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Alimentary 2nd Year Test 2
UTCVM Spring 2014 Hines Blackford Pierce
192
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
03/10/2014

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Cards

Term
Grain oveload in horses can produce a gastric acidosis in which part of GI?

stomach, SI, or colon?
Definition
Colon
Term
With endotoxemia in horses, cytokines will induce _______ of circulating netrophils which will result in a neutro____(penia or philia)
Definition
Margination; Neutropenia
Term
What's usually the minimum amount of time that must pass in an endotoxic horse for a toxic line to manifest?
Definition
1.5 - 2 hrs
Term
Within 30 minutes of an endoxemia case, you will initially see vaso(constriction/dilation) and (blanching/reddening) of mucous membranes
Definition
Vasoconstriction; Blanching
Term
What is a long term effect of endotoxemia that can be fatal to a horse?
Definition
Laminitis
Term
What are some PE signs you can look for in an endotoxic horse to determine if progressed to circulatory failure?
Definition
rapid weak pulse, cold extremities, muscle fasciculations, petechial/echymotic hemorrhages
Term
What part of the LPS is the most toxic and most highly conserved among bacterial species?
Definition
Lipid A
Term
What's a good indicator of endotoxemia on a CBC?
Definition
Neutropenia
Term
An endotoxic dose of banamine is what percent of a normal anti-inflammatory
Definition
25
Term
When making anti-endotoxin antibodies for hyperimmune plasma, what is removed from the LPS to make the antibodies more generalized?
Definition
O specific side chain
Term
What antibiotic is used to bind endotoxin
Definition
Polymixin B
Term
Term for excessive salivation
Definition
Ptyalism
Term
Mycotoxin that can cause Ptyalism
Definition
Slaframine
Term
What are the four layers of the esophagus
Definition
Tunica serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
Term
Most often, esophageal disorders are due to ______
Definition
Feed
Term
Obstruction of the parotid duct like from sialoliths is rare but horse may present with this clinical sign:
Definition
Ptyalism
Term
Most common esophageal disorder in horses
Definition
Choke
Term
Have a horse here with ptyalism, nasal discharge, and swelling in neck. Top differential:
Definition
Choke
Term
With choke you may need to only do the following: Limit_____, Give______, and sedate with______.
Definition
Intake; IV fluids; Alpha-2 or Butorphanol
Term
Avoid these agents with a nasogastric tube in choke cases
Definition
Lubricating Agents
Term
Although mechanism unknown, where can oxytocin be potentially useful in a choke horse?
Definition
Relax striated muscle ( cervical region of esophagus)
Term
Which drug can be potentially useful in relaxing SMOOTH muscle in a choke horse?
Definition
Buscopan
Term
To prevent choke in a horse, how can you encourage them to eat more slowly?
Definition
Put large rocks or salt blocks in feed buckets
Term
If a horse is presented for repeated esophageal obstruction, you might think the underlying problem is:
Definition
Esophageal stricture
Term
If you have feed coming out of both nares of a horse, is it an oral problem or pharyngeal/esophageal problem, and most common problem causing it is:
Definition
pharyngeal/esophageal; Esophageal choke
Term
Guttoral pouch empyema may present with this clinical sign because of damage to _____.
Definition
Dysphagia; cranial nerves
Term
Easiest way to dx choke in the field, in the clinic?
Definition
Pass nasogastric tube; pass an endoscope
Term
Most common reason for reoccurrence after choke?
Definition
Esophageal damage or in severe cases a stricture
Term
Approx how long is esophagus in adult horse?
Definition
200 cm
Term
What kind of feed more commonly causes choke?
Definition
Pelleted feeds when not soaked
Term
Why might antibiotics be considered in a choke case?
Definition
High risk aspiration
Term
If a horse has an esophageal stricture, you might try to stretch it out with this method:
Definition
Bougienage
Term
Most common cause of colic
Definition
Idiopathic (gas/ spasmodic)
Term
What are 5 main categories to cause colic
Definition
Inflammtion, Ischemia, Pulling on mesentery, Distention, Endotoxemia
Term
What does Hines call a fetus
Definition
space-occupying lesion
Term
Best way to prevent colic in a horse ( according to hines)
Definition
Turn 'em out and leave them alone
Term
Second most common cause of colic
Definition
Impaction
Term
Two most common complications due to choke
Definition
aspiration; esophageal ulceration
Term
Bruxism and Ptyalism can be non-specific signs of pain but together are usually classic for______.
Definition
Gastric Ulcers
Term
In horses going off feed for prolonged time, the intragastric pH will drop b/c of their high_______.
Definition
Basal acid output
Term
Where is most common location for gastric ulcers?
Definition
Along margo plicatus on non-glandular region
Term
Sucralfate doses are important not for its ulcer coating effects but for ________ (two other good effects)
Definition
increasing good prostaglandins and mucous bicarb layer secretions
Term
Second common location for GI ulcers
Definition
Right dorsal colon
Term
Most cases of ______ulcers are NSAID associated
Definition
Right dorsal colitis
Term
Horse presents with soft feces, low protein, and colic signs, what drug might have been given prior?
Definition
NSAIDs
Term
colicky horse w/ dilated small intestinal and reflux could be an intestinal obstruction or _______
Definition
proximal jejunitis/duodenitis
Term
although etiology unknown, proximal jejunitis/duodenitis can be linked to horses that...
Definition
Intensively manage and on grain
Term
Gastric decompression and fluid therapy can usually be enough for support/treatment
Definition
proximal jejunitis/duodenitis
Term
Which is more common primary or secondary pritonitis?
Which has better prog?
Definition
Secondary; Primary
Term
Diarrhea in adult horses means there is at least disease in what GI segment
Definition
Colon
Term
Most common cause of colitis in horse
Definition
Unknown (colitis x)
Term
Three most common infectious causes of acute diarrhea in horse
Definition
Salmonella, Potomac Horse Fever, Clostridial
Term
Most important treatment in acute diarrhea
Definition
Fluid Therapy
Term
Diarrhea, fever, low white blood cell count. A horse with this presentation should be put into isolation b/c potential for:
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Though a controversial topic, how long is generally recommended to isolate Salmonella postive horses at home?
Definition
30-60 days
Term
What risk factor is most associated with Salmonellosis (~40X increase)
Definition
Oral antibiotics
Term
Normal tx from salmonella horses
Definition
Supportive fluids
Term
PHF is due to Neorickettsia which gets into these two cells:
Definition
Monocytes and Macrophages
Term
PHF has a complex lifecycle. We know for sure two ways horses can get infected by either ingesting infected flukes or____.
Definition
Aquatic insects
Term
Which is more likely to NOT present with diarrhea? Salmonellosis or PHF?
Definition
PHF
Term
When dx PHF, early on in disease you wanna do PCR from _____ sample and in more progressed disease from a _______sample
Definition
Blood; Fecal
Term
Essential treatment for PHF
Definition
Oxytetracycline
Term
All ABs have the potential to cause diarrhea in horses but which should you definitely avoid?
Definition
lincomycin, clindamycin, Florfenicol, Tilmicosin, Tylosin, Tiamulin (Ceftiofur)
Term
Which types of C. perfringens are seen in horses and can cause a necrotizing enterocolitis?
Definition
A and C
Term
Most common toxin in c perfringens and onlyone tested for at this hosp
Definition
CPE ( clostridum perfringens enterotoxin)
Term
Excessive milk intake in foals may predispose them to this diarrhea-causing organism
Definition
C. difficile
Term
Diarrhea horse with mouth ulcers and profoundly low blood calcium - what is it?
Definition
Cantharidin
Term
Bacteria in weanling age foals that causes chronic low grade diarrhea and edema- not very common here ( more common in KY)
Definition
Lawsonia intracellularis
Term
What virus might you look for if have enteric disease or fever of unknown origin in horse?
Definition
Coronavirus
Term
Foals don't really get this diarrhea causing organism that is common in baby cows and pigs
Definition
E. coli
Term
Most common pathogen associated with diarrhea in foals
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
How do we know if horses have IBD?
Definition
Biopsy to know for sure
Term
What cells in liver remove endotoxin?
Definition
Kupffer Cells
Term
6 common clinical signs of hepatic disease in horses
Definition
Depression , anorexia, weight loss, icterus, colic, hepatoencephalopathy
Term
Hepatoencephalopthy happens in part because of hyper______ secondary to liver disease
Definition
Hyperammonemia
Term
What derm problem can manifest secondary to liver disease?
Definition
Photosensitization
Term
Most common cause of increased liver enzymes in horses
Definition
Toxic Plants
Term
______ disease is primarily found in foals caused by this bacteria_______, and causes an overwhelming liver disease- usually die or found dead
Definition
Tyzzer's; Clostridium piliformis
Term
What kind of liver disease do Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids cause?
Definition
Megalocytic Hepatopathy
Term
This plant may cause liver disease if has "taken over" the pasture. Causes periportal fibrosis
Definition
Alsike clover
Term
A middle aged horse presents with marked GGT, Hyperfibrinogenemia, neutrophilia is prob:
Definition
Cholelithiasis/Cholangitis
Term
Most important thing (other than treating the underlying disease) for a hyperlipidemic horse
Definition
Maintain energy balance
Term
normal heartrate for horse
Definition
less than 30 - maybe up to 36 if excited
Term
Why do you have to really look at a tennessee walking horse when evaluating colic
Definition
they are very stoic and hide signs of pain
Term
What pulse do you always check with any abdominal episode?
Definition
Digital Pulses
Term
potent nsaids given after an acute abdomen episode may help prevent_______
Definition
laminitis
Term
normal temp horse
Definition
99.5- 101.5
Term
normal resp horse
Definition
12-14
Term
With a classic spasmodic colic, a dose of ______ may do the trick
Definition
xylazine
Term
Why give mineral oil in a colic case
Definition
indicator of transit time
Term
Always do this procedure in a colic case
Definition
pass nasogastric tube
Term
if cant control a colic pain you have two choices:
Definition
Euthanasia or Surgery
Term
Term for functional intestinal obstruction
Definition
ileus
Term
Can give this drug for a rectal exam or for spasmodic colic
Definition
Buscopan
Term
What should you always use with butorphanol in a acolic horse
Definition
alpha 2
Term
For colic pain dont get this drug outta your bag unless surgery isn't an option
Definition
Detomidine
Term
What's a good osmotic laxative for impaction?
Definition
Epsom salts (MgSO4)
Term
Only give oral fluids if horse is NOT _______
Definition
Refluxing
Term
Always do an abdominocentesis (Right/Left) of midline and (Cranial/Caudal of umbilicus
Definition
Right; Caudal
Term
In abdomincentesis; put fluid in __(color)__ top tube and normal should have TP < _____ and cells < ______/uL (according to Blackford)
Definition
Red; 2.0; 10,000
Term
Attachment of smallintestine- used as landmark in srugery that have reached most proximal part of small intestine
Definition
Duodenocolic fold
Term
This attachment is important landmark for end of small intestine
Definition
Ileocecal fold
Term
Blood supply for small intestine
Definition
Cranial mesenteric artery
Term
Non strangulationg obstruction more common in small intestine or large intestine
Definition
large
Term
A forage and a parasite that can cause ileal impaction
Definition
Bermuda Grass; Anoplocephala
Term
Ileal impactions: Usually (Medical or Surgical) Prognosis (Good or Poor)
Definition
Medical; Good
Term
Ascarid impaction: Usually (Medical or Surgical) Prognosis (Good or Poor)
Definition
Surgical; Poor
Term
Why might a small intestinal lesion be misdiagnosed as a large intestinal impaction
Definition
fluid get s sucked outta large intestine and becomes firm
Term
normal lactate shold be < ______ . In smal intestinal strangulating lesions these are often >_____
Definition
2; 6
Term
Bullseye loop of intestine on radiograph indicates:
Definition
Intussusception
Term
What kind of intussusception will present as a chronic colic
Definition
Ileocecal
Term
What behavior is associated with epiploic foramen entrapment?
Definition
Cribbing
Term
Most of the time with an epiploic foramen entrapment, intestines go from (Right to Left) or (Left to Right)
Definition
Left to Right
Term
Stallions are predisposed to this small intestinal problem
Definition
Acquired Inguinal Hernia "scrotal hernia"
Term
Prognosis for congenital inguinal hernia
Definition
Good
Term
What size Umbilical hernia causes the most problems
Definition
Medium (two fingers)
Term
Term for adherence of intestine after a hernia. Usually happen in ____ portion of Ileum
Definition
Richter's; Anti-mesenteric
Term
Diaphragmatic Hernia- Good or Bad prog
Definition
Bad
Term
____% of small intestine can be safely resected
Definition
40
Term
How can you minimize friction in surgery to prevent many adhesions ( two options)
Definition
Saline; Belly Jelly
Term
Prognosis for strangulating SI lesions versus non-strangulating
Definition
70% vs 90%
Term
Cecum hold how many Liters
Definition
30
Term
Which tanial band become ilealcecal fold
Definition
Dorsal
Term
How many Taniae on cecum?
Definition
4
Term
What can you do for a cecal gas tympany if surgery not an option?
Definition
Trocharize
Term
Why might a horse with decreased exercise or constant sedation be predisposed to cecal impaction?
Definition
Altered Motility
Term
What are the two types of cecal impaction and which one is more gas/fluid filled
Definition
I: Mechanical Obstruction; II: (Cecal Dysfunction)
Term
What two situations might require a cecal bypass- which is uncommon
Definition
Type II cecal impaction or Cecal intussusception
Term
Three attachments of large colon
Definition
Transverse colon, cecocolic, Mesocolon
Term
Behind gas colics what is number two cause of colic in horse?
Definition
Large colon impaction
Term
Colic with mild pain and normal heart rate, rectal reveals a palpable pelvic flexure- whats dx?
Definition
Large colon impaction
Term
Large colon impactions are usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor)
Definition
Medical;
Term
Mainstay treatment for large colon impaction
Definition
Oral Fluids
Term
What kind of hay might predispose horse to enterolithiasis
Definition
Alfalfa
Term
To prevent recurrence of enteroliths, you might feed them these two liquids:
Definition
Psyllium and Apple cider vinegar
Term
What kind of colic might you be able to dx with fecal float ( other than a parasite)
Definition
Sand impaction
Term
Pulse therapy of _____ might be good to prevent sand impaction
Definition
Psyllium
Term
Right dorsal displacements are usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor)
Definition
Surgical
Term
This might be recommended if a horse presents more than once with a right dorsal displacement
Definition
Colopexy
Term
Left dorsal displacement is an entrapment over the _______ligament
Definition
Nephrosplenic
Term
if colon is up at 11 o clock position on plapation and U/S just shows a gas shadow where left kidney should be, its prob a______
Definition
Nephrosplenic Entrapment
Term
Why is phnylephrine given to a nephrogenic entrapment horse
Definition
Cause splenic contraction
Term
A torsion becomes strangulating after rotating > _____degrees
Definition
360
Term
Colic horse has no response to xylazine- its likely this is a ________
Definition
colon torsion
Term
Colon torsions are usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor)
Definition
Surgical; Poor
Term
What is the general procedure for removing material from the colon, "dumping the colon"?
Definition
Pelvic flexure enterototmy
Term
Resection and anastamosis in a colon torsion will remove ___% of colon
Definition
80
Term
Non strangulating infarctions in colon more commonly secondary to:
Definition
colitis (like from Salmonella)
Term
Small intestinal or large intestinal lesions in general have better prognosis?
Definition
large have better
Term
Most common cause of small colon surgeries
Definition
simple obstruction
Term
How many hours with no pass of meconium is point when considered "retained"
Definition
48
Term
Meconium impaction usually (Surgical or Medical) and prognosis is (Good or Poor)
Definition
Medical; Good?- never really said
Term
What can you give a foal via enema that will breakdown a meconium impaction
Definition
Acetylcysteine
Term
Why avoid enterotomies in small colon impaction?
Definition
not long enough to have out and away from abd incision
Term
Which is more commonly a complete obstruction: an enterolith in large or small colon
Definition
small
Term
An old horse with poor dentition and poor quality hay has a potato-sized impaction in small colon.. whats a likely dx?
Definition
Fecalith
Term
Rectal tears tend to be transverse/parallel with long axis of rectum
Definition
parallel
Term
This grade rectal tear only has muscularis affected- may be a healing stage of a higher grade
Definition
2
Term
This grade rectal tear invloves all layers except serosa and is around where mesorectum is
Definition
3b
Term
This grade rectal tear i sonly mucosal layer
Definition
1
Term
The grade rectal tear no bueno- all layers gone- you can feel through the tear
Definition
4
Term
What do you give a horse with rectal tear to eliminate straining
Definition
Epidural + Buscopan
Term
How do mucous membranes look with intestinal rupture
Definition
Dark
Term
Horses have _____ teeth that continue to grow
Definition
Hypsodont
Term
General tooth formulae are ___ decidous and ___adult
Definition
24; 42
Term
Deicduous incisors remember X:X:X for central:int:corner
Definition
5:5:5 5 days,weeks,months
Term
Permanent Incisors remember X:X:X for central:int:corner
Definition
2.5:3.5:4.5 years
Term
What does an eruption bump mean (with respect to teeth)
Definition
nothing- it's normal
Term
First thing to check on a weight loss horse
Definition
teeth
Term
What are caps?
Definition
Retained deciduous premolars
Term
Apical abscesses can progress to ____ if in maxillary teeth
Definition
Sinusitis
Term
On Maxillary teeth, Enamel points are on (lateral/medial) edges and hooks are on (rostral/caudal) edges
Definition
Lateral; Rostral
Term
Wave mouth is an indicator of:
Definition
Poor dental care
Term
Name a viral and metabolic cause of stomatitis
Definition
Vesicular Stomatitis; NSAID tox
Term
Term for inflammation of gum along hard palate
Definition
Lampass
Term
Surgical tx for cribbing
Definition
Modified Forssell's
Term
What's a sialolith and how to treat?
Definition
Calculus in parotid gland; Surgical removal
Term
If a foal dies from congenital cleft palate- usually due to:
Definition
Aspiration pneumonia
Term
Treatment for ileal hypertrophy ( which is rare)
Definition
Ileocecostomy or Jejunocecostomy
Term
Three types of strangulating obstructions in the small intestine
Definition
Volvulus, Lipoma, Intussusception
Term
non-GIT causes of chronic diarrhea in horse
Definition
CHF, Chronic liver disease
Term
Most common strangulating lesion
Definition
lipoma
Term
Why perform a pelvic flexure enterotomy when doign surgery for a smal colon impaction?
Definition
Prevent more impaction post-op
Term
How do you dissolve a fecalith?
Definition
you don't. need to surgically remove
Term
A torn mesocolon occurs most commonly in ______
Definition
post-parturient mares
Term
With a rectal tear to you place the stockinet 10cm proximal or distal to it?
Definition
proximal
Term
When doing a rectal on a horse with intestinal rupture, the intestines are pushed (dorsally or ventrally) because of all the_______.
Definition
Ventrally; Free gas
Term
Common treatment for intestinal rupture
Definition
Euthanasia
Term
Blood supply to the cecum is from the cecal artery which is a branch of the______ artery.
Definition
Ileocecal
Term
what might tell you have a small intestinal obstruction over proximaljejunitis/duodenitis?
Definition
greater pain (but less depressed-whatever that means), serosanguinous abd fluid
Term
Match problem with diarrhea it causes
1 Clostridial enterotoxins a Secretory
2 IBD b Osmotic
3 Rotavirus c malabsorptive
Definition
1a 2b 3c
Term
two indicators of poorer prognosis in a diarrhea case
Definition
Low bicarb; marked dehydration (inc RBC with dec TP)
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