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Accent Characteristics
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49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/04/2012

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Term
Standard American English (SAE)
Definition
A form of English that is relatively devoid of regional characteristics
Term
Idiolect
Definition
An individual speech pattern characteristic of your own personality
Term
Southern Dialect Characteristics
Definition
Southern shift (monphthongization, tensing and laxing), derhotacization, epenthesis of /j/, vowel mergers, back upglide shift
Term
Boston Dialect Characteristics
Definition
Derhoticization, drop postvocalic r, rhotacization after ə, backing æ to a
Term
African American Dialect Characteristics
Definition
Final consonant deletion (stops and nasals), labialization, derhotacization, cluster reduction, stopping
Term
Spanish Accent
Definition
Trill; substitution (no tensing/laxing) of vowels (raised and lowered), weak syllable deletion
Term
Italian Accent
Definition
Addition of ə
/boʊtə/
Term
Southern Shift
Definition
shift in vowel production
monophthongization, tensing, and laxing
Term
Example of Southern: monophthongization
Definition
aɪ -> a, maɪnd (mind) --> mand
or /laɪk/ -> /la:k)
Term
Example of Southern: tensing
Definition
egg
/ɛg/ --> /eɪg/
Term
Example of Southern: laxing
Definition
/mil/ --> /mɪl/
(meal)
Term
Example of Southern: epenthesis of /j/
Definition
/two/ becomes /tju/
Term
Example of Southern: vowel merger
Definition
pɪn (pen/pin)
Term
Example of African American: derhotaziation
Definition
mor ->moʊ
Term
Example of African American: final consonant deletion
Definition
bæt to bæ (stop)
mæn to mæ: (nasal) *vowel still nasalized
Term
Example of African American: cluster reduction
Definition
l deletion
wʊlf--> wʊ:f
Term
Example of African American: labialization
Definition
mʌðɚ (mother) to mʌvɚ
Term
Example of African American: stopping
Definition
/ɪznt/ becomes /ɪdnt/
Term
Differences between Spanish and English
Definition
English have 14 vowels, Spanish have 5
Spanish Trill
Th does not exist in Spanish
Term
Example of Spanish: substitution of vowels (raised and lowered)
Definition
raised- /lid/ for /lɪd/
lowered- /nɪd/ for need
Term
Example of Spanish: weak syllable deletion
Definition
/spleɪn/ for /ɛkspleɪn/
Term
chain shift
Definition
occurs when the place of artic. of one vowel changes, causing the surrounding vowels in the quadrilateral to likewise shift in production
Term
vowel merger
Definition
occurs when vowels with separate artics fuse into one similar place of artic
Term
west
Definition
western us, minnesota, southern ohio
low back merger
Term
low back merger
Definition
merger of low back vowels /ɔ/ and /ɑ/
no phonetic contrast
example: Dawn and Don = /dɑn/
Term
southern shift
Definition

[image]

Term
northern cities shift
Definition

northern inland united states

[image]

Term
Asian-Pacific influenced English
Definition
tonic differences
voiceless stops: unaspirated, unreleased
cluster reduction
deletion/substitutions of final consonants
Term
tone language
Definition
words meaning differ when pronounced with a varying tone or intonation pattern
Term
back upglide shift
Definition
/ɔ/ to /aʊ/

ex:/ pɔlə/ to /paʊlə/
Term
purely sensory component of pain pathway
Definition
spinal cord -> ventral posterolateral thalamus -> SS1 -> SS2
Term
immediate emotional component of pain pathway
Definition
pathways that reach the ACC (immediate emo) and insular cortex (disgust)
Term
longterm emotional component of pain pathway
Definition
pathways that reach the prefrontal cortex (memory, consciousness)
Term
ACC activation
Definition
activation as the immediate emotional response to pain
can be deactivated through conscious effort (hynopsis)
can be activated when watching someone else be in pain (empathy)
Term
meissner's corpuscle char*
Definition
small RF
fast adapting
sense vibration
touch
Term
pacinian corpuscle char*
Definition
large RF
fast adapting
sudden skin stretch
deep pressure
Term
merkel's disk char*
Definition
small RF
slow adapting
gradual skin indentation
touch
Term
ruffini's endings
Definition
large RF
slow adapting
gradual skin stretch
touch and pressure
Term
bradykinin
Definition
peptide which causes short-lived, intense pain
Term
substance P
Definition
neuromodulator associated with afferent fibers for pain
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
hormones that sensitize nerve endings to histamine (Ex. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis)
Term
primary sensory cortex (SS1)
Definition
post-central gyrus
somatotopic
larger the area, greater the acuity of processing
input is largely contralateral
Term
SS2 (unimodal association cortex)
Definition
somatosensory cortex mainly input from SS1
somatotopic
input from both sides of body
Term
dorsal column medial lemniscal system pathway
Definition
spinal cord/spinothalamic tract --> dorsal root ganglion --> medial lemniscus --> ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus --> SS1
Term
anterolateral spinothalamic tract
Definition
pain pathway with several synapses before reaching the thalamus (i.e., it’s local)
Term
dorsal column medial lemniscal
Definition
tactile pathway with no synapses before thalamus by its main axons (i.e., it’s express)
collaterals synapse on the pain pathway only in the spinal cord
Term
applications of gate control theory
Definition
rubbing the skin near the site of injury
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
dorsal column stimulation
acupunture
Term
presynaptic inhibition ntwk for pain
Definition
the pain neuron releases substance P as its neurotransmitter
another neuron releases enkephalin at presynaptic
thereby inhibiting release of substance P and alleviating pain (causes smaller EPSPs
Term
role of peri-aqueductal gray
Definition
direct stimulation leads to pain relief
endogenous opioid receptors are located in PAG
synapses on 5HT raphe nuclei at level of medulla
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