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acid -base balance
chapter 27b acid-base balance
45
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
08/12/2010

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Term
What happens to pH when H+ content increases?
Definition
increase acid and pH decreases
Term
What offsets pH changes and what organs regulate blood pH?
Definition
pH buffers and the lungs and kidneys
Term
What are the three types of buffering systems?
Definition
protein buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffer system
Term
How do buffers neutralize the acidic or basic nature of the blood?
Definition
bases are relased for acidc blood, and acids are released for basic blood.
Term
Where do the buffers exist?
Definition
both intracellular and extracelluar compartments.
Term
What kinds of proteins buffer the blood?
Definition
plasma proteins (albumin) and hemoglobin
Term
How do the protein buffers keep the blood in the desired pH range?
Definition
they bind H+ when pH is too acidic (increase in H+ concentration) and release H+ when  pH is too basic (decrease in H+ concentration
Term
Which buffer system has a minor role in blood, but plays a bigger role intracellularly?
Definition
Phosphate buffer system
Term
What is the chemical  formula for phosphate buffer system?
Definition
H3PO4 <> H2PO4- + H
Term
What causes the reaction to shift to the left?
Definition
increase in H+
Term
Where does the excess H+ go/what happens to it?
Definition
excess H+ combines with H2PO4 to become H3PO4
Term
what does a decrease in [H+] cause?
Definition
the chemical reaction to shift to the right. H+ is produced from the dissociation of H3PO4
Term
Which buffering system is the strongest?
Definition
Carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffering system
Term
What is the chemical formula for the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffing system?
Definition
CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> H+ + HCO3
Term
an increae in pH would cause the formula to shift in which direction?
Definition
causes reation to shift to the left
Term
the excess H+ in the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate buffering system does what?
Definition
combines with HCO3 to become H2CO3 which quickly dissociates into CO2 + H2O
Term
A decrease in H+ causes what to happen in the carbon dioxide/ bicarbonate butter system?
Definition
the equation to shift to the right and CO2 is hydrated to become H2CO3 which dissociates into H+ and H2CO3
Term
With a decrease in pH how do the lungs regulate pH?
Definition
increase in ventilation to rid the body of CO2
Term
With an increase in pH how do  the lungs regulate the pH
Definition
decrease ventilation to retain CO2 in the body
Term
a decrease in pH is regulated by the kidneys by
Definition
increase secretion of H+ and increase in reabsorption of HCO3
Term
an increae in pH is fixed by the kidneys by
Definition
decreased secretion of H+ and decreaed reabsorption of HCO3
Term
What is the ideal blood pH and what is the range of normal blood pH?
Definition
7.40 with a range of 7.35 - 7.45 (blood slightly alkaline)
Term
what is the normal value and range for blood HCO3?
Definition
24mEq/l with a range of 22-26mEq/l
Term
what is the normal value and range for blood Pco2?
Definition
40mm Hg with a range of 35-45mm Hg
Term
αco2 represents what?
Definition
solubility coeficient of CO2 in blood (0.03 mEq/l/mm Hg
Term
what is the henderson-hasselbach equation?
Definition
pH = pK + log [HCO3]/(aco2) x (Pco2)
Term
if the ratio of the henderson-hasselbach equation = 20...
Definition
then pH is 7.4
Term
if ration of H-H equationis less than 20...
Definition
then pH is less than 7.4
Term
if the ratio of the H-H equation is more than 20...
Definition
then pH is less than 7.4
Term
what is respiratory acidosis?
Definition
increased level of CO2 in arterial blood
Term
what is respiratory acidosis caused by? (examples)
Definition

hypoventilation or poor gas exchange at the lungs.

overdose of barbiturates- decreases respiratory rate

pulmonary diseaes (chronic bronchitis, fibrotic lung disease)

Term
what causes respiratory alkalosis?
Definition
decreased level of CO2 in arterial blood.
Term
what is respiratory alkalosis caused by (examples)
Definition

hyperventilation

hyperthyroidism- increases respiratory rate

anxiety- increases respiratory rate

acute aspirin toxicity-stimulates respiratory centers

Term
metabolic acidosis is cause by what?
Definition
decreased level of HCO3 in arterial blood
Term
a decreased level of HCO3 can be caused by ...
Definition

kidney disease- failure to secrete H+

diarrhea- rapid excretion of HCO3

duodenal vomitting- loss of HCO3

chronic aspirin toxicity- disrupts kreb's cycle(production of H+)

Term
metabolic alkalosis is caused by what?
Definition
increased level of HCO3 in arterial blood
Term
increase in HCO3 in arterial blood can be caused by...
Definition

some diuretics- excess secretion of Cl which causes excess reabsorption of HCO3

gastric vomitting- loss of stomach acids-more gastric acid is produced and HCO3 is absorbed as consequence

overdose on alkaline drugs- increases pH in stomach, more gastric acid is produced and HCO3 is absorded

Term
acid - base disturbances are compensated by either the __ or __
Definition
lungs or kidneys
Term
a metabolic problem is fixed by the ____ and a respiratory problem is fixed by the _____.
Definition
metabolic problem by the lungs, and respiratory problem fixed by kidneys
Term
how long do the lungs take to fix acid-base problems and is it a complete fix?
Definition
it takes hours and no it is not completely fix. close to normal but not quite
Term
how do the lungs fix metabolic acidosis problems?
Definition
increase ventilation- rid blood of CO2 increase pH back to normal
Term
how do lungs fix metabolic alkalosis?
Definition
decrease ventilation- retain CO2 decrease pH back to normal
Term
how long to the kidneys take to fix acid-base problems?
Definition

in days but the problem is completely fixed/compensated.

kidneys are much more powerful than lungs

Term
how is respiratory acidosis fixed?
Definition

increase secretion of H+

increase reabsorption of HCO3

 

Term
how is respiratory alkalosis fixed?
Definition

decrease secretion of H+

decrease reabsorption of HCO3

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