Shared Flashcard Set

Details

AHP2170
Anatomy and Physiology Final chpt 35
72
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/28/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Releases GRNH which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH
Term
GRNH is released by the ____________?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
FHS
Definition
Released by the anterior pituitary gland.
Term
THe anterior pituitary gland releases ______________.
Definition
FSH
Term
FSH
Definition
travels through the blood to thte ovary and helps the follicle mature from a primordial to a mature follicle.  This also keep sthe estrogen low.
Term
Estrogen
Definition

Kept low by FSH.  

LH is not released when levels are low.  

Term
Follicle maturity
Definition
After the follicle reaches maturity the FSH drops.  This drop causes a high increase in estrogen levels.  This causes the anterior pituitary to release a big surge in LH.
Term
LH triggers . . . .
Definition
ovulation and the release of the oocyte into the fallopian tube
Term
Decreased LH levels
Definition
help transform the burst follicle into the corpus lutetium
Term
Corpus Lutetium
Definition
secretes progesterone and estrogen which help the endometrium to thicken in preparation for the ovum to attach if the oocyte is fertilized.
Term
HCG
Definition
if the oocyte is fertalized then it produces HCG which keeps the endometrium healthy and thick.
Term
Ovary
Definition
organ that produves an ova (ovum, pl.) or eggs.  Two in each female and held in place by 3 ligaments
Term
Broad ligament
Definition
section of peritoneum that drapes over the ovaries, uterus, ovarian ligament, and suspensory ligament.  Includes both mesovarium and mesometrium.
Term
Mesovarium
Definition
a fold of peritoneum that holds the ovary in place
Term
Suspensory Ligament
Definition
Anchors the upper region of the ovary to the pelvic wall.  Blood vessels and nerves are attached to the ligament.  They enter the ovary at the hilus.
Term
Ovarian Ligament
Definition
Anchors the lower end of the ovary to the uterus.
Term
Germinal epithelium
Definition
Covers the outside of the ovary.  An outer layer of simple epithelium.
Term
Tunica Albuginea
Definition
Cover the outside of the ovary.  A fibrous layer inside the germinal epithelium.
Term
The inside of the ovary, or stroma, is divided into two indistinct regions
Definition
The outer cortex and the inner medulla
Term
Ovarian Follicles
Definition

Embedded in the outer cortex.  

Saclike bodies.

Each consists of an immiture oocyte (egg) surrounded by one or more layers of cells that nourish the oocyte as it matures.  

Term
One or more layers that surround and nourish maturing oocyte
Definition

Follicular cells - one layer

Granulosa cells - more than one layer

 

Term
Uterine tubes
Definition

AKA oviducts

Transport the secondary oocytes away from the ovary and toward the uterus. 

The ovaries consist of primary oocytes which develop into secondary oocytes.  

Term
Infundibulum
Definition
funnel-shaped region of uterine tube.  Has fingerlike projections.
Term
Fimbrae
Definition
Fingerlike projections from infundibulum.  Pulsitating cilia on the fimbrae draw the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube.
Term
Ampulla
Definition
Widest, longest region of the uterine tube.  fertilization occurs here.
Term
Fertilization occurs in the
Definition
ampulla
Term
Isthmus
Definition
a narrow region of the uterine tube whose terminus enters the uterus
Term
Three layers of the uterine tube
Definition

Serosa - outside layer of serous membrane

 

Middle muscularis - made of 2 layers of smooth muscle.  Generates peristalic contractions that help propel oocyte forward

 

Inner mucosa - made of cilitated columnar epithelial cells help propel oocyte forward and secretory cells that lubricate the tube and nourish oocyte.

Term
Uterus
Definition

Hollow organ

 

Fundus (upper), Body (main), and Isthmus (lower, narrow)

 

Cervix - narrow region at bottom

Term
Cervix
Definition

Narrow region at bottom of uterus.

Leads to vaginal canal.  

Inside, or cerical canal, opens to uterus (above) through internal os and to vagina (below) through external os.  

Term
Cervical mucous
Definition

secreted by mucosa layer of cervical canal

Protects against bacteria entering uterus.

If oocye avail for fertilization, mucous is thin and slightly alkaline to promote sperm passage.

Otherwise is viscous and impedes sperm passage.  

Term
Uterus is held in place by
Definition

Broad ligaments

Uterosacral ligaments

Round ligaments

Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments

Term
Three layers of uterus
Definition

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

Term
Perimetrium
Definition
Serous membrane that lines the outside of uterus.
Term
Myometrium
Definition

Several layers of smooth muscle - bulk of uterine wall.

Smooth muscle layers contract during childbirth to help force fetus out.  

Term
Endometrium
Definition

Highly vascular mucosa - lines inside uterus.

Fertilized oocyte (zygote) implants in this tissue. 

 Has 2 layers - Stratum functionalis is functional innermost layer (facing uterine lumen); shed during menstration.

Stratum basalis (basal layer) - outer layer - permanant and generates each new stratum functionalis

Term
Vaginal wall layers
Definition

Outer adventitia - holds vagina in position

Middle muscularis - 2 layers of smooth muscle that allow expansion during childbirth and penis insertion

Inner mucosa - no glands - bacterial action on stored glycogen produces lubricating acidic solution that protects against microbial infection.  Acidic environment is also inhospitable to sperm.  Has rugae.

Term
Vulvae (pudendum)
Definition

external genitalia made up of:

Mons pubis - adipose tissue above vagina covered in hair

Labia majora - 2 folds of adipose tissue on each side of vagina.  Hair, sebaceous, and sudoriferous glands.  Analogous to male scrotum.

Labia minora - smaller folds of skin inside labia majora

Vestibule - recess formed by labia minora.  Encloses vaginal orrifice, urethral opening, and greater vestibular ducts.  

Term
Greater vestibular glands
Definition
Ducts inside vestibule secretes mucous to lubricate the vestibule.
Term
Mammary glands
Definition

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands specialized for milk production

Secretory cells form alveoli, join with ducts like grapes, to form lobules (clusters).  Many lobules form a lobe.  

Each breast has single mammary gland made of 15-20 lobes.  

 During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone stimulate extensive development of glands and ducts.  after childbirth, various hormones, especially prolatin intiiate lactaion.  

 

Term
Breast
Definition

Lactiferous ducts leading away from lobes widen into lactiferous sinuses whch temporarily store milk, then narrow again to go through protruding nipple.  

Nipple - made course by sebaceous glands, is surrounded by colored area called areolea.  

Contraction of myoepithelial cells around alveoli force milk toward nipple.  

Enlarge at onset of puberty.  

In nonprenant femaled and males glands and ducts are not fully developed.  

Term
Lactation hormones
Definition

Prolactin - from anterior pituitary - initiate lactation.

Oxytocin - stimulated in posterior pituitary by sucking infant - stimulats contraction of myoepithelial cells around alveoli and milk is forced toward nipple (letdown reflex).  

Term
Oogenesis
Definition
Meiotic cell divisions that lead to production of ova in females.  Begins during fetal development with fetal ovary.  Diploid cells (oogonia) divide and produce oocytes (still diploid - 46 chromosomes).  Each primary oocyte is encircled by one or more layers of cells together called ovarian follicle.  Meiosis starts, but only to prophase I until puberty.
Term
Ovarian follicle development
Definition

1. Primordial follicle - initial fetal state.  Encircles oocyte with single layer of follicular cells.  

2. Primary follicle - processes 2 or more layers of encircling cells now called granulosa cells.  

3.  Seconday follicle now has antrum, a fluid filled central cavity. 

4. A mature (vesicular or Graafian) follicle has completed meiosis I.  Preceeds ovulation.  Can see:

a. zona pellucida - a clear layer of glycoprotein surround oocyte.

b. corona radiate, ring of granulosa cells, around zona pellucida

c. several layers of cells (theca cells) surround granulosa cells.

5. Corpus luteum is what's left of follicle after ovulation.  Remains functional, producing estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin until it degenerates.  

Term
Menstral cycle
Definition

Each cycle, 1 primary oocyte in it's follicle resumes meiosis I ti make 2 daughter cells (each haploid with 23 chromosomes).  1 daughter cells, the 2ndary oocyte contains most of the cytoplasm making sure enough stored food and mitochondria, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic organelles avail for developing embryo.  

Other daughter cell, 1st polar body, much smaller and has little cytoplasm and few or no organelles.  

Secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but stops at prophase II. 

Term
Fertilization
Definition
Sperm cell penetrates corona radiata and zona pellucida and enters 2ndary oocytes.  Meiosis II resumes making ovum and 2nd polar body.  If 1st polar body is present too, it may resume meisosis II making daughter polar bodies.  Neclei of sperm and ovum unite forming a zygote.  Polar bodies ultimately degenerate.
Term
3 Menstral cycle phases
Definition

1. Proliferative - thickening of endometrium, replacing lost tissues from last cycle.

2. Secretory - after ovulation.  Further thickening and vascularization of endiometrium preparing for fertilization.

3. Menstrual - shedding of endometrium when no implantation occurs.

Term
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary initiate reproductive cycle
Definition
Hypothalamus monitors levels of estrogen and progesterone. Low levels stimulate hypothalamus to secrete GnRH stimulating anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
Term
Follicle develops
Definition
FSH stimulates development of follicle form primary through mature stages
Term
Follicle secretes estrogen
Definition
LH stimulates theca and granulosa cells to secrete estrogen and inhibin from granulosa cells.
Term
Ovulation occurs
Definition
Rising levels of estrogen stimulate anterior pituitary (through GnRH from hypothalamus) to produce sudden LH surge.  High LH level stimulates meiosis in primary oocyteto progress to prophase II and trigger ovulation.
Term
Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
Definition
After ovulation, the follicle, now corpus luteum, develops due to LH and secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Term
Endometrium thickens
Definition
Estrogen and progesterone stimulate endometrium.  Thickens with blood vessels and nutrients in prep for implantation of fertilized egg.
Term
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary stop reproductive cycle
Definition
High levels of estrogen and progesterone make anterior pituitary to stop production of FSH and LH nad inhibin suprsees their production.
Term
Estrogen stimulates secondary sex characteristics
Definition
Distribution of adipose tissue (to breasts, hips, and mons pubis), bone development and pelvis broadens, voice quality change, and body hair growth.
Term
Pouch of Douglas
Definition
Retro-uterine pouch.  Sits on top of rectum.  Female "prostate gland".  At lowest pt, serous fluid will drain into pouch.  Scraps will fall from everywhere into pouch.  Can withdraw fluid to tst for cancer or infection.
Term

Menses is tied to body fat %

Women will ovulate 500x in lifetime

500,000 eggs - rest will degenerate and not make way thru

Placenta also responsible for hormones along wth ovaries

Bartholin cyst - infected Bartholin gland - have to make "marsupial pouch" and let heal from inside out or will fill back up.  

Definition
Term
Ovary
Definition
Essential organ of reproduction in women
Term
Surface of ovary is covered by layer of small epithelial cells called __________
Definition
Germinal epithelium
Term
Development of fetus in a location other than uterus is
Definition
Ectopic pregnancy
Term
Release of ovum at end of oogenesis is called
Definition
Ovulation
Term
Uterine tube sections are
Definition
Ampulla, infundibulum, and isthmus
Term
Movement of ovum through uterine tubes is facillitated by
Definition
Ciliary action
Term
Small organ that is made of erectile tissue and located behind labia minora junction is
Definition
Clitoris
Term
Two types of ovarian hormones that control breast development during puberty
Definition
Progesterone and estrogen
Term
Hormone that stimulates the alveoli of breast to eject milk into ducts, able to be removed by suckling
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
Menses, postmenstrual phase, ovulation, and premenstrual phase are all phases of
Definition
Menstrual cycle
Term
Two hormones that are secreted by adenohypophysis and influence female reprodutive cycle
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
Failure to have menstrual cycle
Definition
Amenorrhea
Term
Cyclical changes in uterus are brought by blood concentration changes of
Definition
Estrogen and progesterone
Term
Mechanism that controls anterior pituitary secretion of FSH and ovarian secretion of estrogens is
Definition
Positive-feedback and negative-feedback mechanisms
Term
High blood levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit pituitary secretion of
Definition
FSH and LH
Supporting users have an ad free experience!