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abdominal II
abdominal II
57
Anatomy
Graduate
09/22/2011

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Term
what structures are part of the posterior abdominal wall?
Definition
5 lumbar vertebrae and their IV discs, posterior abdominal muscles (psoas, iliacus, quadratus lumborum), diaphragm, transversus abdomins muscle, aorta, IVC, autonomic nerves, lumbar plexus = ventral rami of lumbar nerves
Term
psoas major OIAN
Definition
O: sides and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and IV discs; I: lesser trochanter of femur; A: flex thigh; N: ventral rami L2-L4
Term
quadrus lumborum OIAN
Definition
O: 12th rib and tips of transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, I: iliac crest, A: extends and laterally flexes vertebral column, N: ventral rami T12-L4
Term
what is the chief muscle of inspiration?
Definition
diaphragm
Term
what does the diaphragm do during inspiration?
Definition
descends
Term
diaphragm partitions which 2 cavities?
Definition
thoracic and abdominal
Term
diaphragm origins?
Definition
sternal: sternum and xiphoid process, costal: ribs and costal cartilages, lumbar: vertebrae L1-L4, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments
Term
what are the crura of the diaphragm?
Definition
the "legs" that originate from L1-L4
Term
what are the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments?
Definition
strong fascia that arch over psoas major and quadratrus lumborum muscles respectively
Term
what is the central tendon of the diaphragm?
Definition
aponeurotic convergence of diaphragm's origins
Term
what nerve provides motor to the diaphragm?
Definition
phrenic C345
Term
what nerves convey sensory from diaphragm?
Definition
mostly phrenic, some intercostal nerves peripherally
Term
why is diaphragmatic pain sometimes felt in cervical/shoulder region?
Definition
that is the origin of innervation from diaphragm's cervical nerves
Term
of phrenic and vagus nerves, which courses anterior and which courses posterior to hilum of lungs?
Definition
phrenic = anterior, vagus = posterior
Term
what are diaphragmatic apertures?
Definition
openings for passage of structures between thorax and abdomen
Term
what is the caval opening?
Definition
diaphragmatic aperture for inverior vena cava at T8 vertebra level
Term
what is the esophogeal hiatus
Definition
diaphragmatic aperture for esophagus and vagus nerves at T10 vertebra level
Term
what is the aortic hiatus
Definition
diaphragmatic aperture for aorta at T12 vertebra level; aorta passes between crura posterior to diaphragm so that blood flow is not affected by breathing
Term
how do we describe location of kidneys (retroperitoneal vs. intraperitoneal and vertebral level)
Definition
T12-L3 vertebral level with right kidney slightly inferior because of liver
Term
kidney functions
Definition
urinary organs that remove excess water, salts, and metabolites of proteins; convey waste products from blood to bladder via ureters
Term
what is in the renal hilum from anterior to posterior?
Definition
renal vein, renal arteries (branches from aorta), renal pelvis
Term
describe draining of kidney into IVC
Definition
right renal vein drains direclty into IVC, left renal vein courses over aorta before reaching IVC
Term
what id the stuff at the superior pole of the kidneys?
Definition
suprarenal glands = adrenal
Term
what is the order of structors superior to inferior at the hilum of the kidney?
Definition
renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis =>ureter
Term
what is the name of the outer portion of the kidney?
Definition
cortex
Term
what is the name of the inner portion of the kidney?
Definition
medulla
Term
what geometric shape does the medulla consist of?
Definition
pyramids
Term
what are in the pyramids of the medulla?
Definition
collecting tubules of hundreds of nephrons
Term
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
Definition
nephron
Term
what is the name for the tips of the medulla pyramids?
Definition
papilla
Term
what are the calacies of the kidney?
Definition
minor calyx, major calyx = collecting system for urine in kidney
Term
what is the path of urine in the kidney
Definition
through the pyramids, out the papilla, into minor calyx, into major calyx, into renal pelvis, into ureter
Term
what are the names of the 2 layers of fat that surround the kidneys?
Definition
pararenal, perirenal
Term
what separates the pararenal and perirenal fatty layers of the kidneys?
Definition
renal fascia
Term
what is the function of the pararenal and perirenal fatty layers that surround the kidneys?
Definition
they help protect and support the kidneys
Term
what are the 3 types of kidney stones?
Definition
calcium oxalate (most common), calcium phosphate, uric acid
Term
how big must a kidney stone be to cause obstruction of a ureter?
Definition
2-3 mm
Term
what happens as a result of a kidney stone obstructing a ureter?
Definition
dilation/stretching of upper ureter and renal pelvis, pain in lower abdomen and groin (renal colic), nausea/vomiting, blood in urine
Term
what is the treatment for kidney stones?
Definition
pain management, hydration, diet control, lithotripsy (sound waves to break up large stones)
Term
how is polycystic kidney disease characterized?
Definition
partial replacement of renal parenchyma by cysts on both kidneys
Term
how does a person get polycystic kidney disease?
Definition
inherited
Term
when does polycystic kidney disease manifest?
Definition
between ages 15-30
Term
how does polycystic kidney disease present clinically?
Definition
hypertension, hematuria (blood in urine), palpable renal masses, progression to renal failure
Term
describe renal transplantation
Definition
common surgery for chronic renal failure; some donor kidneys are placed in the iliac fossa and attached to exernal iliac vessels
Term
what is the outermost part of the suprarenal glands?
Definition
fibrous capsule
Term
what are the two parts of the suprarenal glands?
Definition
suprarenal cortex and suprarenal medulla
Term
what does the cortex of the suprarenal gland do?
Definition
produces androgens and corticosteroids for volume and blood pressure regulation
Term
what does the medulla of the suprarenal gland do?
Definition
secretes catecholamines (epinephrine or adrenaline) from chromaffin cells which activate the body to fight or flight
Term
what are chromaffin cells
Definition
postsynaptic sympathetic neurons
Term
describe innervation to adrenal medulla
Definition
preganglionic sympathetics synapse on chromaffin cells within the medulla; chromaffin cells are postganglionic neurons that release epinephrine into bloodstream to increase heart rate and contraction force
Term
describe the blood supply to the suprarenal glands
Definition
extremely well vascularized: superior suprarenal arteries from aorta, middle suprarenal arteries fom aorta, inferior suprarenal arteries from renal artery
Term
how does venous blood drain from suprarenal arteries?
Definition
single large suprarenal vein drains each gland; on the left side the left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein which then drains to IVC; on the right side the right suprarenal vein drains into the IVC
Term
what is the path of the testicular arteries?
Definition
arise from aorta near renal arteries, descend into scrotum to vascularize testicles
Term
what is the path of the testicular veins?
Definition
ascend from testicles and eventually drain into IVC on right side, renal vein on left
Term
what is the path of the ovarian arteries?
Definition
arise from aorta near renal arteries, descende to vascularize ovaries
Term
what is the path of the ovarian veins?
Definition
ascend from ovaries and drain into IVC on right side and renal vein on left side
Term
what is the path of the abdominal aorta?
Definition
traverses the diaphragm at T12, celiac artery at T12, superior mesenteric artery at L1, renal arteries at L1, gonadal arteries at L1, inferior mesenteric artery at L3, bifurcates into Common Iliacs at L4
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