-INDO EUROPEANS

-MONARCHY CITY/STATE

-ETRUSCANS

-SLOW DEVELOPMENT DUE TO SO MANY CITIES

-CAME INTO ITALY THRU PRESENT DAY TUSCANY

-BROUGHT METALERGY, SHIP BUILDING, SAILING SKILLS

-SOME ROMAN KINGS WERE ETRUSCAN

-DECLINE OF ETRUSCANS AROUND 750-800 BCE

-DECLINE OPENED DOOR FOR THE RISE OF ROME

-[509 BCE] ETRUSCAN KING WAS KILLED BY ROMAN ARISTOCRACY

-ALLOWS FOR THE FORMING OF THE ANARCHY ROMAN REPUBLIC

-BEGINS ITS RISE TO POWER AND BECOME DOMINATE

THE RISE OF THE REPUBLIC BRINGS A NEED FOR MODIFICATION IN THE GOVERNMENT FROM A MONARCHY TO A REPUBLIC

CENTRAL ROMAN REPUBLIC

-CONSIST OF BUILDINGS, POLITICS, TEMPLES, SIMILAR TO CAPITOL HILL

BI-CAMERAL

(NOT DEMOCRATIC)

-CONSULS

-SENATORS

-ELECTED BY ASSEMBLY OF THE ELITE ARISTOCRACY

-MOSTLY ARISTOCRATS

-VERY ELITE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

-NOT FOR THE SMALL PEOPLE

-PATRICIANS (ARISTOCRATS, ELITE)

-TRIBUNES

-PLEBEIANS (COMMON PEOPLE)

-COMMON PEOPLE

-RESENTED NOT BEING REPRESENTED IN THIS SYSTEM

-TENSIONS CONT TO RISE

-5TH C BCE TRIBUNES WERE ESTABLISHED

-ESTABLISHED 5TH C BCE

-REPRESENTATIVES OF PLEBEIANS ELECTED BY THE PLEBEIANS IN GOVERNMENT

-HAD VETO POWER

-COULD INTRODUCE LEGISLATION DIRECTLY INTO THE ASSEMBLY

-PROTECTED FROM HARM

-BY EARLY 3RD C BCE PLEBEIANS DOMINATED THE ASSEMBLY

-1ST PRIORITY TO SECURE THE LANDS FROM ROME TO CENTRAL ITALIAN PENNISULA AND BEYOND

-STYLE OF CONQUERING (MILITARY GARRISON)

-SOCIO AND ECONOMICAL CONQUERING (GENEROSITY)

-MILITARY GARRISONS

-MILITARY FORCES WOULD GO IN, CONQUER, TAKE CONTROL, AND LEAVE A STRONG MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE TOWN

- WHEN THEY CONQUERED, THEY WERE GENEROUS TO THE PEOPLE THEY HAD OVERTAKEN AND NOW GOVERN

-MARJORITY WERE TAX EXEMPT

-ALLOWED TO TRADE IN ROME

-ALLOWED TO MARRY ROMANS

-ALLOWED TO GAIN ROMAN CITIZENSHIP & ACHIEVE POSITIONS OF POWER

-THOSE CONQUERED ARE NOT ALLOWED TO MAKE ALLIANCES WITH OTHERS

-MUST REMAIN LOYAL TO THE ROMAN STATE

-MUST PROVIDE LABOR IN THE FORM OF MILITARY SUPPORT

-CARTHAGE

-HELLENIC REALMS

CARTHAGE

[264-146 BCE]

-CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE 3RD C BCE

-PANIC WARS TOOK PLACE BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE

-FOUGHT FOR SICILLY (MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF GRAIN THE W MED)

-END OF 3RD WAR CARTHAGE DEFEATED AND BURNED TO THE GROUND

-ALL OF CARTHAGE FALLS UNDER ROME RULE

-50K SURVIVORS WERE FORCED INTO SLAVERY

-GAVE ROME CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN N AFRICA (GOLD, SILVER, GRAIN, OIL & WINE)

-MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF GRAIN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN

-IMPORTANT FOR TRADE, SELLING, FEEDING INCREASING POPULATION

[215-148 BCE]

-INCREASE IN PIRACY IN EASTERN MED

-INDICATED WEAKENING GOVERNMENT

-ALLIANCES ARE FORMED RATHER THAN TOTAL DESTRUCTION AS IN CARTHAGE

-GREAT RICHES

-CHANGES THE POWER DYNAMICS OF ROME

-MOVE FROM REPUBLIC TO CENTRALIZED GOV

-LATIFUNDIA

-GROUP OF WEALTHY THAT FORMED ESTATES AND GAINED POSSESSION OF CONQUERED LANDS

-RAN THESE ESTATES WITH SLAVE LABOR

-CONTINUED TO GAIN WEALTH WHILE SMALLER LAND OWNERS SUFFER W/O SLAVE LABOR

-SM OWNERS FORCED TO MORTAGE OR SELL OUT

-LEADES TO TENSIONS BY 2ND C AND CIVIL WAR BY 1ST C BCE

-PLAN TO RESOLVE THIS CONFLICT OR STOP THE REVOLT BY LIMITING THE AMOUNT OF LAND TO 500 ACRES

-SIMILAR TO CHINA'S WANG MANG THEORY

-WROTE DOCUMENT TO RESOLVE CONFLICT

-MURDERED BY THE ELITES IN ORDER TO KEEP POWER

-ELITES CON'T TO LOOK AFTER THIER OWN INTEREST RATHER THAN THE GOOD OF THE CITY/STATE

GAIUS MARIUS

[87 BCE]

LUCIUS CORNELIUS SULLUS

[83 BCE]

-GAINS CONTROL

-INSTITUES REFORM TO HELP THE LOWER CLASS

-ALLOWS THE ELITES TO STILL REMAIN IN POWER

-CAUSES THE CYCLE TO CONTINUE

THERE WAS AN

-INCREASE IN POVERTY

-INCREASE IN RIOTS

-INCREASE IN PEASANTS & URBAN WORKERS JOINING ARMIES

JULIUS CAESAR-GENERAL

[60 BCE]

-RETURNS TO ROME

-ACTIVE ROLE IN ROMAN POLITICS

-FAVORS SOCIAL REFORM & LIBERAL POLICIES

-BECOMES VERY POPULAR

JULIUS CAESAR

[50 BCE]

-CONQUERS GAUL

(STUBBORN PART OF FRANCE)

-ELITES BECOME CONCERNED WITH HIS POPULARITY AND WISH TO REMOVE HIM FROM POLITICS

JULIUS CAESAR

[49 BCE]

JULIUS CAESAR

[46 BCE]

DECLARES HIMSELF DICTATOR FOR LIFE (RATHER THAN SIX MONTHS)

-ENDS THE ROMAN REPUBLIC [509-46 BCE]

-MORE CENTRALIZED GOV AND MILITARY

-SOCIAL REFORM

-CONFISCATED LAND FROM CONSERVATIST & GIVES TO MILITARY POWERS AND VET SOLDIERS

-ORG LARGE BUILDING PROJECTS

-GIVES ROMAN CITIZENSHIP TO PEOPE IN PROVINCES

[31 BCE] OCTAVIAN DEFEATS MARK ANTHONY

[27 BCE] OCTAVIAN BECOMES KNOWN AS AUGUSTUS (SUGGEST DIVINITY)

-CONTINUES CEASAR'S CENTRALIZED GOV

-TREMENDOUS PERSONAL POWER

-EXPANDS EMPIRE

[14 CE] DIES

[115 CE] HIGH POINT OF ROMAN EMPIRE

[31 BCE] DEFEATS MARK ANTHONY

[27 BCE] BECOMES KNOWN AS AUGUSTUS

CEASAR'S NEPHEW AND ADOPTEDSON

-FORMS ALLIANCE WITH EGYPT

-BRINGS MILITARY POWER UNDER HIS DIRECT RULE

[14 CE] DIES