• Military Ethiopia had a moving army during the Solomite Dynasty
• constant warfare with Islamic surrounding states
• army regimens gave strength to the Empire and helped with its survival
• expanded a large geographical area
• stabilized territories

(Why Portuguese went into Africa)

• in Portugal there was a lot of opportunity for social mobility, by going on these expeditions one could move up the social ladder
• instead of going by land to Asia and Africa they went by sea-reshaped power of distribution
• Portuguese-Henry the Navigator-wanted gold in West Africa
• found desert, then eventually came across captives and gold to trade
• triggered general interest to develop

-European contact changed political landscape in Senegambia

-contact with Europeans in this area caused major warfare and changes

-Jihads were a response to transatlantic slave trade

-used oral sources (historically said that civil war didn't cause changes)

-Thornton said it decentralized state, main trade, goods (cloth)

-these changes were long term changes

-argument used a combination of sources

• Kongolese religion synced with Christianity
• Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita believed she was possessed by St. Anthony
• argued that Jesus was Kongolese, changed Catholicism
• criticized Italian missionaries for not supporting black saints
• burned at the stake in 1706

• bashed Hoffman's description of Zimbabwe region through oral sources as static, no evidence and doesn't match history
• Beach looked at archaeological site and learned from it
• states that you can't see a whole site and determine society because it changes and evolves over time

Senegambia

(region-leaders-places & their features)

west Africa, Upper Guinea (today Senegal and Gambia)

• Nasr Al-din
• Abd al-Kadir
• Futa Jallon
• Sinhare (Signar) people

(in Senegambia region)

-Islamic holyman

-performs miracles

-receives information from God

-opposed to slave trade (selling Muslims to Christians)

-overthrows area and religious authority (if they didn't follow Muslim rules)

(in Senegambia region)

-not militant like Nasir al-din was

-creates a theocracy in Bundu

-center for legal scholarship in that region

Futa Jallon

(slavery-gun cycles-state formation)

(in Senegambia region)

-pagan government to a theocracy

-government taxed and exploited the Fulbe population

-(we think) religious elite became political leaders

-massive new export of slaves to get guns (but not Muslim slaves to other Muslims)

(in the Senegambia Region)

an interesting category of people, hooked up with the English, French, or Portuguese factor

-"wives of the coast" while he is there, she controls the business so he has no choice

-many husbands, one at a time=serial polyandry

-church didn't like this !!! but, tolerated it because they didn't have much choice

Gold Coast (Ghana)

Portuguese

trade with Europeans

Alumari/Mansa Musa

Benin

Old Calibar

 visit the coast (in Lower Guinea/Gold coast region)

• naval attachment to prevent other countries from settling-control trade
• fortifications were seaward not landward
• decided to have a monopoly over trade
• found southern extension of Africa (Kongo)-people wearing crosses=must be Christians

(in Lower Guinea region)

(Upper Guinea (space) Lower Guinea (space) Angola)=areas for slave trade, gold, ivory and cloth trade

• gold is a great commodity for stealing, certain amount of risk, small quantity worth a lot
• trade was fundamental part of economic system of East. Europe
• cheaper at the source, needed to be able to navigate

Alumari (scholar) on Hajj to Holy Land from Mali

-stops in Egypt on the way

-Egyptians raise prices because Mali is rich

-gets info from friend Mansa Musa while there

-Alumari's predecessor wanted explore Western ocean

-100 ships, only one returns

-Alumari goes on 1000 ship expedition and never returns

-left Mansa Musa in charge, he becomes emperor

(Europeans solve this problem by finding a return current for round trips)

-pay for import of guns with export of slaves

-a lot of the exported people have military experience

-attacked neighbors to get slaves to trade for guns

-no European power could withhold weapons from African powers

-blackmail trade: Africans took advantage of European powers

-continued trade to prevent warfare

• (lower Guinea region)
• Portuguese build island colonies (Principe and Sko Tome)
• division of African/mixed race people-who is eligible to hold office?
• sent to Igbe to get a ramnian-ruler to be their king
• his children become descendants when he leaves back to Igbe
• administration=a king and 2 councils that served him and that he appointed

(lower Guinea region)

• king decides to stop exporting slaves, but exports ivory and cloth
• Civil war went until 1730 and when it ended, slave trade ended!
• Ozomo-controlled his own private army, collected taxes
• teamed up with king of Benin to defeat the opposing side

(lower Guinea region)

• Dutch switched from industry to commerce to enter slave trade (had to refit ships)
• sailor mortality higher than slave mortality
• collective gov't-Parliament that made decisions and passed regulations
• Manilla is standard of value used to bargain a bundle

Kongo

King Afunzo

slavery

Portuguese --> Christianity

• made Christianity the New Kongo religion
• wrote 24 letters that assisted in documentation of the region

• (West Central Africa region)
• Kongo generated slaves and illegally captured more people as they expanded
• advanced into southern part of Angola, began a long civil war

• Portuguese wanted to take over Indian Ocean-established many colonies
• South=Dutch
• East=Great Zimbabwe-Portuguese
• Ethiopia=connection with religion

Dutch

• Dutch East India Company wanted to go to India, they couldn't stop at Portuguese trading stops
• eventually found South Africa to refuel
• stopped along the coast to trade for food, but didn't get a good deal so they brought Europeans to settle and raise farm products
• (this led to smuggling and fighting)

• women exported to South Africa and didn't die-developed many dynasties over many years
• consolidated lands acquired over the years from dying husbands

• Portuguese hoped to drive out the Muslims in the 16th century
• if you could convert king to Christianity he might be convinced to drive Muslims out-then Port. would have monopoly-but kings didn't want to because they liked competition
• king murdered mysteriously and Portuguese "found" that a Muslim was responsible-ground for WAR

• Portuguese want to monopolize the region's trade
• hundreds of city states formed, built forts
• Kilwa Chronicle
• minted coins tell us names and dates
• every city had a collective gov't-through intermarriage these families became interrelated
• islands off the coast vulnerable to Portuguese invasion

(in the East, but more Northeast of East Af. coast)

• Solomid Dynasty emerges
• destroyed mosques and killed religious leaders
• converted people to Christianity EXCEPT FOR ADAL who resisted advances
• Ahmed Gran= religious leader in Adal fights back against kings of Ethiopia
• kings of Ethiopia call upon Portuguese to help fight Ahmed Gran and SUCCEEDED

resisted Christian advances under Ahmed Gran=religious leader in Adal

• called on people to resist
• mobilized thousands
• mobilized the Somolians (difficult as they're under constand civil war)
• did exactly the reverse of when the Ethiopians came south! (churches burned, Christians forced to become Muslim)

• nobles owned substantial land, monarchs lessened their power-more opportunity in the south
• Ethiopia switched loyalty to Catholic church and then Bishop appointed the king
• Fasiladas appoints Abuna to be head of church, Ethiopian church now
• everyone liked this except nobles that benefitted from Catholicism in the north
• loyalties divided between Portuguese and Ethiopian army
• a war between Senna (Muslim) and Ethiopia (Christian)