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| The study of human beings and/in their broader milieu, and reasons for their diversity and innovation in time and space. |
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1) It is immersion in a milieu, or socio-ecological, historical environment, and how people get by there
2) ways of life of a people, including: things people do, things people make, things people know/believe (whether explicitly or tacitly), how they make meaning and interpret things
3) It is not instinctual. It is learned, passed transgenerationally.
4) Culture is fluid, in that it is changing, continually being reworked through borrowing, invention, resistance
8) but also varied (subjectivity, gender, sexuality, age etc.)
9) Tends to get reified as a social or conceptual fact, people say, "this is our culture" (but what's included/left out?) |
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| From the point of view of a cultural insider |
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| From the point of view of a cultural outsider (typically, a scholarly or analytic one) |
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One of the ironies of culture: as we learn to accept our own cultural beliefs and values, we unconsciously start to think of htem as natural (NOT culturally constructed)
when culture take on this presumed natural, they are "essentialized" or "naturalized"
In some cases, this leads to THE CONVICTION THAT ONES OWN WAY OF LIFE IS THE BESTS WAY, AND SOMETIMES THE ONLY WAY TO DO THINGS |
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to avoid ethnocentric perspectives we must consider:
1) All cultural practices and values have to be understood in their unique context
2) All cultural practices and values have intrinsic value, that is, we must establish provisional equality in comparison
3) one does not need to practice extreme cultural relativism |
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| Ethnicity (American Anthropological Association) |
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| "Ethnicity is an idea that groups people according to common origin or background. The term usually refers to social, cultural, religious, linguistic and other affilitions although, like race, ethnicity gets linked to perceived biological markers (but there is not biological basis for ethnicity or racial categories). Ethnicity is often characterized by cultural features, such as dress, language, religion and social organization.." |
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| Ethnicity (John L. and Jean Comaroff from Ethnicity, Inc. |
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| 2) Ethnic/ity is an historically changing set of beliefs and practices centered around oneself/others that is both ontological and orientational. |
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| Pre-supposition about the world and one's place in it; one's perceived essence (biological, genetic, existential); made by self-fashioning and being amongst others |
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| Collective action and identity: people orient towards others with whom they are familiar. Under social pressures, groups incorporate themselves baed on ideas and experiences of ethnicity for political and economic purposes |
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| an ideological statement of popular appeal in the context of profound change |
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1)Modern: up-to-date, fresh, contemporary, in-the-moment,
2)Modernity: historical period and set of cultural norms and technologies that developed and moved out from Europe in the e17th-m20th centuries. Many norms and technologies were shared with and imposed on non-European peoples round the world, like:
>Individualism
>Monetary, commodity-based economic systems
>forms of biology-based medical and scientific knowledge and philosophies about thinking and behavior that stressed rationalism (undermining religion) |
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| 3 examples of material culture |
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Many items were traded across the sahara: slaves, ivory, textiles
Sedentary residence patterns with the uptake of agriculture
Land and Commercial enterprises - geographic land forms shaped the layout and architectural features of cities. |
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| North Africa: barley, grapes |
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| Saharan region and the Sahel (pre climate change) |
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| Saharan region and the Sahel: sorghum and millets |
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| West Africa: kola nuts, yams |
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| Characteristics: living in one area, farming, commodity-based economy |
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African Cities
At least 3 means for sociopolitical organization |
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"Wealth is in people": slaves, family, military and age regiments, believers
Political and religious leaders' charisma
Kinship networks ,lineage systems, polygyny
cooperative work groups, occupational specialty |
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| Links No. Africa and sub-Saharan Africa during Islamic period (name 4 things traded) |
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Copper, bronze pots.
Kola nuts.
Textiles
Slaves
Horses
Weapons
Mirrors |
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| African Diasporas in the Indian Ocean: describe 1 group you in 3-4 sentences |
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| India's Africans (called siddis) have a long history as security and military personnel in India. They were generally regarded as more trustworthy than indigenous people, and were well-regarded for their skills in taming wild horses. There were a few rebellions in the 15 and 16th centuries where African slave-soldiers. Before that, in the 13th century an Abyssinian served as master of the Delhi royal stable. |
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| Zulu strategies for sociopolitical and cultural domination |
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Amabutho: warrior and age-set regimentation
iklwa: short thrusting spear
Polities' royal families intermarriage
Centralize political power, unify language and culture |
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| Tswana peoples and British missionaries: describe each group's culturesituation. what were the three polities between each group, and be able to describe at least 1 of these in more detail |
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Twswana polities:
-Zulu difakane
-Afrikaner settlers
-Griqua and Northern Tswana
-Long-distance trade and pastoralism
British missionaries:
-"nonconformist"
-protestant evangelists
-Lower class from industrial England
-Romantic return to land and farming
-Capitalism/cash |
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