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Adipose Tissue
fat and stuff
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/19/2014

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Cards

Term
What is the purpose of Adipose Tissue?
Definition
Thermal insulator, mechanical shock absorber, improves appearance of finished carcass, improves palatability
Term
What are the effects of marbling fat on a finished product?
Definition
Increased tenderness, increased juiciness
Term
Where is adipose tissue located?
Definition
beneath the skin, subQ, between muscles, behind eyeballs, surface of heart and surrounding kidneys, joints, visceral fat
Term
what is the adipose precursor called?
Definition
Preadipocytes or adipoblast
Term
what are adipocytes filled with?
Definition
lipids
Term
What is the omentum?
Definition
thin connective tissue filled with fat. Caul fat?
Term
What are mesenteries?
Definition
thin connective tissue membranes supporting intestines
Term
What is kidney/renal fat?
Definition
Knob of hard fat around kidneys, suet, high melting point
Term
What percentage of total fat does the omentum, mesentaries and kidney/renal fat make up?
Definition
30%
Term
What are the phases of fat deposition?
Definition
Phase 1: internal fat, first fat deposits, viseral/kidney fat, Caul (omentum) fat and mesenteries

Phase 2: Sub Q fat, intermuscular
Term
How many layers of back fat do pigs have and what are they?
Definition
3 layers.
1) Outer- 1st developed to provide insulation
2) Middle- thickest layer, most metabolically active
3) Inner- last layer to form
Term
What is intramuscular fat?
Definition
deposited between individual muscle fibres, associated with perimysium
Term
True/False
Early maturing cattle deposit fat at an earlier age
Definition
True, physiologically ahead of late maturing breeds
Term
What is an early maturing breed, what is a late maturing breed?
Definition
early- British breeds
late- Continental breeds
Term
What is leaner an intact male or a castrate?
Definition
Intact male
Term
What is cellular hyperplasia?
Definition
increase in number of cells
Term
What is cellular hypertrophy?
Definition
Increase in size of cell
Term
What is a double muscled animal?
Definition
an animal with cellular hyperplasia
Term
how has the amount of fat on pigs changed in the past 50 years?
Definition
went from 50mm to 17mm
Term
Where is brown fat found (list 3)?
Definition
In new borns, cold adapted animals or hibernating animals
Term
True/False: there is brown fat in poultry
Definition
False
Term
Why do newborns need brown fat?
Definition
they are very suseptible to the cold, brown fat is important for temperature regulation
Term
How is brown fat differ from white fat (6)?
Definition
smaller in size
more mitochondria
high cytochrome
small triglyceride droplets
more vascular then white
abundant cytoplasm
Term
What are the different roles of brown and white fat?
Definition
Brown- distribute heat
white- create energy (ATP)
Term
What happens to brown fat in newborns shortly after birth?
Definition
It is used up to keep the new born warm or converted to white adipose tissue
Term
How does brown fat produce heat?
Definition
heat generation by non-shivering thermo genesis
Term
What does the hormone thyroxin do?
Definition
Increases base metabolic rate
Term
What do catecholamines do?
Definition
increase metabolisim in all fats
Term
What is anabolisim?
Definition
building up/synthesis
Term
what is catabolisim?
Definition
breaking down process
Term
when does catabolisim occur?
Definition
during food restricitions
in nature- over winter
in production- before slaughter
Term
what is lipogenesis?
Definition
fat synthesis
Term
what is lipolysis
Definition
fat breakdown
Term
what causes ketosis in dairy cows?
Definition
if nutrients in milk exceed input from diet
Term
what is pegnancy toxemia?
Definition
similair to ketosis, but in sheep
Term
What is a triglyceride?
Definition
3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol back bone
Term
what hydrolyzes triglycerides? where does this happen?
Definition
pancreatic lipase, the small intestine
Term
What is the difference between monogastrics and ruminants?
Definition
monogastrics- consume USFA that are deposited in tissue
Ruminants- consume USFA that will be predominatly hydrogenated in the rumen
Term
What has a higher USFA content, forages or grain?
Definition
Forages
Term
what is the product of meat with high USFA?
Definition
more prone to oxidation, shorter shelf life, off flavour
Term
what is the substrate for lipogenesis in pigs?
Definition
Glucose, synthesized 18:1 or 18:0
Term
What is the substrate to lipogenesis in ruminants?
Definition
acetic acid synthesized 18:1 or 18:0
Term
what does VLDL stand for?
Definition
very low density lipoprotein
Term
where does lipogenesis occus in poultry?
Definition
liver NOT adipose tissue
Term
LDL is processed by?
Definition
reticuloendothelial cells
Term
what is beta adrenergie agonists similair too?
Definition
epinephrine
Term
Why are implants used?
Definition
Increase weight gain and feed efficiency, increased musceling and retail yeild.
Decrease fat deposition
Term
what implants are legal/illegal in Canada?
Definition
Estrogen- Legal
Testosteron- illegal
Combination- legal
Term
True/False
Less IMF is produced when using combination then estrogen
Definition
True
Term
What does Zilpaterol (an implant) do?
Definition
Reduces fat synthesis, increases fat break down
Increases protein synthesis, decrease protein breakdown
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