due to infection of brush borders. Slighly secretory due to inflammator mediators. Can be zoonotic!! |
|
|
Term
| What species does Strongylus vulgaris affect? What kind of pathological lesions can you expect? |
|
Definition
| Large strongyle of horses. Larvae = endocarditis in mesentery, adults = infarction of segments of intestine; well demarcated, dark red and necrotic fungi |
|
|
Term
| What species do whip worms affect? What damage do the do in severe infection? |
|
Definition
| Domestic mammals EXCEPT HORSES. With a heavy infection --> hemorrhagic typhlitis or typhlocolitis; red and edematous in CECUM and COLON. |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find hookworms? What clinical signs do they cause? Lesions? |
|
Definition
| Adults in SMALL INTESTINE. Leads to anemia, hypoproteinemia. Red mucoid SI content with attached worms. |
|
|
Term
| What nematode parasite in abomasum feeds on blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nematode parasite causes Moroccan leather of abomasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of protein loss in osterstagioasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can you find ascarids? What are potential sequelae? |
|
Definition
| Adults in small intestine (larvae in lungs, liver possible). Can cause intussusception, impaction, intestinal rupture or perforation, esp. in foals |
|
|
Term
| What are the major signs of intestinal protein loss? |
|
Definition
| Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, hypoproteinemia (with secondary ascites) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in inflammatory bowel disease? |
|
Definition
| Immunologic problem suspected. Chronic inflammation (lymphocytes & plasma cells) in villous lamina propria; similar inflammation in colon +/- ulcer, erosions. |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of IBD? what species? |
|
Definition
| Malabsorptive diarrhea, protein loss. Cats and dogs. |
|
|
Term
| What is IBD in cats possibly a precursor to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In dogs, what is the most common cause of protein losing enteropathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species is mostly affected with lymphangiectasia? What occurs in this diseaes? Clinical signs? Cause? |
|
Definition
| Dogs. Malabsorption and intestinal protein loss. Signs = diarrhea, steatorrhea, hypoproteinemia & ascites. Cause = idiopathic |
|
|
Term
| What lesions are associated with lymphangiectaia? |
|
Definition
| Dilation of lacteals in villi and larger lymphactics in deeper layers; white raised patched in the intestinal mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for IBD? |
|
Definition
| Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. |
|
|
Term
| What differential diagnoses should you consider for chronic diarrhea, weight loss, hypoproteinemia and malabsorption? What's the best way to diagnosis this? |
|
Definition
| Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (IBD), lymphangiectasia, crypt disease, intestinal histoplasmosis. Diagnosis with intestinal biopsy |
|
|
Term
| How do NSAIDs contribute to gastric ulcer formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are prostaglandins protective? |
|
Definition
| Increase mucus, increase bicarbonate, increased mucosal blood flow, increased epithelial secretion |
|
|
Term
| With NSAIDs in horses, besides the stomach, where is another common place to find ulcers? |
|
Definition
| Right dorsal colon. Ulcers +/- fibrin. |
|
|
Term
| What can Blister Beetles cause in the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| Ulceration along the entire GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What type of neoplasia would be found in mucosal epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neoplasia would be found in lymphoid tissue or GALT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neoplasia would be found in smooth muscle layer? |
|
Definition
| Leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What type of neoplasia would be found in connective tissue stroma? |
|
Definition
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumors |
|
|
Term
| When it comes to tumors in the intestinal tract, is benign or malignant more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When it comes to tumors in the intestinal tract (besides lymphoma), what species are most affected? |
|
Definition
| Dogs and cats - not common in domestics. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common neoplasm in the intestine in most species (esp. dogs and cats)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do lymphoma lesions look like? |
|
Definition
| Segmental or diffuse (can affect several segments). Soft to firm cream-colored masses in submucosa. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| Weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia |
|
|
Term
| With cats, What does small cell lymphoma mean? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytic lymphoma, LOW-GRADE |
|
|
Term
| With cats, what are the clinical signs, prognosis, and diagnostic techniques with small cell lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| Signs = slowly progressive disease with weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia. Responds well to therapy (>2 year survival). Biopsy of ILEUM good for diagnosis. |
|
|
Term
| With cats, what does large cell lymphoma mean? |
|
Definition
| Lymphoblastic lymphoma, HIGH-GRADE |
|
|
Term
| With cats, what are the clinical signs and prognosis of large cell lymphoma |
|
Definition
| SUDDEN onset of weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia +/- palpable mass in intestine or lymph nodes. 50-60% respond to therapy with survival of 6-7 months. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of lymphoma is found in canines? Describe it. |
|
Definition
| Large cell (lymphoblastic) and HIGH-GRADE. |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs and prognosis of canine intestinal lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| Signs = diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy +/- palpable mass. Response to chemo is 56%. |
|
|
Term
| What species is most likely to have intestinal adenocarcinoma? What's a potential sequela of adenocarcinoma in the intestinal wall? |
|
Definition
| Cats. A marked fibrous response in intestinal wall --> "napkin ring" stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What kind of masses can occur on a rectum of a (middle-aged) dog? Treatment options? |
|
Definition
| Adenomatous hyperplasia, papillary adenomas or polyps. Adequate surgical removal is normally curative. |
|
|
Term
| How can you differentiate smooth muscle tumors and GISTs (gastointestinal stromal tumors)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mesenchymal intestinal tumors? |
|
Definition
| Leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)s |
|
|
Term
| What are the two perianal tumors found in dogs? Which one is worse? |
|
Definition
1. Circumanal or perianal (hepatoid) glands - mostly benign, hyperplasia seen in intact male
2. Apocrine gland of the anal sac (most are adenocarcinomas) - rarely benign. tend to metastasize, cause hypercalcemia of malignancy (pseudohyperparathyroidism), and produce PTHrP |
|
|
Term
| What signs tell you diarrhea is life-threatening? |
|
Definition
| Fever, severe dehydration or lethargy, abdominal pain or mass or dilated bowel loop, hemorrhagic stools, other systemic signs of illness |
|
|
Term
| If a dog or cat has formed stool, but the patient has hematochezia, tenesmus, and/or mucus, what should you consider? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are probiotics and how do they work? |
|
Definition
| Non-digestible food ingredients. Selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria species in the colon (bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli). Inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| What are prebiotics and their types? How do they work? |
|
Definition
| They are oligosaccharides - 2 types = fructo-oligosaccharides and inulins. FOS are non-digestible carbohydrate substrates that serve as substrates for the growth and metabolism of resident bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought to bind toxins/bacteria/acids - firms up the stools. |
|
|
Term
| What can you look for in a rectal scraping? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, infectious organisms, neoplastic cells |
|
|
Term
| A young cat with voluminous, large bowel diarrhea that smells really bad. Otherwise healthy. Best guess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you treat Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| No effective treatment. Will either outgrow or become chronic. |
|
|
Term
| What is irritable bowel syndrome? What is it associated with? Clinical signs? Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Colonic dysfunction (large bowel diarrhea usually +/- vomiting, pain) that is often associated with stress but has no cause. It's a diagnosis of exclusion!! |
|
|
Term
| Fiber-responsive LI diarrhea. signs? Diagnosis? Management? |
|
Definition
| Large bowel diarrhea with blood. It's a diagnosis of exclusion. Feed highly digestible diet with fiber supplement (may be life-long) |
|
|
Term
| _____________ results in sharply demarcated segment of congested, edematous and necrotic intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ results in dilation and ileus proximal to the obstruction. Often the affected segment of the gut will be distended with gas and fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a common LI disease that can actually cause weight loss? What causes it? |
|
Definition
| Ulcerative colitis (young boxers dz fyi). Overly aggressive immune response to luminal commensal bacteria in genetically susceptible individuals. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of constipation? |
|
Definition
| Hard or dry feces, tenesmus or dyschezia, small amounts passed of watery feces and blood, palpable hard feces, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, pain |
|
|
Term
| Campylobacter. Affects who? Clinical signs? Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Young or immunocompromised - suspect if it's a group of dogs. Signs: Usually acute mucoid diarrhea (usually LI +/- other signs). Diagnosis = "seagulls" in fecal cytology direct smear/saline prep and confirmed with fecal culture. ZOONOTIC |
|
|
Term
| What is idiopathic megacolon, and what species is it most common in? |
|
Definition
| Diffuse colonic dilation and ineffective motility. Cats > Dogs. |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose idiopathic megacolon? Treatment? |
|
Definition
| A diagnosis of exclusion! (constipation + nuero exam, CB, abdominal radiographs). Manage the constipation, possibly surgery if no improvement. |
|
|
Term
| How do you manage constipation? |
|
Definition
| Warm water enemas, stool softening agent, SC fluids, add fiber, avoid dietary indiscretion, exercise. NO MINERAL OIL. |
|
|
Term
| How do you manage severe constipation? |
|
Definition
| IV fluids, warm water enemas, stool softeners, manual evacuation (+ antibiotics) |
|
|
Term
| Long term management of constipation? |
|
Definition
| high fiber diet, bisaodyl (irritant that stimulates defecation), DSS (surfactant that promotes water/fat mixing with feces), Lactulose (laxative), or cisapride (prokinetic) |
|
|
Term
| What breed most often gets perianal fistulas? What are some clinical signs? |
|
Definition
| German Shepherds. Signs: tenesmus, self mutilation, maladorous, mucopurulent discharge, low tail carriage, perianal licking, weight loss, lethargy. Gradual progressive disease. |
|
|
Term
| What causes perianal fistulas? How do you treat them? |
|
Definition
| Anatomic predisposition causes it. Treat with oral cyclosporine/topical tacrolimus.. may need cryotherapy, surgical excision, tail amputation. |
|
|
Term
| What are some rule-outs for rectal/anal inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Perianal fistula, proctitis, anal sac abscess, anorectal foreign bodies, perianal bite wounds |
|
|
Term
| Describe a benign polyp (found on the anus) and how to treat it. |
|
Definition
| First: biopsy it to make sure it's benign! Can appear dark red and lobulated, extremely friable and bleeds easily. Treat by surgical resection. |
|
|
Term
| When it comes to dogs, tumors in what part of the GI system are most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is indistinguishable from focal gingival hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What viruses can cause benign oral masses? |
|
Definition
| Contangious ecthyma (sore mouth), bovine papular stomatitis, fowl pox, papilloma virus |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common oral malignancy in cats? |
|
Definition
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma (#2 in dogs) |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common oral malignancy in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After SCC, what is the next most common oral malignancy in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can dental attrition lead to? |
|
Definition
| Mucosal trauma, infection, secondary weight loss |
|
|
Term
| What can cause "step mouth"? |
|
Definition
| Improper wearing of teeth |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between brachydont and hypsodont teeth? |
|
Definition
Brachydont = carnivores, humans, swine. Cementum covers ROOTS, enamel covers crown, does NOT grow once fully erupted
Hypsodont = cementum covers tooth, enamel beneath cementum, continues to grow throughout life |
|
|
Term
| Where does fibromatous epulis arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the most common cause of esophagitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can oral doxycycline cause in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should you rest the esophagus for 1-5 days after esophagitis? |
|
Definition
| 3-5 days is the usual turnover rate in esophagus cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of esophageal strictures? |
|
Definition
| Reflux esophagitis, some medications, foreign bodies (circumferential trauma), neoplasia (uncommon) |
|
|
Term
| How can we treat esophageal stricture? |
|
Definition
| Balloon dilation (multiple times), antibiotics, corticosteroids (to decrease fibroplasts), soft diets |
|
|
Term
| Why does the esophagus stricture so easily? |
|
Definition
| It heals via fibroblasts and collagen. The fibrous tissue contracts and reduces the diameter |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common vascular ring anomaly? What clinical signs can it cause? What radiographic signs? |
|
Definition
| Persistent right 4th aortic arch. Signs develop around weaning - regurgitation and poor growth. Dilation is ONLY cranial to the heart! |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of nausea? |
|
Definition
| Salivation, licking lips, discomfort, pacing, whining, anxiety, retching, forceful repetitive abdominal contractions |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of esophageal disease? |
|
Definition
| REGURGITATION, dysphagia, DROOLING, halitosis, nasal discharge, cough or dyspnea (via aspiration), weight loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cystic distension of the salivary duct |
|
|
Term
| What can occur after phenybutazone therapy in horses? |
|
Definition
| Deep, crateriform ulcers in the oral cavity, also stomach, intestine and colon |
|
|
Term
| Raised dull plaque on the superficial layer of mucosa on the tongue. What is it? |
|
Definition
| Oral candidiasis (Thrush) |
|
|
Term
| Yellow-gray necrotic foci surrounded by reddened margin in mouth, pharynx, larynx or tongue. DEEP necrosis. What is it? |
|
Definition
| Necrotizing stomatitis caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. |
|
|
Term
| What causes masticory myositis in dogs? What are the clinical signs? |
|
Definition
| An immune-mediated disorder (antibodies against type 2M muscle fibers) - idiopathic! Acute signs = muscle swelling and pain. Chronic signs = muscles ATROPHY, difficulty eating, unable to open mouth |
|
|
Term
| What is lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis? What species? What is it caused by? |
|
Definition
| Mucosa is inflamed/ulcerated where it contacts the teeth. Found in dogs. Due to inflammatory rxn to bacteria possibly? |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical sign in bilateral trigeminal nerve paralysis? Prognosis? |
|
Definition
| Unable to close jaw and prehend food. ACUTE onset. Prognosis is good, usually recovers in 2-4 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| What happens with hypoglossal nerve dysfunction? Clinical signs? Prognosis? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal motility of the tongue - cannot propel food/water into pharynx. Signs: difficulty chewing and drinking, tongue is atrophied. Prognosis: return to function is poor. |
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