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Aging of the Nervous System
Normal and Abnormal
142
Anatomy
Graduate
04/10/2015

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Term
number of years one may expect to live in the face of disease, injury, accidents
Definition
life expectancy
Term
average age at one would die if able to avoid disease, injury, accidents, set by some unknown genetically programmed biological clock
Definition
life span
Term
which has dramatically increase? life expectancy or life span
Definition
life expectancy
Term
fasting growing age group
Definition
>85 years
Term
state of being old, or the process of growing old
Definition
senescence
Term
exhibiting characteristics of aging, especially in relation to cognitive loss
Definition
senile
Term
normal CNS aging involves gradual, progressive changes in what (3)
Definition
morphology, physiology, biochemistry
Term
morphologic changes of the brain after age 55 (2)
Definition
whole brain weight decreases, width of cortical mantle decreases
Term
major age related neocortical changes of the brain are due to what
Definition
shrinkage of large-sized neurons
Term
major age related neocortical changes are NOT due to what
Definition
cell loss (cellular fallout)
Term
which lobes shows diminished numbers of large neurons (3)
Definition
frontal, temporal, parietal
Term
the loss or large cell numbers is offset by what
Definition
increased number of small neurons
Term
the loss of large cell numbers is offset by an increased number of small neurons such that what does not happen
Definition
no age related decrease in neuron density occurs
Term
the loss of large cell numbers is offset by increased numbers of small neurons, such that no age-related decrease in density occurs. What is the implication of this?
Definition
shrinkage causes some large neurons to shift into small-neuron class
Term
Age-related neocortical modification involving dendrites
Definition
degenerative changes in dendrites of pyramidal neurons
Term
cerebrocortical changes include what cortex
Definition
neocortex
Term
cerebrocrotical changes examine what issues (2)
Definition
fallout vs shrinkage, dendritic modifications
Term
dendritic modifications disrupts what type of processing
Definition
intracortical processing
Term
disruption of intracortical processing disrupts _____ efficiency
Definition
cortical efficiency
Term
this is thought to be responsible for the more subtle, modulatory aspects of cortically generated behaviors
Definition
intracortical processing/cortical efficiency
Term
a progressive reduction in the size of the reservoir containing the central programs for cortical output, thereby reducing what?
Definition
flexibility and eventually reperptoire of cortically mediated functions
Term
what happens as a result of a reduction of the flexibility and repertoire of cortically mediated functions (4)
Definition
declining strength, reduced motor dexterity, reduced motor agility, declining cognitive capacities
Term
in those 51-79 dendrites of parahippocampal neurons proliferate, this is thought to be a response by what?
Definition
surviving still viable neurons increase in the receptive accomodate additional synaptic input residing on dendritic surface of defunct cells
Term
those with Alzheimer's disease do not show this age-related change in neurons of the parahippocampal gyrus
Definition
increease in dendritic extent
Term
In regards to Alzheimer's, it is unsure whether dendritic regressing is a featture of the disease or...
Definition
represents a failure of the compensatory proliferation response
Term
dendritic proliferation may be followed by regression around what age
Definition
73-90 years
Term
dendritic proliferation may be followed by regression in what area of the brain
Definition
neurons in the dentate gyrus
Term
neurotransmitter changes as a result of normal aging
Definition
decreases in neuronstransmitter concentration
Term
alterations in brain transmitter levels may be caused by any step in the transmitter's metabolism: changes in enzymes required for what
Definition
synthesis/degradation
Term
alterations in brain transmitter levels may be caused by any step in the transmitter's metabolism: disruption of what? (4)
Definition
storage, transport, release, re-uptake
Term
alterations in brain transmitter levels may be caused by any step in the transmitter's metabolism: factors that alter what
Definition
transmitter-receptor binding
Term
What 3 neurotransmitters all undergo age related concentrations decliens
Definition
dopmanie, norepinephrine, serotonin
Term
neurotransmitter age-related concentration declines in conjunction with what?
Definition
documented cellular losses occuring in each system
Term
a 50% reduction in cell numbers in substantia nigra between 20-60 years manifests itself in neurotransmitter decline
Definition
reduced dopamine concentrations
Term
2 enzymes reponsible for catecholamine synthesis that also decline during 1st 3 decades of life
Definition
tyrosine hydroxylase, L-dopa decarboxylase
Term
Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in what area of the brain drops by 70% between ages 10-60
Definition
striatum
Term
reductions of what 2 neurotransmitters may underlie the increased incidence of depression in the elderly
Definition
norepinephrine, serotonin
Term
despite norepinehprine and serotonin reductions in the elderly, what is happening at surviving norepinephrine and serotonergic neurons?
Definition
increased speed of transmitter turnover
Term
the increased speed of transmitter turnover by surviving norepinephrine and serotonergic neurons is considered this type of response
Definition
plastic (adaptive) response to cellular loss
Term
in those with Alzheimer's disease, dopamine and serotonin concentrations are reduced, but so are what else?
Definition
metabolites
Term
reduced metabolites in Alzherimer's patients means what to the surviving neurons?
Definition
they are neurochemically deficient
Term
age pigment
Definition
lipofuscin
Term
membrane-bound organelle containing waste products the cell is unable to degrade or eject
Definition
lipofuscin
Term
Lipofuscin consists primariliy of by-products of what?
Definition
intracellular membrane destruction
Term
lipofuscin consists primarily of by-products of intracellular membrane destruction such as what?
Definition
lysosomal degradation of mitochondria
Term
Lipofuscin congestion may interfere with degradative efficiency of what system
Definition
lysosomal system
Term
lipofuscin is not known to be entirely benign, but is otherwise considered
Definition
inert
Term
Lipofuscin is most marked in what neurons
Definition
motor system neurons
Term
lipofuscin is most marked in what specific bodies (3)
Definition
inferior olivary nucleus, globus pallidus, spinal cord LMNs
Term
When does total brain lipid content decline steadily?
Definition
after age 50
Term
lipid classes (cholesterol) showing the greatest losses between 40-70 years involved in what
Definition
myeline
Term
changes in lipid content and membrane fluidity will result in what
Definition
a change in ability of the membrane to function properly (see Cell membrane physiology lecture)
Term
where do neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles first appear (2)
Definition
hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus
Term
neurofibrillary tangles are entirely ______ and lead to the death of the neuron
Definition
intraneuronal
Term
what happens to blood flow in normal people between ages 33-61
Definition
decreased by ~23%
Term
what does the brain do to compensate for decreased blood flow as normal people get older
Definition
extraction of a larger portion of oxygen carried by blood
Term
what structures have been implicated for the reduction of blood flow to the brain
Definition
small neurons that control dilation and contraction of brain arterioloes
Term
which fibers tend to be affected at a younger age than motor fibers
Definition
sensory
Term
somatosensory changes: what types of changes occur in cutaneous, mechanoreceptors, large sensory structures?
Definition
declines in morphology and physiology
Term
somatosensory changes: declines in morphology and physiology of what types of structures occurs?
Definition
cutaneous, mechanoreceptors, large sensory structures
Term
Somatosensory: declines in morphology and physiology of cutaneous and mechanoreceptors and large sensory structures including...
Definition
loss of large myelinated sensory fibers
Term
what happens to sensory nerve conduction velocities and action potentials as we age
Definition
decrease
Term
somatosensory changes: declines in vibratory sense and discriminative touch result in declines of what other sense
Definition
joint position
Term
somatosensory changes: declines in joint position sense are a result of what
Definition
declines in vibratory sense and discriminative touch
Term
which joints are more affected by the loss of joint position sense
Definition
distal joints more than proximal
Term
this loss actually precedes joint degeneration and might be among the causative factors contributing to knee OA
Definition
denervation and mechanoreceptor loss
Term
vibration and tactile sensitivity associated with what sensory receptor decliens
Definition
pacinian corpuscles
Term
what happens with pacinian corpuscle sensitivity
Definition
vibration and tactile sensitivity decline
Term
Thresholds and perceptions of discriminative touch assoicated with decreases in what sensory receptor
Definition
Meissner's corpuscles
Term
In motor systems, there are grdual declines in what (2)
Definition
nerve conduction velocities, loss of muscle mass
Term
the slowing of the motor system nerve conduction velocities appears to be mediated how?
Definition
centrally
Term
the slowing of nerve conduction velocities of the motor system appears to be centrally mediated, loss of what else has been reported?
Definition
myelin on peripheral nerves
Term
most decline of muscle mass id accounted for by what?
Definition
age-related fallout or loss of motor neurosn themselves, and axonal loss
Term
older adults show decreased ability to integrate postural adjustments necessary for what (2)
Definition
anticipatory and reactive responses
Term
older adults show decreased ability to integrate postural adjustments necessary for anticipatory and reactive responses related to changes where in the sensory and motor systems
Definition
peripherally
Term
older adults show decreased ability to integrate postural adjustments necessary for anticipatory and reactive responses related to changes where in the sensory and motor systems
Definition
peripherally
Term
most conspicuous manifestations of aging individuals free of neurologic disease are changes in what (2)
Definition
posture, gait
Term
common gait changes such as shortened steps and slowed walking are associated in part with the normal cellular loss in what structure and resultant loss of dopamine?
Definition
substantia nigra
Term
common gait changes such as shortened steps and slowed walking are associated in part with the normal cellular loss in the substantia nigra and resultant loss of what?
Definition
dopamine
Term
>80 years old may lose this DTR completely
Definition
Achilles reflex
Term
Loss of LMN with altered motor signs include what (4)
Definition
reduced speed, reduced amount of muscular activity, increased reaction time, reduced LE Muscular power
Term
somatosensory changes included _______ thresholds for perception of cutaneous stimuli
Definition
increased
Term
somatosensory changes include elevated thresholds for what stimuli
Definition
perception of cutaneous
Term
somatosensory changes included impairment/loss of vibratory sensibility where
Definition
LE
Term
Vision and Aging: in regards to pupils
Definition
decreasing pupillary size
Term
Vision and Aging: progressively decreasing pupillary size results in what?
Definition
decreased responsiveness to light
Term
Vision and Aging: impairment of these 2 reflexes
Definition
accomodation, convergence
Term
Vision and Aging: presbyopia
Definition
impairment of accommodoation
Term
Vision and Aging: presbyiopia results in what
Definition
hyperopia (farsightedness)
Term
Vision and Aging: restricted range of what type of gaze
Definition
upward conjugate gaze
Term
Vision and Aging: what happens to visual pursuit
Definition
impaired
Term
Vision and Aging: what happens to dark adaptation?
Definition
decreased
Term
Vision and Aging: increased sensititivty to what
Definition
glare
Term
Sensory motor changes also affect UE function including what?
Definition
impairment of fine motor coorination
Term
what type of hearing loss is associated to loss of hair cells in the organ of corti
Definition
high-frequency hearing
Term
loss of high-frequency hearing is due to what loss
Definition
loss of hair cells in the organ of corti
Term
decreases/losses in cognition and memory associated with normal aging (4)
Definition
STM, spatial processing, problem solving, executive functioning
Term
increases in cognition/memory associated with normal agin
Definition
prolonged congitive processing speeds
Term
risk factors for congnitive aging include (7)
Definition
low level of education, history of head injury with loss of consciousness, hypertension, diabetes, levels of physical activity, levels of mental activity, levels of social activity
Term
a symptom complex embracing intellectual, behavioral, and personality deterioration in an otherwise healthy adult that is severe enough to compromise occuptational or social performance
Definition
dementia
Term
what is the 4th leading cause of death
Definition
dementia
Term
what is the most predominant cuase of dementia
Definition
alzheimer's disease
Term
what is the increased incidence of alzheimer's due to
Definition
increased aging populaiton
Term
definitive diagnosis of alzheimer's can only be made how
Definition
histological confirmation at autopsy
Term
diagnostic marker in CSF for alzheimer's disease
Definition
amyloid beta proetin levels in the CSF
Term
ALzheimers is NOT a process of what?
Definition
accelerated brain aging
Term
Alzheimer's is NOT a process of accelerated brain aging, but...
Definition
a degenerative disease of the brain
Term
what are the 2 types of Alzheimers
Definition
Sporadic, familial
Term
which type of Alzheimer's disease account for most cases of AD
Definition
sporadic
Term
familial AD is caused by a specific mutations in one of 3 genes which result in an increase in the production/deposition of what which is cytotoxic to neurons
Definition
amyloid beta protein
Term
what happens to blood flow in AD as compared to normal disease
Definition
a greater decrease in blood flow
Term
what happens to O2 and nutrient consumption in AD vs normal persons
Definition
decrease in both O2 consumption and glucose consumption
Term
brain atrophy in people with AD is a result of _______ ______ primarily caused by deposition of cytotoxic beta-amyloid protein and the result of neurofibrillary tangles
Definition
neuron death
Term
Brain atrophy in people with AD is a result of neuron death primarily caused by what (2)
Definition
deposition of cytotoxic beta-amyloid protein, development of neurofibrillary tangles
Term
what happens to the cerebral convolutions in AD
Definition
narrowed
Term
what happens to the sulci in AD
Definition
widened
Term
what happens to the hippocampus with AD
Definition
atrophy
Term
AD: most extensive atrophy is in gyri of what areas?
Definition
association areas
Term
AD: there is relative sparing of what cortices?
Definition
primary motor, somatosensory, visual cortices
Term
what happesn to the lateral and third ventricles with AD
Definition
symetrically enlarged
Term
what happens to the amygdala in AD
Definition
amygdala volume decreases ~45%
Term
this structure decreasing in volume as a result of AD contributes to changes in emotion seen in AD
Definition
amygdala
Term
this nucleus which provides the cerebral cortex with its major cholinergic input decreases in volume
Definition
nucleus basalis of Meynert
Term
clinical characteristics of AD can be organized into 5 areas
Definition
memory, visual spatial function, personality changes, movement and reflex, surviving capacities
Term
AD: deterioration of language and verbal skills progresses to a frank clinical...
Definition
aphasia
Term
inability to carry out on request or by imitiation a complex voluntary movment
Definition
ideomotor apraxia
Term
AD: what parkinsonian symptoms presen?
Definition
tremor, rigitidy, akinesia
Term
what types of pathlogical reflexes can be readily elicited in AD? Due to what?
Definition
sucking, grasping. frontal lobe dysfunction
Term
what happens to vision in AD?
Definition
visual acuity, and visual fields remain intact
Term
these 2 cortico- functions remain intact
Definition
corticospinal, corticosensory
Term
if hemiplega or visual problems develop, then the AD has been complicated by what medically?
Definition
CVA, tumor, subdural hematoma
Term
if hemiplegia, visual problems develop, and then AD has NOT been complicated by a CVA, tumor, or subdural hematoma. What else could it be?
Definition
AD diagnosis is incorrect
Term
How WAS AD treated?
Definition
metabolic enhanceres, vasodilators
Term
Why is treating with AD with metabolic enhancrs and vasodilators incorrect?
Definition
decreased cerebral metabolism and cerebral blood flow are consequences, not causes of AD
Term
discovery of what deficitis provided the first basis for development of a rational management protocol?
Definition
Ach deficits
Term
Cerebral Ach levels can be enhanced via what 3 strategies
Definition
replacement therapy, direct action on post synaptic receptors, block ACHase
Term
why did replacement therapy of Ach prove dissapoining for AD patients?
Definition
does not produce improvement in memory of pscyhological performance
Term
what happens if an AD patient stops taking an ACHase inhibitor?
Definition
cognitive functions will return to pre-administration levels
Term
benefits of ACHase inhibitors for AD patients
Definition
modest, congnitive functions do inot continue to improve once max dosage reached. Net effect of drug is to delay cognitive and social decline
Term
current research for AD pharmacological treatment
Definition
targeting protiens whose abnormal metabolism caused AD
Term
Amyloid cascade hypothesis. Describe
Definition
accumulation of beta-amyloid initiaties a cascade of events that lead to neuronal dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and dementia
Term
Some of the most important aspects of AD relate to what consequences
Definition
AD
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