Term
Grain oveload in horses can produce a gastric acidosis in which part of GI?
stomach, SI, or colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With endotoxemia in horses, cytokines will induce _______ of circulating netrophils which will result in a neutro____(penia or philia) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's usually the minimum amount of time that must pass in an endotoxic horse for a toxic line to manifest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within 30 minutes of an endoxemia case, you will initially see vaso(constriction/dilation) and (blanching/reddening) of mucous membranes |
|
Definition
| Vasoconstriction; Blanching |
|
|
Term
| What is a long term effect of endotoxemia that can be fatal to a horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some PE signs you can look for in an endotoxic horse to determine if progressed to circulatory failure? |
|
Definition
| rapid weak pulse, cold extremities, muscle fasciculations, petechial/echymotic hemorrhages |
|
|
Term
| What part of the LPS is the most toxic and most highly conserved among bacterial species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a good indicator of endotoxemia on a CBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An endotoxic dose of banamine is what percent of a normal anti-inflammatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When making anti-endotoxin antibodies for hyperimmune plasma, what is removed from the LPS to make the antibodies more generalized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibiotic is used to bind endotoxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for excessive salivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mycotoxin that can cause Ptyalism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four layers of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| Tunica serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Most often, esophageal disorders are due to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obstruction of the parotid duct like from sialoliths is rare but horse may present with this clinical sign: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common esophageal disorder in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Have a horse here with ptyalism, nasal discharge, and swelling in neck. Top differential: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With choke you may need to only do the following: Limit_____, Give______, and sedate with______. |
|
Definition
| Intake; IV fluids; Alpha-2 or Butorphanol |
|
|
Term
| Avoid these agents with a nasogastric tube in choke cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although mechanism unknown, where can oxytocin be potentially useful in a choke horse? |
|
Definition
| Relax striated muscle ( cervical region of esophagus) |
|
|
Term
| Which drug can be potentially useful in relaxing SMOOTH muscle in a choke horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To prevent choke in a horse, how can you encourage them to eat more slowly? |
|
Definition
| Put large rocks or salt blocks in feed buckets |
|
|
Term
| If a horse is presented for repeated esophageal obstruction, you might think the underlying problem is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have feed coming out of both nares of a horse, is it an oral problem or pharyngeal/esophageal problem, and most common problem causing it is: |
|
Definition
| pharyngeal/esophageal; Esophageal choke |
|
|
Term
| Guttoral pouch empyema may present with this clinical sign because of damage to _____. |
|
Definition
| Dysphagia; cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Easiest way to dx choke in the field, in the clinic? |
|
Definition
| Pass nasogastric tube; pass an endoscope |
|
|
Term
| Most common reason for reoccurrence after choke? |
|
Definition
| Esophageal damage or in severe cases a stricture |
|
|
Term
| Approx how long is esophagus in adult horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of feed more commonly causes choke? |
|
Definition
| Pelleted feeds when not soaked |
|
|
Term
| Why might antibiotics be considered in a choke case? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a horse has an esophageal stricture, you might try to stretch it out with this method: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of colic |
|
Definition
| Idiopathic (gas/ spasmodic) |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 main categories to cause colic |
|
Definition
| Inflammtion, Ischemia, Pulling on mesentery, Distention, Endotoxemia |
|
|
Term
| What does Hines call a fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Best way to prevent colic in a horse ( according to hines) |
|
Definition
| Turn 'em out and leave them alone |
|
|
Term
| Second most common cause of colic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two most common complications due to choke |
|
Definition
| aspiration; esophageal ulceration |
|
|
Term
| Bruxism and Ptyalism can be non-specific signs of pain but together are usually classic for______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In horses going off feed for prolonged time, the intragastric pH will drop b/c of their high_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is most common location for gastric ulcers? |
|
Definition
| Along margo plicatus on non-glandular region |
|
|
Term
| Sucralfate doses are important not for its ulcer coating effects but for ________ (two other good effects) |
|
Definition
| increasing good prostaglandins and mucous bicarb layer secretions |
|
|
Term
| Second common location for GI ulcers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most cases of ______ulcers are NSAID associated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horse presents with soft feces, low protein, and colic signs, what drug might have been given prior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colicky horse w/ dilated small intestinal and reflux could be an intestinal obstruction or _______ |
|
Definition
| proximal jejunitis/duodenitis |
|
|
Term
| although etiology unknown, proximal jejunitis/duodenitis can be linked to horses that... |
|
Definition
| Intensively manage and on grain |
|
|
Term
| Gastric decompression and fluid therapy can usually be enough for support/treatment |
|
Definition
| proximal jejunitis/duodenitis |
|
|
Term
Which is more common primary or secondary pritonitis?
Which has better prog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea in adult horses means there is at least disease in what GI segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of colitis in horse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three most common infectious causes of acute diarrhea in horse |
|
Definition
| Salmonella, Potomac Horse Fever, Clostridial |
|
|
Term
| Most important treatment in acute diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea, fever, low white blood cell count. A horse with this presentation should be put into isolation b/c potential for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Though a controversial topic, how long is generally recommended to isolate Salmonella postive horses at home? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What risk factor is most associated with Salmonellosis (~40X increase) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal tx from salmonella horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PHF is due to Neorickettsia which gets into these two cells: |
|
Definition
| Monocytes and Macrophages |
|
|
Term
| PHF has a complex lifecycle. We know for sure two ways horses can get infected by either ingesting infected flukes or____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more likely to NOT present with diarrhea? Salmonellosis or PHF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When dx PHF, early on in disease you wanna do PCR from _____ sample and in more progressed disease from a _______sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Essential treatment for PHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All ABs have the potential to cause diarrhea in horses but which should you definitely avoid? |
|
Definition
| lincomycin, clindamycin, Florfenicol, Tilmicosin, Tylosin, Tiamulin (Ceftiofur) |
|
|
Term
| Which types of C. perfringens are seen in horses and can cause a necrotizing enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common toxin in c perfringens and onlyone tested for at this hosp |
|
Definition
| CPE ( clostridum perfringens enterotoxin) |
|
|
Term
| Excessive milk intake in foals may predispose them to this diarrhea-causing organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea horse with mouth ulcers and profoundly low blood calcium - what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria in weanling age foals that causes chronic low grade diarrhea and edema- not very common here ( more common in KY) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus might you look for if have enteric disease or fever of unknown origin in horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Foals don't really get this diarrhea causing organism that is common in baby cows and pigs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common pathogen associated with diarrhea in foals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we know if horses have IBD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells in liver remove endotoxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 common clinical signs of hepatic disease in horses |
|
Definition
| Depression , anorexia, weight loss, icterus, colic, hepatoencephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| Hepatoencephalopthy happens in part because of hyper______ secondary to liver disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What derm problem can manifest secondary to liver disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of increased liver enzymes in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ disease is primarily found in foals caused by this bacteria_______, and causes an overwhelming liver disease- usually die or found dead |
|
Definition
| Tyzzer's; Clostridium piliformis |
|
|
Term
| What kind of liver disease do Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This plant may cause liver disease if has "taken over" the pasture. Causes periportal fibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A middle aged horse presents with marked GGT, Hyperfibrinogenemia, neutrophilia is prob: |
|
Definition
| Cholelithiasis/Cholangitis |
|
|
Term
| Most important thing (other than treating the underlying disease) for a hyperlipidemic horse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal heartrate for horse |
|
Definition
| less than 30 - maybe up to 36 if excited |
|
|
Term
| Why do you have to really look at a tennessee walking horse when evaluating colic |
|
Definition
| they are very stoic and hide signs of pain |
|
|
Term
| What pulse do you always check with any abdominal episode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potent nsaids given after an acute abdomen episode may help prevent_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With a classic spasmodic colic, a dose of ______ may do the trick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why give mineral oil in a colic case |
|
Definition
| indicator of transit time |
|
|
Term
| Always do this procedure in a colic case |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if cant control a colic pain you have two choices: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for functional intestinal obstruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can give this drug for a rectal exam or for spasmodic colic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you always use with butorphanol in a acolic horse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For colic pain dont get this drug outta your bag unless surgery isn't an option |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a good osmotic laxative for impaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only give oral fluids if horse is NOT _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Always do an abdominocentesis (Right/Left) of midline and (Cranial/Caudal of umbilicus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In abdomincentesis; put fluid in __(color)__ top tube and normal should have TP < _____ and cells < ______/uL (according to Blackford) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attachment of smallintestine- used as landmark in srugery that have reached most proximal part of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This attachment is important landmark for end of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply for small intestine |
|
Definition
| Cranial mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| Non strangulationg obstruction more common in small intestine or large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A forage and a parasite that can cause ileal impaction |
|
Definition
| Bermuda Grass; Anoplocephala |
|
|
Term
| Ileal impactions: Usually (Medical or Surgical) Prognosis (Good or Poor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascarid impaction: Usually (Medical or Surgical) Prognosis (Good or Poor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might a small intestinal lesion be misdiagnosed as a large intestinal impaction |
|
Definition
| fluid get s sucked outta large intestine and becomes firm |
|
|
Term
| normal lactate shold be < ______ . In smal intestinal strangulating lesions these are often >_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bullseye loop of intestine on radiograph indicates: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of intussusception will present as a chronic colic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What behavior is associated with epiploic foramen entrapment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the time with an epiploic foramen entrapment, intestines go from (Right to Left) or (Left to Right) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stallions are predisposed to this small intestinal problem |
|
Definition
| Acquired Inguinal Hernia "scrotal hernia" |
|
|
Term
| Prognosis for congenital inguinal hernia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size Umbilical hernia causes the most problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for adherence of intestine after a hernia. Usually happen in ____ portion of Ileum |
|
Definition
| Richter's; Anti-mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| Diaphragmatic Hernia- Good or Bad prog |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____% of small intestine can be safely resected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you minimize friction in surgery to prevent many adhesions ( two options) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prognosis for strangulating SI lesions versus non-strangulating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cecum hold how many Liters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tanial band become ilealcecal fold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Taniae on cecum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can you do for a cecal gas tympany if surgery not an option? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might a horse with decreased exercise or constant sedation be predisposed to cecal impaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of cecal impaction and which one is more gas/fluid filled |
|
Definition
| I: Mechanical Obstruction; II: (Cecal Dysfunction) |
|
|
Term
| What two situations might require a cecal bypass- which is uncommon |
|
Definition
| Type II cecal impaction or Cecal intussusception |
|
|
Term
| Three attachments of large colon |
|
Definition
| Transverse colon, cecocolic, Mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| Behind gas colics what is number two cause of colic in horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colic with mild pain and normal heart rate, rectal reveals a palpable pelvic flexure- whats dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large colon impactions are usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mainstay treatment for large colon impaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of hay might predispose horse to enterolithiasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To prevent recurrence of enteroliths, you might feed them these two liquids: |
|
Definition
| Psyllium and Apple cider vinegar |
|
|
Term
| What kind of colic might you be able to dx with fecal float ( other than a parasite) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulse therapy of _____ might be good to prevent sand impaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right dorsal displacements are usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This might be recommended if a horse presents more than once with a right dorsal displacement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left dorsal displacement is an entrapment over the _______ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if colon is up at 11 o clock position on plapation and U/S just shows a gas shadow where left kidney should be, its prob a______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is phnylephrine given to a nephrogenic entrapment horse |
|
Definition
| Cause splenic contraction |
|
|
Term
| A torsion becomes strangulating after rotating > _____degrees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colic horse has no response to xylazine- its likely this is a ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colon torsions are usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general procedure for removing material from the colon, "dumping the colon"? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic flexure enterototmy |
|
|
Term
| Resection and anastamosis in a colon torsion will remove ___% of colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non strangulating infarctions in colon more commonly secondary to: |
|
Definition
| colitis (like from Salmonella) |
|
|
Term
| Small intestinal or large intestinal lesions in general have better prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of small colon surgeries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many hours with no pass of meconium is point when considered "retained" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meconium impaction usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor) |
|
Definition
| Medical; Good?- never really said |
|
|
Term
| What can you give a foal via enema that will breakdown a meconium impaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why avoid enterotomies in small colon impaction? |
|
Definition
| not long enough to have out and away from abd incision |
|
|
Term
| Which is more commonly a complete obstruction: an enterolith in large or small colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An old horse with poor dentition and poor quality hay has a potato-sized impaction in small colon.. whats a likely dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rectal tears tend to be transverse/parallel with long axis of rectum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This grade rectal tear only has muscularis affected- may be a healing stage of a higher grade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This grade rectal tear invloves all layers except serosa and is around where mesorectum is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This grade rectal tear i sonly mucosal layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The grade rectal tear no bueno- all layers gone- you can feel through the tear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you give a horse with rectal tear to eliminate straining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do mucous membranes look with intestinal rupture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horses have _____ teeth that continue to grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General tooth formulae are ___ decidous and ___adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deicduous incisors remember X:X:X for central:int:corner |
|
Definition
| 5:5:5 5 days,weeks,months |
|
|
Term
| Permanent Incisors remember X:X:X for central:int:corner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an eruption bump mean (with respect to teeth) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First thing to check on a weight loss horse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retained deciduous premolars |
|
|
Term
| Apical abscesses can progress to ____ if in maxillary teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On Maxillary teeth, Enamel points are on (lateral/medial) edges and hooks are on (rostral/caudal) edges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wave mouth is an indicator of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a viral and metabolic cause of stomatitis |
|
Definition
| Vesicular Stomatitis; NSAID tox |
|
|
Term
| Term for inflammation of gum along hard palate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a sialolith and how to treat? |
|
Definition
| Calculus in parotid gland; Surgical removal |
|
|
Term
| If a foal dies from congenital cleft palate- usually due to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for ileal hypertrophy ( which is rare) |
|
Definition
| Ileocecostomy or Jejunocecostomy |
|
|
Term
| Three types of strangulating obstructions in the small intestine |
|
Definition
| Volvulus, Lipoma, Intussusception |
|
|
Term
| non-GIT causes of chronic diarrhea in horse |
|
Definition
| CHF, Chronic liver disease |
|
|
Term
| Most common strangulating lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why perform a pelvic flexure enterotomy when doign surgery for a smal colon impaction? |
|
Definition
| Prevent more impaction post-op |
|
|
Term
| How do you dissolve a fecalith? |
|
Definition
| you don't. need to surgically remove |
|
|
Term
| A torn mesocolon occurs most commonly in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With a rectal tear to you place the stockinet 10cm proximal or distal to it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When doing a rectal on a horse with intestinal rupture, the intestines are pushed (dorsally or ventrally) because of all the_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common treatment for intestinal rupture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the cecum is from the cecal artery which is a branch of the______ artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what might tell you have a small intestinal obstruction over proximaljejunitis/duodenitis? |
|
Definition
| greater pain (but less depressed-whatever that means), serosanguinous abd fluid |
|
|
Term
Match problem with diarrhea it causes
1 Clostridial enterotoxins a Secretory
2 IBD b Osmotic
3 Rotavirus c malabsorptive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two indicators of poorer prognosis in a diarrhea case |
|
Definition
| Low bicarb; marked dehydration (inc RBC with dec TP) |
|
|
