Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ACE PT cards
PT definitioins
133
Anatomy
Professional
06/08/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anterior
Definition
Toward the front
Term
Superficial
Definition
External, located close to or on the surface
Term
Superior
Definition
Toward the head
Term
Proximal
Definition
Toward the attached en of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward the midline of the body
Term
Frontal Plane
Definition
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
Divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
Divides the body or any of into parts into superior and inferior sections
Term
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Definition
1)Distributing oxygen and nutrients to the cells
2)Plasma in the blood stream carries hormones and amino acids to the muscles
3)Removes waste such as carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products
4)Helps regulate body temperature
Term
Central nervous system
Definition
works as the control system
Term
Peripheral nervous system
Definition
controls the nervous structures
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
Makes up 74 of 206 bones, protects CNS (consisting of skull, spine and rib-cage)
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
consists of 126 bones that form the extremities
Term
Formed elements
Definition
include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Term
Plasma
Definition
carries hormones and nutrients to the muscles
Term
Skeletal muscles
Definition
attach to the bones and help move the body
Term
Cardiac and Visceral muscles
Definition
both are involuntary muscles
Term
Arteries
Definition
carry oxygen rich blood to the muscles
Term
Veins
Definition
carry depleted blood back to the heart
Term
Major characteristics of a synovial joint
Definition
An articular cartilage, an articular capsule, a synovial membrane, and synovial fluid
Term
Major characteristics of a cartilaginous joint
Definition
the bones are connected by cartilage and allow little to no movement
Term
Major characteristics of a fibrous joint
Definition
Held tightly together by fibrous connective tissue and allow little to no movement
Term
What is the role of tendons?
Definition
transmits force from muscle to bone
Term
what is the role of ligaments?
Definition
supports joints by attaching one to bone
Term
What is the role of Fascia?
Definition
provides framework that ensures proper alignment of muscle fibers, blood vessels and nerves
Term
Which blood vessels carry blood that is rich in oxygen from the lungs back to the heart?
Definition
Pulmonary veins
Term
Which muscle(s) is most important for respiration in humans?
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
Wolff's law explains what?
Definition
Bones increase density in response to the stress applied through weight-bearing exercise
Term
Golgi tendon organs (GTO) can affect a static stretch by causing what?
Definition
Relaxation of the muscles(s) being stretched through autogenic inhibition
Term
What organ is primarily responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients?
Definition
Small intestine
Term
The forward-backward movements of the arms and legs during walking occur in which plane of movement?
Definition
Sagittal plane
Term
What type of muscle fiber is the most highly adaptable to different training stimuli, making it able to increase oxidative capacities or increase force production and speed?
Definition
Type 2a
Term
Which muscles are prime movers for the shoulder joint adduction performed during a wide-grip pull-up?
Definition
Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
Term
How does the pancreas help regulate blood glucose levels?
Definition
It secrets glucagon to increase blood glucose levels and insulin to increase glucose uptake by the cells
Term
What are the four major components of physical fitness?
Definition
Muscular fitness, cardiorespretory endurance, flexibility and body composition
Term
Muscular strength
Definition
the total amount of force produced in one contraction
Term
Muscular endurance
Definition
the muscles ability to exert force over time
Term
Essential fat
Definition
the amount of fat needed to be alive and reproduce
Term
Storage fat
Definition
everything past the essential fat
Term
Tidal volume
Definition
the amount of air volume with each breath
Term
Stroke volume
Definition
the amount of oxidized blood from each heart beat
Term
Aerobic glycolysis
Definition
the metabolic pathways that produce ATP in the presence of oxygen
Term
Anaerobic glycolysis
Definition
the metabolic pathways that produce ATP without oxygen
Term
Heat exhaustion
Definition
a minor hear injury due to not being acclimated or warming up properly
Term
Heat stroke
Definition
a serious form of heat exhaustion where that body shuts down and cannot regulate heat
Term
First ventilatory threshold (VT1)
Definition
starts when lactate first builds up
Term
Second ventilatory threshold (VT2)
Definition
occurs when lactate is rapidly forming
Term
Beta oxidation
Definition
the process of breaking down fatty acids for the production of ATP
Term
Partial pressure
Definition
the relative amount and availably of an atmospheric gas at a given altitude
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
the site for aerobic production of ATP
Term
Catecholamines
Definition
a category of hormones that stimulate the body to adjust to the increased metabolic demands of exercise
Term
Sympathetic stimulation
Definition
the process that results in preparing the body for exercise, "flight or fight" mechanism
Term
Maximal aerobic capacity
Definition
the greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport and use for physical work
Term
Creatine phosphate
Definition
a high-energy compound found within muscle cells used to supply energy for intense, short-duration activities
Term
Adenosine Triphosphate
Definition
(ATP) complicated chemical structure that when broken down released energy for cellular work
Term
Lactate
Definition
A metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue
Term
Respiratory exchange ratio
Definition
the amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed
Term
VT1
Definition
the highest intensity that can be sustained for one to two hours in well-trained individuals
Term
VT2
Definition
the highest intensity that can be sustained for 30 to 60 minutes in well-trained individuals
Term
What 3 basic process of the cardiorespiratory system must be functions properly to provide adequate blood and nutrients to the tissues?
Definition
1) Getting oxygen to the blood via pulmonary ventelation
2) Delivering oxygen to the active tissues
3)Extracting oxygen from the blood to complete the metabolic production of ATP
Term
Cortisol
Definition
A hormone that promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown during prolonged exercise
Term
Estrogen
Definition
A hormone that plays a major role in bone formation and maintenance
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
A hormone that increases cardiac output and causes gylcogenolysis during exercise
Term
Insulin
Definition
A hormone that facilitates glucose removal from the blood
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
A hormone that limits sodium excretion in the urine to maintain electrolyte balance during exercise
Term
Vasopressin
Definition
A hormone that reduces the urinary excretion of water
Term
Glucagon
Definition
A hormone that causes the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream
Term
Growth Hormone
Definition
A hormone that facilitates protein synthesis in the body
Term
At rest, respiratory exchange ration values average approximately 0.75, which indicates the body is burning what percent of fat and carbohydrates?
Definition
85% fat and 15% carbohydrate
Term
Lean body mass consists of what?
Definition
muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood and organs
Term
Cardiac output is the product of what?
Definition
heart rate and stroke volume
Term
On average, how many calories are burned for every liter of oxygen consumed?
Definition
5 kilo calories
Term
During exercise, diastolic BP stays the same due to what?
Definition
vasodilation of blood vessels
Term
What is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption?
Definition
The increase use of oxygen after and intense workout to restore the body's homeostatic conditions
Term
What are the nervous-system structures that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to the periphery?
Definition
Motor neurons
Term
Individuals who excel in activities characterized by sudden bursts of activity, but who tire relatively quickly, most likely have a larger percentage of what type of muscle?
Definition
Fast twitch muscle fibers
Term
What is amenorrhea?
Definition
A condition associated with low body weight and excessively high levels of chronic exercise training that can increase one's risk for osteoporosis
Term
What is the formula for respiratory exchange ratio?
Definition
Carbon dioxide produced/oxygen consumed
Term
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Definition
Q= HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)
Term
What is the formula for Relative VO2 max?
Definition
mL/kg/min
Term
What is the formula for absolute VO2 max?
Definition
L/min
Term
What are some symptoms for heat exhaustion?
Definition
weak rapid pulse
low BP
headache
nausea
dizziness
cold clammy skin
profuse sweating
etc.
Term
What are some symptoms for heat stroke?
Definition
hot dry skin
bright red skin
rapid strong pulse
labored breathing
elevated core temp
Term
Kinematics
Definition
the study of form, patterns or movements regardless of force
Term
Kinetics
Definition
the study of effects of internal and external forces
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
an excessive posterior curvature of the thoratic spine
Term
Lordosis
Definition
an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
Term
Supraspinatus
Definition
a rotator cuff muscle located superior to the spine of the scapula
Term
Infraspinatus
Definition
a rotator cuff muscle located inferior to the spine of the scapula
Term
Base of support
Definition
a persons body contact to the floor
Term
Stability limits
Definition
the area of movement around base of support where your still on balance
Term
Closed-chain exercises
Definition
exercises where the chain furthest from the body is fixed (emphasized compression)
Term
Open-chain exercises
Definition
exercises where the chain furthest away from the body is free
Term
Law of inertia
Definition
a body at rest will stay at rest, a body at motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an external force
Term
Law of acceleration
Definition
force acted on a body in a given direction is equal to the bodies mass multiplied by the bodies acceleration in that direction (F=MA)
Term
Law of reaction
Definition
every force is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction force
Term
What four muscles are synergistically responsible for hip flexion?
Definition
1) Illiopsoas
2) Rectus femorus
3) Satorius
4)Tensor facia latae
Term
What are the 6 external rotators of the hip?
Definition
1) Piriformus
2) Superior gemelles
3) Obturator internaus
4) Obtuator externus
5) Inferior gemeltes
6) Quadratus femoris
Term
What is scoliosis?
Definition
excessive lateral curvature of the spine
Term
What is the key function of the seratus antirior?
Definition
to hold the medial border of the scapula firmly against the rib cage to prevent "winging" of the shoulder blade
Term
What muscle is nicknamed the "little lat" because its functions are identical to the latissimus dorsi?
Definition
Teres major
Term
Patella
Definition
Sesamoid bone that acts like a pulley to increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps at the knee joint
Term
Scapulohumeral rhythm
Definition
relationship of the arm and shoulder blade during shoulder abduction and flexion
Term
Balance
Definition
maintaining the body's position over its base of support within stability limits
Term
Stability
Definition
increases as the feet move farther apart, creating a larger base of support
Term
What are 3 factors associated with muscular balance?
Definition
1) Bilateral strength/flexibility
2) Proportional strength ratios in agonist/antagonist muscles groups
3) Balance in flexibility
Term
List 3 reasons why the caloric cost of walking is greater for overweight and obese people?
Definition
1) Alternated step frequensemetrycy
2) Greater vertical displacement of center of gravity
3) Extraneous movement related to greater limb demesions
Term
What are 2 reasons for the decrease in flexibility seen during adolescence?
Definition
1) Bones grow much faster than the muscle can stretch
2) Prolonged sitting in school (specifically in the hamstrings)
Term
Kinematics
Definition
the study of form, patterns or movements regardless of force
Term
Kinetics
Definition
the study of effects of internal and external forces
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
an excessive posterior curvature of the thoratic spine
Term
Lordosis
Definition
an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
Term
Supraspinatus
Definition
a rotator cuff muscle located superior to the spine of the scapula
Term
Infraspinatus
Definition
a rotator cuff muscle located inferior to the spine of the scapula
Term
Base of support
Definition
a persons body contact to the floor
Term
Stability limits
Definition
the area of movement around base of support where your still on balance
Term
Closed-chain exercises
Definition
exercises where the chain furthest from the body is fixed (emphasized compression)
Term
Open-chain exercises
Definition
exercises where the chain furthest away from the body is free
Term
Law of inertia
Definition
a body at rest will stay at rest, a body at motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an external force
Term
Law of acceleration
Definition
force acted on a body in a given direction is equal to the bodies mass multiplied by the bodies acceleration in that direction (F=MA)
Term
Law of reaction
Definition
every force is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction force
Term
What four muscles are synergistically responsible for hip flexion?
Definition
1) Illiopsoas
2) Rectus femorus
3) Satorius
4)Tensor facia latae
Term
What are the 6 external rotators of the hip?
Definition
1) Piriformus
2) Superior gemelles
3) Obturator internaus
4) Obtuator externus
5) Inferior gemeltes
6) Quadratus femoris
Term
What is scoliosis?
Definition
excessive lateral curvature of the spine
Term
What is the key function of the seratus antirior?
Definition
to hold the medial border of the scapula firmly against the rib cage to prevent "winging" of the shoulder blade
Term
What muscle is nicknamed the "little lat" because its functions are identical to the latissimus dorsi?
Definition
Teres major
Term
Patella
Definition
Sesamoid bone that acts like a pulley to increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps at the knee joint
Term
Scapulohumeral rhythm
Definition
relationship of the arm and shoulder blade during shoulder abduction and flexion
Term
Balance
Definition
maintaining the body's position over its base of support within stability limits
Term
Stability
Definition
increases as the feet move farther apart, creating a larger base of support
Term
What are 3 factors associated with muscular balance?
Definition
1) Bilateral strength/flexibility
2) Proportional strength ratios in agonist/antagonist muscles groups
3) Balance in flexibility
Term
List 3 reasons why the caloric cost of walking is greater for overweight and obese people?
Definition
1) Alternated step frequensemetrycy
2) Greater vertical displacement of center of gravity
3) Extraneous movement related to greater limb demesions
Term
What are 2 reasons for the decrease in flexibility seen during adolescence?
Definition
1) Bones grow much faster than the muscle can stretch
2) Prolonged sitting in school (specifically in the hamstrings)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!