Term
| number of years one may expect to live in the face of disease, injury, accidents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| average age at one would die if able to avoid disease, injury, accidents, set by some unknown genetically programmed biological clock |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which has dramatically increase? life expectancy or life span |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fasting growing age group |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| state of being old, or the process of growing old |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| exhibiting characteristics of aging, especially in relation to cognitive loss |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normal CNS aging involves gradual, progressive changes in what (3) |
|
Definition
| morphology, physiology, biochemistry |
|
|
Term
| morphologic changes of the brain after age 55 (2) |
|
Definition
| whole brain weight decreases, width of cortical mantle decreases |
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|
Term
| major age related neocortical changes of the brain are due to what |
|
Definition
| shrinkage of large-sized neurons |
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|
Term
| major age related neocortical changes are NOT due to what |
|
Definition
| cell loss (cellular fallout) |
|
|
Term
| which lobes shows diminished numbers of large neurons (3) |
|
Definition
| frontal, temporal, parietal |
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|
Term
| the loss or large cell numbers is offset by what |
|
Definition
| increased number of small neurons |
|
|
Term
| the loss of large cell numbers is offset by an increased number of small neurons such that what does not happen |
|
Definition
| no age related decrease in neuron density occurs |
|
|
Term
| the loss of large cell numbers is offset by increased numbers of small neurons, such that no age-related decrease in density occurs. What is the implication of this? |
|
Definition
| shrinkage causes some large neurons to shift into small-neuron class |
|
|
Term
| Age-related neocortical modification involving dendrites |
|
Definition
| degenerative changes in dendrites of pyramidal neurons |
|
|
Term
| cerebrocortical changes include what cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebrocrotical changes examine what issues (2) |
|
Definition
| fallout vs shrinkage, dendritic modifications |
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|
Term
| dendritic modifications disrupts what type of processing |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| disruption of intracortical processing disrupts _____ efficiency |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this is thought to be responsible for the more subtle, modulatory aspects of cortically generated behaviors |
|
Definition
| intracortical processing/cortical efficiency |
|
|
Term
| a progressive reduction in the size of the reservoir containing the central programs for cortical output, thereby reducing what? |
|
Definition
| flexibility and eventually reperptoire of cortically mediated functions |
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|
Term
| what happens as a result of a reduction of the flexibility and repertoire of cortically mediated functions (4) |
|
Definition
| declining strength, reduced motor dexterity, reduced motor agility, declining cognitive capacities |
|
|
Term
| in those 51-79 dendrites of parahippocampal neurons proliferate, this is thought to be a response by what? |
|
Definition
| surviving still viable neurons increase in the receptive accomodate additional synaptic input residing on dendritic surface of defunct cells |
|
|
Term
| those with Alzheimer's disease do not show this age-related change in neurons of the parahippocampal gyrus |
|
Definition
| increease in dendritic extent |
|
|
Term
| In regards to Alzheimer's, it is unsure whether dendritic regressing is a featture of the disease or... |
|
Definition
| represents a failure of the compensatory proliferation response |
|
|
Term
| dendritic proliferation may be followed by regression around what age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dendritic proliferation may be followed by regression in what area of the brain |
|
Definition
| neurons in the dentate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitter changes as a result of normal aging |
|
Definition
| decreases in neuronstransmitter concentration |
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|
Term
| alterations in brain transmitter levels may be caused by any step in the transmitter's metabolism: changes in enzymes required for what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alterations in brain transmitter levels may be caused by any step in the transmitter's metabolism: disruption of what? (4) |
|
Definition
| storage, transport, release, re-uptake |
|
|
Term
| alterations in brain transmitter levels may be caused by any step in the transmitter's metabolism: factors that alter what |
|
Definition
| transmitter-receptor binding |
|
|
Term
| What 3 neurotransmitters all undergo age related concentrations decliens |
|
Definition
| dopmanie, norepinephrine, serotonin |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitter age-related concentration declines in conjunction with what? |
|
Definition
| documented cellular losses occuring in each system |
|
|
Term
| a 50% reduction in cell numbers in substantia nigra between 20-60 years manifests itself in neurotransmitter decline |
|
Definition
| reduced dopamine concentrations |
|
|
Term
| 2 enzymes reponsible for catecholamine synthesis that also decline during 1st 3 decades of life |
|
Definition
| tyrosine hydroxylase, L-dopa decarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in what area of the brain drops by 70% between ages 10-60 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reductions of what 2 neurotransmitters may underlie the increased incidence of depression in the elderly |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine, serotonin |
|
|
Term
| despite norepinehprine and serotonin reductions in the elderly, what is happening at surviving norepinephrine and serotonergic neurons? |
|
Definition
| increased speed of transmitter turnover |
|
|
Term
| the increased speed of transmitter turnover by surviving norepinephrine and serotonergic neurons is considered this type of response |
|
Definition
| plastic (adaptive) response to cellular loss |
|
|
Term
| in those with Alzheimer's disease, dopamine and serotonin concentrations are reduced, but so are what else? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reduced metabolites in Alzherimer's patients means what to the surviving neurons? |
|
Definition
| they are neurochemically deficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane-bound organelle containing waste products the cell is unable to degrade or eject |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipofuscin consists primariliy of by-products of what? |
|
Definition
| intracellular membrane destruction |
|
|
Term
| lipofuscin consists primarily of by-products of intracellular membrane destruction such as what? |
|
Definition
| lysosomal degradation of mitochondria |
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|
Term
| Lipofuscin congestion may interfere with degradative efficiency of what system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipofuscin is not known to be entirely benign, but is otherwise considered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipofuscin is most marked in what neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipofuscin is most marked in what specific bodies (3) |
|
Definition
| inferior olivary nucleus, globus pallidus, spinal cord LMNs |
|
|
Term
| When does total brain lipid content decline steadily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipid classes (cholesterol) showing the greatest losses between 40-70 years involved in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes in lipid content and membrane fluidity will result in what |
|
Definition
| a change in ability of the membrane to function properly (see Cell membrane physiology lecture) |
|
|
Term
| where do neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles first appear (2) |
|
Definition
| hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus |
|
|
Term
| neurofibrillary tangles are entirely ______ and lead to the death of the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to blood flow in normal people between ages 33-61 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the brain do to compensate for decreased blood flow as normal people get older |
|
Definition
| extraction of a larger portion of oxygen carried by blood |
|
|
Term
| what structures have been implicated for the reduction of blood flow to the brain |
|
Definition
| small neurons that control dilation and contraction of brain arterioloes |
|
|
Term
| which fibers tend to be affected at a younger age than motor fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatosensory changes: what types of changes occur in cutaneous, mechanoreceptors, large sensory structures? |
|
Definition
| declines in morphology and physiology |
|
|
Term
| somatosensory changes: declines in morphology and physiology of what types of structures occurs? |
|
Definition
| cutaneous, mechanoreceptors, large sensory structures |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory: declines in morphology and physiology of cutaneous and mechanoreceptors and large sensory structures including... |
|
Definition
| loss of large myelinated sensory fibers |
|
|
Term
| what happens to sensory nerve conduction velocities and action potentials as we age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatosensory changes: declines in vibratory sense and discriminative touch result in declines of what other sense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatosensory changes: declines in joint position sense are a result of what |
|
Definition
| declines in vibratory sense and discriminative touch |
|
|
Term
| which joints are more affected by the loss of joint position sense |
|
Definition
| distal joints more than proximal |
|
|
Term
| this loss actually precedes joint degeneration and might be among the causative factors contributing to knee OA |
|
Definition
| denervation and mechanoreceptor loss |
|
|
Term
| vibration and tactile sensitivity associated with what sensory receptor decliens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens with pacinian corpuscle sensitivity |
|
Definition
| vibration and tactile sensitivity decline |
|
|
Term
| Thresholds and perceptions of discriminative touch assoicated with decreases in what sensory receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In motor systems, there are grdual declines in what (2) |
|
Definition
| nerve conduction velocities, loss of muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| the slowing of the motor system nerve conduction velocities appears to be mediated how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the slowing of nerve conduction velocities of the motor system appears to be centrally mediated, loss of what else has been reported? |
|
Definition
| myelin on peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| most decline of muscle mass id accounted for by what? |
|
Definition
| age-related fallout or loss of motor neurosn themselves, and axonal loss |
|
|
Term
| older adults show decreased ability to integrate postural adjustments necessary for what (2) |
|
Definition
| anticipatory and reactive responses |
|
|
Term
| older adults show decreased ability to integrate postural adjustments necessary for anticipatory and reactive responses related to changes where in the sensory and motor systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| older adults show decreased ability to integrate postural adjustments necessary for anticipatory and reactive responses related to changes where in the sensory and motor systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most conspicuous manifestations of aging individuals free of neurologic disease are changes in what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common gait changes such as shortened steps and slowed walking are associated in part with the normal cellular loss in what structure and resultant loss of dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common gait changes such as shortened steps and slowed walking are associated in part with the normal cellular loss in the substantia nigra and resultant loss of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| >80 years old may lose this DTR completely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of LMN with altered motor signs include what (4) |
|
Definition
| reduced speed, reduced amount of muscular activity, increased reaction time, reduced LE Muscular power |
|
|
Term
| somatosensory changes included _______ thresholds for perception of cutaneous stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatosensory changes include elevated thresholds for what stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatosensory changes included impairment/loss of vibratory sensibility where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vision and Aging: in regards to pupils |
|
Definition
| decreasing pupillary size |
|
|
Term
| Vision and Aging: progressively decreasing pupillary size results in what? |
|
Definition
| decreased responsiveness to light |
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|
Term
| Vision and Aging: impairment of these 2 reflexes |
|
Definition
| accomodation, convergence |
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|
Term
| Vision and Aging: presbyopia |
|
Definition
| impairment of accommodoation |
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|
Term
| Vision and Aging: presbyiopia results in what |
|
Definition
| hyperopia (farsightedness) |
|
|
Term
| Vision and Aging: restricted range of what type of gaze |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vision and Aging: what happens to visual pursuit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vision and Aging: what happens to dark adaptation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vision and Aging: increased sensititivty to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory motor changes also affect UE function including what? |
|
Definition
| impairment of fine motor coorination |
|
|
Term
| what type of hearing loss is associated to loss of hair cells in the organ of corti |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loss of high-frequency hearing is due to what loss |
|
Definition
| loss of hair cells in the organ of corti |
|
|
Term
| decreases/losses in cognition and memory associated with normal aging (4) |
|
Definition
| STM, spatial processing, problem solving, executive functioning |
|
|
Term
| increases in cognition/memory associated with normal agin |
|
Definition
| prolonged congitive processing speeds |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for congnitive aging include (7) |
|
Definition
| low level of education, history of head injury with loss of consciousness, hypertension, diabetes, levels of physical activity, levels of mental activity, levels of social activity |
|
|
Term
| a symptom complex embracing intellectual, behavioral, and personality deterioration in an otherwise healthy adult that is severe enough to compromise occuptational or social performance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 4th leading cause of death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most predominant cuase of dementia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the increased incidence of alzheimer's due to |
|
Definition
| increased aging populaiton |
|
|
Term
| definitive diagnosis of alzheimer's can only be made how |
|
Definition
| histological confirmation at autopsy |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic marker in CSF for alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
| amyloid beta proetin levels in the CSF |
|
|
Term
| ALzheimers is NOT a process of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's is NOT a process of accelerated brain aging, but... |
|
Definition
| a degenerative disease of the brain |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of Alzheimers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of Alzheimer's disease account for most cases of AD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| familial AD is caused by a specific mutations in one of 3 genes which result in an increase in the production/deposition of what which is cytotoxic to neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to blood flow in AD as compared to normal disease |
|
Definition
| a greater decrease in blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what happens to O2 and nutrient consumption in AD vs normal persons |
|
Definition
| decrease in both O2 consumption and glucose consumption |
|
|
Term
| brain atrophy in people with AD is a result of _______ ______ primarily caused by deposition of cytotoxic beta-amyloid protein and the result of neurofibrillary tangles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain atrophy in people with AD is a result of neuron death primarily caused by what (2) |
|
Definition
| deposition of cytotoxic beta-amyloid protein, development of neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cerebral convolutions in AD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the sulci in AD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the hippocampus with AD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AD: most extensive atrophy is in gyri of what areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AD: there is relative sparing of what cortices? |
|
Definition
| primary motor, somatosensory, visual cortices |
|
|
Term
| what happesn to the lateral and third ventricles with AD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the amygdala in AD |
|
Definition
| amygdala volume decreases ~45% |
|
|
Term
| this structure decreasing in volume as a result of AD contributes to changes in emotion seen in AD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this nucleus which provides the cerebral cortex with its major cholinergic input decreases in volume |
|
Definition
| nucleus basalis of Meynert |
|
|
Term
| clinical characteristics of AD can be organized into 5 areas |
|
Definition
| memory, visual spatial function, personality changes, movement and reflex, surviving capacities |
|
|
Term
| AD: deterioration of language and verbal skills progresses to a frank clinical... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inability to carry out on request or by imitiation a complex voluntary movment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AD: what parkinsonian symptoms presen? |
|
Definition
| tremor, rigitidy, akinesia |
|
|
Term
| what types of pathlogical reflexes can be readily elicited in AD? Due to what? |
|
Definition
| sucking, grasping. frontal lobe dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| what happens to vision in AD? |
|
Definition
| visual acuity, and visual fields remain intact |
|
|
Term
| these 2 cortico- functions remain intact |
|
Definition
| corticospinal, corticosensory |
|
|
Term
| if hemiplega or visual problems develop, then the AD has been complicated by what medically? |
|
Definition
| CVA, tumor, subdural hematoma |
|
|
Term
| if hemiplegia, visual problems develop, and then AD has NOT been complicated by a CVA, tumor, or subdural hematoma. What else could it be? |
|
Definition
| AD diagnosis is incorrect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic enhanceres, vasodilators |
|
|
Term
| Why is treating with AD with metabolic enhancrs and vasodilators incorrect? |
|
Definition
| decreased cerebral metabolism and cerebral blood flow are consequences, not causes of AD |
|
|
Term
| discovery of what deficitis provided the first basis for development of a rational management protocol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Ach levels can be enhanced via what 3 strategies |
|
Definition
| replacement therapy, direct action on post synaptic receptors, block ACHase |
|
|
Term
| why did replacement therapy of Ach prove dissapoining for AD patients? |
|
Definition
| does not produce improvement in memory of pscyhological performance |
|
|
Term
| what happens if an AD patient stops taking an ACHase inhibitor? |
|
Definition
| cognitive functions will return to pre-administration levels |
|
|
Term
| benefits of ACHase inhibitors for AD patients |
|
Definition
| modest, congnitive functions do inot continue to improve once max dosage reached. Net effect of drug is to delay cognitive and social decline |
|
|
Term
| current research for AD pharmacological treatment |
|
Definition
| targeting protiens whose abnormal metabolism caused AD |
|
|
Term
| Amyloid cascade hypothesis. Describe |
|
Definition
| accumulation of beta-amyloid initiaties a cascade of events that lead to neuronal dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and dementia |
|
|
Term
| Some of the most important aspects of AD relate to what consequences |
|
Definition
|
|
