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| Holy Wars waged by Europeans on the Muslims in the Middle East to regain the Holy Land. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Portuguese prince who established a school for navigation where he gathered Europe's leading map makers, sailors, and shipbuilders. |
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| The science of sailing ships. |
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| Strong sailing ship developed at Prince Henry of Portugal's school for navigation. |
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| An instrument used to determine location by using the stars. |
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| Magnetized needle which points north; used for navigation. |
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| Means "rebirth." Refers to the great cultural developments that began in 14th century Italy and spread to the rest of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. |
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| Began the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses to a church house door. |
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| Movement to reform the Catholic Church that began with Martin Luther's activities. |
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| Italian explorer representing Spain who set out to find a new route to Asia in 1492. He found the Americas. |
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| Name given to the mixture of European cultures with Native American cultures. The exchange included food, trade goods, and diseases. |
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| Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519 with the help of only 600 soldiers. |
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| Spanish explorer who conquered the Inca Empire in 1535. |
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| Spanish explorer who explored present-day New Mexico in search of the legendary Seven Cities of Gold. |
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| Spanish explorer who explored present-day Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi in search of the Seven Cities of Gold. |
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| Spanish explorer who explored present-day Florida in search of the Fountain of Youth. |
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| Name for Spanish explorers. |
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| City founded by the Spanish in 1565. This was the first European city in North America. |
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| Englishman who sponsored a group of 100 settlers on the island of Roanoke in present-day North Carolina. |
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| Name given to the colony which mysteriously disappeared on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. |
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| A Private Company that sells shares to investors. The Virginia Company was this type of company. |
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| Name for representatives in Virginia. |
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| Group of Virginia representatives who limited royal authority and increased citizen participation in the colonial government. |
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| Vast area of farm land devoted to one main crop. |
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| Name for French Protestants. |
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| People who became servants for seven years to pay for their passage to the colonies. |
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| Trade system where traders brought molasses from the Caribbean to New York to be made into rum. They took the rum to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves. They then took the slaves to plantations in the Caribbean and traded them for more molasses. |
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| Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Settled by Puritans and Pilgrims. |
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| New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Settled by Dutch, Swedish, and British colonists. |
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| Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Settled by wealthy landowners, Huguenots, and indentured servants. |
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| Compact by the Pilgrims in 1620 which guaranteed just and equal laws for all. |
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| Persecuted religious group that settled in the Middle Colonies, mostly Pennsylvania. |
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| Quaker who was proprietor of Pennsylvania. |
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| Wealthy merchants who financed the colonies. |
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| Main economic system of the colonies in which a nation's power was measured by its gold reserves. |
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| Economic system under which colonies were supposed to supply England with raw materials, which England would manufacture and sell back to the colonies as finished products. |
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| A market in which there is only one supplier. |
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| Passed by the English Parliament in 1651, requiring that only English ships carry goods to and from the colonies. |
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| Passed by the British Parliament in 1696; allowed customs officials to seize any unlawfully shipped goods and required the merchants accused of smuggling to be tried without a jury. |
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| King of England at the time of colonial revolution. |
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| Search warrants that gave customs officials the right to search anywhere for illegal goods. |
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| Goods that had been bought or sold without being taxed. |
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| Lawyer representing Boston merchants who had their businesses searched under the writs of assistance. |
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| War in which Great Britain and France fought each other for control of North America and the Indian Subcontinent. Both sides formed alliances with different Native American nations. |
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| British proclamation which informed settlers that they could not move west because the colonies had to respect the rights of the Native American nations. |
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| Passed by the British in 1764; caused British troops to strictly enforce the tax on molasses. |
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| Passed by the British in 1765; created a tax on all paper items, such as newspapers, legal documents, and playing cards. |
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| Secret group of colonists that organized boycotts of British goods. |
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| Passed by the British Parliament in 1767; established a tax on all imported glass, paper, lead, and tea sold in the colonies. |
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| Free black sailor killed in the Boston Massacre. |
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| Event on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers fired on colonists at the Boston Customs House, killing five. |
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| Leader of the Sons of Liberty. |
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| Act of colonial rebellion that occurred on December 16, 1773. The colonists, including members of the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Native Americans and boarded British ships carrying crates of tea, which they cut open and dumped into Boston Harbor. |
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| Colonists who wanted independence from Britain. |
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| Name given to British laws passed to punish the people of Boston for the Boston Tea Party; laws included forcing citizens to house British soldiers, restricting town meetings to once per year, and shutting down the port of Boston to shipping. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| Organized by colonial leaders in Philadelphia in 1774; at this congress, colonial leaders agreed to boycott all British goods and stop exporting colonial goods to Great Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. |
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| Prominent representative in Virginia who said, "Give me liberty, or give me death." |
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| Colonial volunteer soldiers who were ready to fight at a moment's notice. |
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| Colonist who rode on horseback to warn people that the British were coming. |
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| War between the American colonies and Great Britain. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| Met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. They discussed what they wanted from Great Britain. |
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| Radical member of the Second Continental Congress who wanted independence from Great Britain, even if it meant war. |
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| Commander of colonial forces who survived winter at Valley Forge with his troops. |
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| Last peace proposal sent to Great Britain by the colonists on July 8, 1775. |
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| Passed by King George III of England in August of 1775; declared that the colonies were in a state of rebellion and empowered royal officers and loyalists to bring the traitors to justice. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Document written by Thomas Jefferson which became the foundation for a new American government that guaranteed life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It was signed on July 4, 1776. |
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| Writer of the Declaration of Independence. |
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| Battles of Lexington and Concord |
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| Battles that began the Revolutionary War. |
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| Battle in which the British suffered heavy losses even though the Patriots ran out of ammunition. |
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| Battle in which British General Burgoyne surrendered his 5,700 troops to the Patriots. After this battle, the French decided to support the Patriots. |
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| Location where George Washington trained his troops during the bitterly cold winter of 1777-78. |
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| Battle style in which the Patriots would strike quickly and then disappear into the woods or swamps. |
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| Battle in which the French naval and army forces joined the Patriots in defeating the British troops. This was the final blow to the British war effort. |
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| Treaty signed by representatives of the US and Great Britain in which Great Britain recognized the independence of the US, as well as the border of the new nation. |
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| British practice of taking US sailors from their ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. |
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| Prohibiting entry and departure of ships. |
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| President of the US who decided that war with Britain was necessary for the good of the US. Congress declared war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812. This began the War of 1812. |
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| Battle in which Andrew Jackson, with the help of the Cherokees, defeated the Creeks. |
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| Battle in which the British gave up their attack on the US fort. Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star Spangled Banner" at the scene of this battle. |
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| "The Star Spangled Banner" |
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| Written by Francis Scott Key at the Battle of Fort McHenry; this would become the national anthem of the US. |
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| US and British negotiation to end the War of 1812; this treaty did not address the causes of the war. |
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| Battle in which Andrew Jackson's troops suffered only 71 casualties, which the British had over 2000. This made Andrew Jackson a hero. |
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| Devotion to one's country. |
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| Withdrawing from the Union. |
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