Term
| Components of endocrine system |
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Definition
composed of endocrine glands and endocrine cells throughout the body
- ductless glands |
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Term
| Main function of endocrine system |
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Definition
| secrete hormones into the bloodstream for homeostatic regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| effectors of a given hormone |
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Term
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Definition
-science of structure and function of endocrine glands
-diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders |
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Term
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Definition
-regulate composition and volume of internal environment
-regulate metabolism and energy balance
-regulate contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and gland secretion
-maintain homeostasis through trauma
-immune system
-growth and development
-reproductive process |
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Term
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Definition
glands that secrete product into ducts
-ducts lead to body cavities, lumen of organs, and outer body surface
-ex. sebaceous, sudoriferous, mucous, and digestive glands |
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Term
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Definition
ductless glands that secrete their product into interstitial fluid
-products carried by blood |
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Term
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Definition
-pituitary
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-adrenal
-pineal |
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Term
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Definition
| when the number of hormone receptors on a cell decreases due to excess hormone circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| when the number of hormone receptors on a cell increases due to low amounts of hormone in circulation |
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Term
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Definition
specific cell affected by a given hormone
-hormone binds to cell's receptors
-only target cell has the receptor for a given hormone |
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Term
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Definition
membrane cellular proteins or glycoproteins
-constantly being synthesized and broken down |
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Term
| Circulating hormones (endocrines) |
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Definition
hormones that enter bloodstream and effect a distant target cell
-inactivated by the liver; excreted by kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| local hormones that act on neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| local hormones that act on the same cell secreting them |
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Term
| Types of lipid-soluble hormones |
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Definition
-steroid hormones
-thyroid hormones
-nitric oxide |
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Term
| Types of water-soluble hormones |
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Definition
-amine hormones
-peptide and protein hormones
-eicosanoids |
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Term
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Definition
lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol
-synthesized in smooth ER
-ex. testosterone, calcitriol, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
-lipid soluable
-2 types: T3 and T4
-tyrosine + iodine |
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Term
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Definition
_lipid soluable
-both a hormone and neurotransmitter
-it is a gas |
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Term
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Definition
-water soluble
-formed by decarboxylation
-ex. catecholamine's: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
-serotonin and melatonin come from tryptophan
-histadine |
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Term
| Peptide and protein hormones |
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Definition
-water soluble
-ex. oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glugagon, erythropoietin, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PL, MSH, Adrenocorticotropic |
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Term
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Definition
-water soluble
-ex. prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
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Term
| Hormones that circulate freely in the blood without a carrier molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones that tend to bind with transport proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic hormone secretion |
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Definition
-stable concentration of hormone maintained in the blood for a long time
-ex. thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
-rapid increase in hormone in blood for a short time in response to a specific stimulus
-ex. insulin and epinephrine |
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Term
| Episodic hormone secretion |
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Definition
-hormone levels rise and decline on a regular basis
-ex. reproductive hormones associated with menses |
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Term
| mechanism of lipid soluble hormones |
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Definition
-diffuse through the plasma membrane of a target cell
-binds to receptors on the nucleus
-alters gene expression |
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Term
| mechanism of water soluble hormones |
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Definition
-receptors are on plasma membrane
-hormone is the first messenger
-cAMP is often the 2nd messenger
- |
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Term
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Definition
| -when a second hormone strengthens the effect of the first one |
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Term
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Definition
| -when the effect of two hormones is greater acting together than separate |
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Term
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Definition
| -when two hormones have opposing actions |
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Term
| Amplification of hormone effects |
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Definition
-one hormone molecule may activate or deactivate millions of other reactions.
-one hormone molecule can activate 100 G-proteins
-1 g-protein activates 1 adenylate cyclase which can produce 1,000 cAMP
-1 cAMP activates a protein kinase which may act on 1,000s of substrate molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that inactivates cAMP to turn off the hormonal response |
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Term
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Definition
endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete hormone in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients
-ex. Ca2+ levels decrease in the blood prompting the release of parathyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
-ex. sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to release NE and epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
release of hormones in response to hormone produced by other endocrine glands
-ex. anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What are the master glands |
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Definition
| pituitary and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
5 releasing hormones
-Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
-Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
-Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
-Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
-Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH
2 inhibiting hormones
-Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
-Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
2 that are stored in the neuropophysis
-Oxytocin
-antidiuretic hormone |
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Term
| Hypothalamus hormones tricks |
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Definition
9 hormones all together
5 releasing
-thy, pro, grow, co, go
2 inhibiting
-grow, pro
2 stored in neuropophysis
-oxy, anti |
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Term
| Anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
7 hormones
-Human growth hormone (hGH)
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Prolactin (PRL)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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Term
| Anterior pituitary hormones tricks |
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Definition
TiSH
FiSH
MiSH
PuRL
ACTH
LH
hGH |
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Term
| Posterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
| stores and secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone |
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Term
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Definition
water diabetes
-polyuria and intense thirst |
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Term
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Definition
triiodothyrinine (T3)
thyroxine (T4) |
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Term
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Definition
small round glands posterior to the thyroid
-parathyroid hormone secreted by chief cells
-PTH increases bone resorption; increases blood Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
-polyuria - excessive urine production
-polydipsia - excessive thirst
-polyphagia - excessive eating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
-80% epinephrine
-reinforces the flight-or-fight response |
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Term
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Definition
Mineralocorticoids
-Aldosterone - retain Na+, secrete K+
Glucocorticoids
-Cortisol
-Cortisone
Gonadocorticoids
-androgens |
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Term
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Definition
insulin from beta cells
glucagon from alpha cells |
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