Term
| what is the endodermal tube? |
|
Definition
| primitive gut in early embryo that gives rise to foregut, midgut, hindgut |
|
|
Term
| which organs arise from the foregut? |
|
Definition
| distal esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and 1/2 of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what organs arise from midgut? |
|
Definition
| 1/2 of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending, and transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what organs arise from hindgut? |
|
Definition
| descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| which artery supplies the foregut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which artery supplies the midgut? |
|
Definition
| superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| which artery supplies the hindgut? |
|
Definition
| inferior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of the celiac and sup/inf mesenteric arteries? |
|
Definition
| arise from aorta, travel through mesenteries to reach organs |
|
|
Term
| esophagus conveys food from where to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does esophagus go through diaphragm |
|
Definition
| through esophogeal hiatus with vagus nerve at T10 |
|
|
Term
| what are the muscles of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| internal circular and external longitudinal muscular layers |
|
|
Term
| where is stomach located in relation to other organs? |
|
Definition
| between esophagus and small intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastric juices degrade food into liquid chyme; pepsinogen and lipase (digestive enzymes) produced |
|
|
Term
| what is stomach derived from and what is it vascularized by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the part of the stomach that meets the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the most superior part of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the middle, large part of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the part of the stomach that meets the duodenum |
|
Definition
| pyloric antrum then pyloric canal then pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong sphincter muscle between stomach and duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pylorus is stuck closed in newborns; must be fixed surgically |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the muscle layer of stomach at greater and lesser curvatures? |
|
Definition
| outer longitudinal muscle layer of stomach |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the muscle layer in middle of stomach? |
|
Definition
| middle circular muscle layer of stomach |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the outermost muscle of the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| longitudinal muscle of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the gastric folds inside the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the parasympathetic innervation to the esophagus and stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the vagus nerve do for the esophagus and stomach? |
|
Definition
| increase peristalsis and digestive processes |
|
|
Term
| what is the sympathetic innervation to the esophagus and stomach? |
|
Definition
| greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9) and lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-11) |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest lymphatic organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper left quadrant, near tail of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the spleen? |
|
Definition
| filters blood, stores RBC's, phagocytosis of old RBC, antibody production, T&B lymphocyte proliferation |
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior to diaphgram in upper right quadrant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stores glycogen, drug and alcohol detoxification, produces and secretes bile, gluconeogenesis (conversion of amino acids and lipids into glucose), bilirubin metabolism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| liver is a derivative of what part of endodermal tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes the liver? |
|
Definition
| celiac arter = proper hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| what separates the left and right lobes of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| falciform ligament divides into which 2 ligaments on superior/anterior sides of liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the porta hepatis? |
|
Definition
| hilum of liver, where structures enter or leave, on visceral/inferior surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior, inferior side of liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior, inferior side of liver |
|
|
Term
| how is cirrhosis characterized/what happens to the liver in cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
| parenchyma of liver is replaced by fibrosis (scar tissue) and nodules leading to loss of function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcoholism, hepatitis b, hepatitis c |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid retention in the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common complication of cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are other life-threatening complications of cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
| encephalopathy and bleeding from esophageal varices |
|
|
Term
| what are esophageal varices |
|
Definition
| enlarged esophageal veins due to slowed blood flow through liver and blood back-up in esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confusion and coma due to increased ammonia from decreased liver function |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for advanced cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10th leading cause of death for men and 12th leading cause of death for women in US |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
| receives, concentrates, stores bile, releases it into duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emulsifies fat and distributes it to intestines for further digestion and absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do hepatocytes secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the path of bile? |
|
Definition
| flows into left and right hepatic ducts in the liver, left and right hepatic ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct, cystic duct from gall bladder unites with common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, common bile duct conveys bile to duodenum |
|
|
Term
| gall bladder is a derivative of what endodermic segment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes the gall bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pebble- like deposits that form in gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of gall stones? |
|
Definition
| cholesterol stones, pigmented stonees |
|
|
Term
| describe cholesterol gall stones |
|
Definition
| usually green but can be white/yellow |
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|
Term
| describe pigmented gall stones |
|
Definition
| formed from bile salts and calcium, dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain felt when a gallstone blocks cystic duct or common bile duct |
|
|
Term
| how are gall bladders typically removed/ |
|
Definition
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy |
|
|
Term
| gall stones are more common in which populations? |
|
Definition
| women, native americans, people over 40 |
|
|
Term
| what endoderm is the duodenum derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what endoderm is the jejunum derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what endoderm is the ileum derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the duodenum and how long is it? |
|
Definition
| 1st portion of small intestine, about 10-12 inches long |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the duodenum and what does it course around? |
|
Definition
| C shaped, courses around head of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what is the dudenojejunal junction? |
|
Definition
| junction between duodenum and jejunum |
|
|
Term
| what is jejunum and where is it? |
|
Definition
| 2nd portion of small intestines, in left upper quadrant, begins at duodenojejunal junction |
|
|
Term
| what is the ileum and where is it? |
|
Definition
| 3rd portion of small intestines, in lower right quadrant |
|
|
Term
| how are jejunum and ileum connected to posterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
| large mesentery which contains blood vessels, lymph nodes, and autonomic nerves |
|
|
Term
| describe jejunum's location, mucosal folds, and vasa rectae |
|
Definition
| left upper quadrant, many circular mucosal folds, relatively long vasa rectae (straight arteries) |
|
|
Term
| describe ileum's location, mucosa, and vasa rectae |
|
Definition
| right lower quadrant, peyer's patches (lymphoid tissue) found in mucosa, relatively short vasa rectae |
|
|
Term
| what is the parasympathetic innervation to the intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the vagus nerve do for the intestines? |
|
Definition
| increases motility and promotes digestion |
|
|
Term
| what is the sympathetic innervation to the intestines? |
|
Definition
| greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9) and lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-11) |
|
|
Term
| what do the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves do for the intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inflammatory bowel disease that causes swelling and inflammation in the intestines |
|
|
Term
| where can chron's disease affect the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| anywhere from esophagus to anus |
|
|
Term
| where does chron's disease usually affect the GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is chron's disease difficult to diagnose? |
|
Definition
| its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between ulcerative colitis and chron's disease? |
|
Definition
| in ulcerative colitis, there are ulcers and inflammation in the top layer of the large intestine; in chron's disease, all layers may be involved and there may be healthy portions between the diseased portions |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of chron's disease? |
|
Definition
| lower right abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding |
|
|
Term
| how is chron's disease treated? |
|
Definition
| medication (steroids), nutrional support, surgical removal of bowel |
|
|
Term
| which accessory digestive gland is located posterior to the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 regions of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the pancreas an endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| produces insulin and glucagon which enter blood to regulate sugar levels |
|
|
Term
| how is the pancreas an exocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| produces digestive enzymes that enter duodenum via pancreatic duct and assist in digestion |
|
|
Term
| which 4 digestive enzymes does the pancreas make? |
|
Definition
| peptidase, lipase, amylase, trypsin |
|
|
Term
| what feature of pancreas goes all the way through it from tail to head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are accessory pancreatic ducts? |
|
Definition
| extra pancreatic ducts that drain uncinate process into main pancreatic duct |
|
|
Term
| what is the uncinate process |
|
Definition
| little process off the bottom part of the head/neck of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what is the ultimate path of the main pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
| unites with common bile duct and enters duodenum at major duodenal papilla, a little hole into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| which parts of colon are derived from midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which parts of colon are derived from hindgut? |
|
Definition
| descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what does the large intestines consist of? |
|
Definition
| cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the large intestines? |
|
Definition
| absorption of electrolytes and fluid; formation of feces |
|
|
Term
| what are the teniae coli? |
|
Definition
| three linear bands of muscle on external intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are omental appendices? |
|
Definition
| small fatty projections along surface of colon with unknown function |
|
|
Term
| what is the iliocecal valve? |
|
Definition
| junction of ilium and cecum |
|
|
Term
| how does colon cancer begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of colon cancer? |
|
Definition
| rectal bleeding or blood in stool, unexplained weight loss |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 ligaments of the lesser omentum? |
|
Definition
| hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal |
|
|
Term
| what important structures are in the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum? |
|
Definition
| portal triad = proper hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct |
|
|
Term
| what does the proper hepatic artery do? |
|
Definition
| carries oxygenated blood from aorta (celiac) to liver where it divides into left and right branches to vascularize the left and right lobes |
|
|
Term
| what does the common bile duct do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the portal vein do? |
|
Definition
| carries poorly oxygenated but nutrient rich venous blood from GI tract into liver; divides into left and right branches to supply left and right liver lobes |
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes foregut structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes midgut structures? |
|
Definition
| superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes hindgut structures? |
|
Definition
| inferior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| where does celiac artery arise from aorta? |
|
Definition
| inferior to diaphragm around T12 |
|
|
Term
| what does the celiac artery vascularize? |
|
Definition
| distal esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and 1/2 of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from aorta? |
|
Definition
| behind neck of pancreas around L1 |
|
|
Term
| where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from the aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the portal venous system |
|
Definition
| veins from GI organs coalesce and carry nutrient rich blood to liver before going to inferior vena cava to heart |
|
|
Term
| which organs contribute to the portal venous system? |
|
Definition
| stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, large and small intestines, spleen |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 veins that flow into the portal vein? |
|
Definition
| superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, gastric vein |
|
|
Term
| do the veins that go to portal vein have valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is portal hypertension? |
|
Definition
| back up of blood in portal venous system due to liver disease, possible because portal veins do not have valves |
|
|
Term
| what happens if portal hypertension occurs? |
|
Definition
| portal veins anastomose with other veins to find alternate routes to the heart: esophageal veins, rectal veins, umbilical veins, retroperitoneal veins |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to alternate routes for portal evins with portal hypertension? |
|
Definition
| alternate routes can become engorged or varicosed, and if they rupture can cause death from bleeding |
|
|
Term
| what happens when rectal veins engorge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when umbilical veins engorge? |
|
Definition
| caput medusa at belly button |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the esophageal veins become engorged |
|
Definition
|
|
