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ACM BIO 208 The Blood
Anatomy and Physiology 2 Chapter 19
124
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/09/2017

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Term
Functions of the Blood
Definition
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Term
What substances does the blood transport?
Definition
Oxygen and nutrients
Metabolic waste
Hormones
Molecules to be modified
Term
What does the blood regulate?
Definition
pH
body temperature
fluid volume
Term
How does blood help protect the body?
Definition
-Prevents blood loss through clot formation with platelets and plasma proteins
-Prevents infection with antibodies, WBCs, and complement proteins
Term
What type of tissue is blood?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What are the components of blood?
Definition
-Plasma
-Formed elements
Term
What percentage of blood is made of plasma?
Definition
It makes up 55% of blood
Term
What percentage of blood is formed elements?
Definition
They make up 45% of blood
Term
Physical characteristics of blood
Definition
-Denser/more viscous than water
-38 degrees C (100.4 degrees F)
-7.35-7.45 pH / slightly alkaline
-makes 8% of body weight
-average blood volume 5L (4-5L females, 5-6L males)
-blood volume and pressure are constant
-EPO hormone regulates pressure and vol.
Term
Colloid solution
Definition
liquid containing suspended particles that do not settle out of solution
-ex. plasma
Term
What percentage of formed elements are red blood cells?
Definition
99%
Term
Buffy coat
Definition
White blood cells and platelets
-make up <1% of blood volume
Term
CBC Labs
Definition
Complete Blood Count
Includes:
-RBC, WBC, and platelet counts
-Differential WBC count
-Hematocrit
-hemoglobin in g/mL
Term
Hematocrit Lab
Definition
Percentage of red blood cells
Term
Differential white blood cell count
Definition
Count of various white cells and portions
-detects inflammation, blood disorders, and poison effects
Term
polycythemia
Definition
Red blood cell count >65%
Term
Normal hemoglobin ranges
Definition
-infants 14-20g/100mL
-adult female 12-16g/100mL
-adult male 13.5-18g/100mL
Term
Characteristics of blood plasma
Definition
-straw-colored, sticky
-91.5% water, over 100 dissolved solutes
-plasma protein = 7% by weight of plasma volume
-dissolved substances = 2% plasma volume
Term
Blood plasma proteins
Definition
-made by liver

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Term
Albumin
Definition
-plasma protein
-makes up 55-60% of all plasma proteins
-carrier of fatty acids, bilirubin, and thyroid hormones
-blood buffer
-contributes to blood colloid osmotic pressure
Term
Globulins
Definition
-plasma protein
-makes up 38% of plasma proteins
-some are antibodies
-some are transport molecules
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
-plasma protein
-makes up 4-7% of plasma proteins
-functions in clotting
Term
Serum
Definition
blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
-straw colored liquid
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
blood cell production in red bone marrow
(formed elements)
-negative feedback system
Term
Hemocytoblast
Definition
Stem cell from which all formed elements are derived
Term
Two precursor cells derived from hemocytoblasts
Definition
-Myeloid stem cells
-Lymphoid stem cells
Term
Myeloid stem cells can form what cell types
Definition
RBCs
platelets
granulocytes
monocytes
Term
Lyphoid stem cells can form what type of cells
Definition
only lymphocytes
Term
Hemopoietic growth factors
Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Thrombopoietin (TBO)
Cytokines
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
hemopoietic growth factor
- hormone produced in kidneys
- stimulates production of red blood cell precursors
- tested in anemic patients
Term
Thrombopoietin (TBO)
Definition
hemopoietic growth factor
- hormone produced by liver
- stimulates formation of platelets
Term
Cytokines
Definition
hemopoietic growth factor
- small glycoproteins produced by red bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells
Term
Rate of RBC generation
Definition
2 million per second
Term
Structure of a RBC
Definition
biconcave
Term
Average RBC of an adult
Definition
5 million RBC/mm3
-females 4.8 million RBC/mm3
-males 5.4 million RBC/mm3
Term
Organelles of the RBC
Definition
lack a nucleus and mitochondria
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
pigment of RBC bind to oxygen and give red color
Term
Globin
Definition
protein of hemoglobin, has a quaternary structure
-4 polypeptide chains
-2 alpha, 2 beta
Term
Components of hemoglobin
Definition
-globin protein
-heme pigment
Term
heme
Definition
pigment of hemoglobin
-contains iron molecule
-one heme for each 4 globin proteins
-iron molecule in heme binds with oxygen
Term
How many oxygen molecules can a hemoglobin molecule transport?
Definition
-transports 4 Oxygen from lungs to tissues
-transports CO2 back to the lungs
Term
Oxyhemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin that has been oxygenated and is bright red
Term
Deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin that contains no oxygen and is darker red
Term
Carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin that is transporting CO2 attached to globin
Term
How long to RBC live?
Definition
~120 days
Term
How many RBCs are destroyed every second?
Definition
2.5 million
Term
How many RBCs are in circulation?
Definition
25 trillion
Term
Were does phagocytosis of RBCs take place?
Definition
-spleen
-liver
Term
Recycling of RBCs
Definition
-globin and heme are split apart
-globin broken down to amino acids and used to make new proteins
-iron combines with plasma protein to form transferrin, then attaches to iron storage proteins ferritin and hemosiderin
-Fe reattaches to transferrin, travels to red bone marrow to make more RBCs
-non-Fe portion of heme becomes biliverdin(green pigment), then bilirubin(yellow-orange pigment)
-bilirubin secreted into bile
-some bilirubin becomes urobilin (yellow pigment in urine)
-most bilirubin eliminated in feces as stercobilin(brown pigment)
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
production of RBCs
Term
Proerythroblast
Definition
precursor cell to RBC found in red bone marrow
Term
Proerythroblast
Definition
precursor to RBCs
-gives rise to cells that synthesize hemoglobin
Term
Reticulocyte
Definition
precursor to RBC
-nucleus has been ejected from cell
-34% hemoglobin
-.5-1.5% of all RBCs in a RBC count
-become erythrocytes in 1-2 days
Term
Stimulus of RBC production
Definition
low oxygen levels
Term
EPO
Definition
-made in the kidneys
-stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBCs
Term
Negative feedback of RBC production
Definition
-cellular oxygen depletion stimulates RBC production
-stimulates kidneys to lease erythropotietin
-with rising levels of RBCs, less EPO is released
Term
Blood doping
Definition
RBCs are drawn off and reinjected a few days before athletic event to increase RBC count
- or artificial EPO is injected
Term
What vitamins are necessary for DNA synthesis
Definition
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Term
Pernicious anemia
Definition
caused by low absorption of vitamin B12
Term
What percent of the body's iron supply is found in hemoglobin?
Definition
65% of body's iron supply
Term
How is iron lost from the body?
Definition
feces, urine, perspiration, menstruation
Term
White blood cell characteristics
Definition
-nucleated
-no hemoglobin
-larger than RBCs
-less numerous than RBCs
-granulocyte or agranulocyte
Term
3 types of granulocytes
Definition
-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil
Term
Characteristics of a neutrophil
Definition
-polymorphonuclear leukocyte
-pH neutral
-nuclei 2-5 lobes
-pink with Wright's stain
-few granules
-60-70% of all WBC
Term
Characteristics of an eosinophil
Definition
-bilobed nucleus
-orange/red with Wright's stain
-fights allergic reactions and parasitic worms
-2-4%of all WBC
-moderately granular
Term
Characteristics of a basophil
Definition
-irregular S-shaped nucleus
-dark purple with Wright's stain
-release histamine and heparin; local inflammatory response
-.5% of all WBC
Term
2 types of agranulocytes
Definition
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
Term
Lymphocyte characteristics
Definition
-dark, round nucleus
-pale blue/gray with Wright's stain
-2 types:
- B-cells and T-cells
-20-25% of all WBC
Term
Monocyte characteristics
Definition
-largest WBC in size*
-kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus
-pale blue/gray with Wright's stain
-macrophages
-3-8% of all WBC
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
-increase in number of WBC
- protective response to stress
- response to microbe invasion, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
-abnormal low WBC count
-due to radiation, shock, chemotherapy agents
Term
Where are WBCs found?
Definition
-2% circulating in blood stream
-most in lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, skin, connective tissues
-active outside blood stream
Term
Emigration/diapedesis
Definition
-WBCs leaving the bloodstream
-move by ameboid movement
Term
High count of neutrophils
Definition
-due to bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation
Term
High count of lymphocytes
Definition
-viral infection, some leukemia
Term
High count of monocytes
Definition
-viral or fungal infection, TB, some leukemia
Term
High count of eosinophils
Definition
-allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease
Term
High count of basophils
Definition
-allergic reactions, leukemia, cancers, hypothyroidism
Term
Bone marrow transplant
Definition
-intravenous transfer of red bone marrow
-goal to establish normal hemopoiesis
-replace diseased bone marrow
Term
Platelets/thrombocytes
Definition
-play a role in clotting
-cell fragments, no nucleus
-150,000-400,000/mm3 count
-5-9 day lifespan
-derive from Megakaryocytes
- splinter into 2-3,000 fragments
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
stopping bleeding
Term
Steps of hemostasis
Definition
-vascular spasm
-platelet plug formation
-blood clotting
Term
Vascular spasm
Definition
-pain receptor stimulation
-reflex contraction of smooth muscle
-reduces blood loss
Term
Platelet plug formation chemicals
Definition
-alpha granules
-dense granules
-enzymes (form thromboxane A2), fibrin stabilizing factor, lysosomes, and mitochondria
-platelet derived growth factor
Term
Alpha granules
Definition
involved in platelet plug formation
-contain clotting factors and (PDGF)
-cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts
Term
Dense granules
Definition
involved in platelet plug formation
-contain ADP, ATP, Ca2+, and serotonin
Term
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Definition
hormone within platelet causing proliferation of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle
Term
Steps of platelet plug formation
Definition
-platelet adhesion
-platelet release reaction
-platelet aggregation
Term
Platelet adhesion
Definition
platelets contact and stick to damage blood vessel with collagen fibers
Term
Platelet release reaction
Definition
platelets become activated
-extend projections to allow contact with one another
-release their chemicals
-serotonin and thromboxane A2 function as vasoconstrictors
Term
Platelet aggregation
Definition
-ADP causes other platelets to become sticky
-they adhere to original activated platelets
-accumulation and attachment of many platelets form a platelet plug
-platelet plug reinforced with fibrin during coagulation
Term
Coagulation
Definition
clotting; series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors that ultimately forming fibrin threads
Term
Serum
Definition
straw-colored liquid without clotting factors
Term
Blood clot
Definition
consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin that trap formed elements
Term
Thrombosis
Definition
clotting in an unbroken vessel
Term
Clotting factor characteristics
Definition
-they require Ca2+ ***
-they inactivate enzymes formed in the liver so they don't clot unnecessarily
-molecules associated with platelets
-identified by Roman numerals
Term
Clotting factor sequence of steps
Definition
-formation of prothrombinase (by extrinsic or intrinsic pathways)
-prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
-thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
Term
Extrinsic pathway formation of prothrombinase
Definition
-fewer steps and occurs more rapidly than intrinsic pathway
-tissue factor (TF)(thromboplastin)leaks into blood vessel from outside cells
-In the presence of Ca2+***, TF activates clotting factor X
-Clotting factor X combines with factor V to form prothrombinase
Term
Tissue factor (TF) thromboplastin
Definition
a mixture of lipoprotein and phospholipids
Term
Intrinsic pathway formation of prothrombinase
Definition
-more complex, occurs over minutes
-activators are within blood or through indirect contact
-endothelial cells become rough and damaged exposing collagen fibers
-platelets contact collagen fibers activating clotting factor XII; activates reactions to activate X
-activated X combines with V to form prothrombinase; in presence of Ca2+
Term
Common pathways
Definition
-prothrombinase and Ca2+ catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
-thrombin in presence of Ca2+ converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
soluble plasma proteins
Term
2 positive feedbacks of thrombin
Definition
-acceleration of prothrombinase formation; in turn accelerates thrombin production
-second thrombin activates platelets, reinforcing aggregation and release of platelet phospholipids
Term
Thrombus
Definition
clot that is attached and not moving
Term
Embolus
Definition
moving clot
Term
Steps of clot retraction and blood vessel repair
Definition
-consolidation or tightening of fibrin clot
-fibrin contracts and pulls damaged ends of vessel together
-depends on adequate number of platelets
-fibroblasts form connective tissue, new endothelial cells repair vessel lining
Term
Role of vitamin K in clotting
Definition
-required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors by hepatocytes (II, VII, IX, X)
-present in colon bacteria
-fat soluble and absorbed through intestinal lining
Term
Fibrinolytic system
Definition
system of hemostatic control
-dissolves small inappropriate clots
-dissolves clots at site of damage once damage is repaired
-fibrinolysis: dissolution of a clot
Term
Fibrinolysis
Definition
dissolution of a clot
Term
Plasminogen
Definition
mechanism of hemostatic control
-inactive plasma enzyme incorporated into a clot at the time of formation
-activated to plasmin (fibrinolysin)by factor XII, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and thrombin
-plasmin dissolves the clot by digesting fibrin and inactivating fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VIII, and XII
Term
Clot formation site
Definition
stays localized in spite of positive feedback mechanism
Term
Prostacyclin (prostaglandin)
Definition
-produced by endothelial cells and WBC
-opposes the actions of thromboxane A2
-powerful inhibitor of platelet adhesion and release
Term
Heparin
Definition
-anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils
-combines with antithrombin III to increase effectiveness
Term
Pulmonary embolism
Definition
lodging of embolus in the lungs
Term
Cerebral embolism
Definition
lodging of embolus in the brain
Term
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Definition
antagonist to vitamin K formation
-comes from rat poison
Term
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Definition
genetically engineered product used to treat MI, and CVA caused by clots
Term
Isoagglutinogen
Definition
antigen associated with blood
Term
4 blood types
Definition
A
B
AB
O
Term
Universal donor blood type
Definition
type O negative
Term
Rh factor
Definition
antigen originally identified in Rheus monkey
Term
RhoGAM
Definition
serum containing anti-Rh agglutinins
-aggultinates the Rh factor and blocks the mother's immune response
Term
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition
destruction of baby's blood cells by antibodies from the mother as result of mother being Rh negative and baby being Rh positive
Term
Universal recipient blood type
Definition
type AB
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