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Abdomen
N/A
102
Anatomy
Graduate
12/14/2011

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Cards

Term
What is the name of the superficial fatty layer of superficial fascia in the anterior abdominal wall?
Definition
Camper Fascia
Term
What is the name of the deep membranous layer of superficial fascia in the anterior abdominal wall?
Definition
Scarpa fascia
Term
Scarpa fascia fuses with what other structures?
Definition
Superficial fascia of the penis, dartos layer of scrotum, superficial perineal fascia, fascia lata of the thigh, fundiform ligament of penis
Term
What joins the deep and suprficial inguinal rings above the medial half of the inguinal ligament?
Definition
Inguinal canal
Term
What passes through the inguinal canal?
Definition
Spermatic cord in males, roujnd ligament of the uters in females
Term
What can predispose males to an indirect inguinal hernia?
Definition
Persistent processus vaginalis
Term
What can predispose femeals to indirect inguinal hernias?
Definition
Persistent vaginalis knwon as canal of Nuck
Term
The inguinal ligament, rectus abdominis, and inferior epigastric vein are the boundaries of what structure?
Definition
Inguinal (Hesselbach) triangle
Term
What kind of hernia passes through the inguinal triangle as it exits the abdominal cavity?
Definition
Direct inguinal hernia
Term
What are the three superior abdominal regions above the transpyloric plane?
Definition
2 Hypochondriac regions, Epigastric region 
Term
What are the three abdominal regions inferior to the transpyloric plane and superior to the intertubercular plane?
Definition
2 Lateral regions, Umbilical region
Term
What are the three abdominal regions inferiro to the intertubercular plane?
Definition
2 Inguinal regions, Hypogastric region
Term
Describe the aponeuroses of abdominal muscles above the arcuate line
Definition
Internal oblique splits to form anterior and posterior layers of rectus sheath, external oblique joints anterior layer of sheath, transverus abdominis joins posterior layer
Term
Describe the aponeuroses of abdominal muscles inferior to the arcuate line
Definition
All aponeuroses pass completely anterior to rectus abdominis and fuce together, rectus abdominis lies on the transversalis fascia
Term
What is the line midway between the umbilicus and pubic crest known as?
Definition
Arcuate line
Term
Where does an indirect inguinal hernia leave the abdominal cavity?
Definition
Through the inguinal canal lateral to the inferior epigastric to descend into the scrotum or labium majus
Term
What forms the superficial ring?
Definition
Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique
Term
What forms the deep inguinal ring?
Definition
Oval defect in transversalis fascia
Term
What forms the inguinal ligament?
Definition
Lower border of external oblique aponeurosis
Term
What forms the lacunar ligament?
Definition
Medial portion of inguinal ligament
Term
What forms the conjoint tendon?
Definition
Aponeuroses of transversus abdominis and internal abdominal oblique muscles
Term
What forms the pectineal ligament?
Definition
Derived from the lacunar ligament
Term
What forms the iliopubic tract?
Definition
Thickened inferior margin of transversalis fascia
Term
What nerve passes through the spermaitc cord?
Definition
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Term
The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervates what structure?
Definition
Cermaster muscle
Term
What supplies the superior epigastric artery?
Definition
Internal thoracic artery
Term
What supplies the inferior epigastric artery?
Definition
External iliac artery
Term
The superior and inferior epigastric veins form collateral venous drainage connecting what structures?
Definition
Brachiocephalic vein/superior vena cava to external iliac vein/inferiro vena cava
Term
The posterior intercostal veins, subcostal vein, and lumbar segmental veins provide collateral drainage between what structures?
Definition
Azygos system of veins (superior vena cava) to inferior epigastric vein (inferior vena cava)
Term
What connects the lateral thoracic vein to the superficial epigastric vein?
Definition
Thoracoepigastric vein
Term
What are the roots of the nerves of the anterior abdominal wall?
Definition
Anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-L1
Term
The serous sac lining the abdominopelvic cavity that forms the covering layer for viscera, invaginating it from behind, is known as what?
Definition
Peritoneum
Term
What lines walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the respiratory diaphragm?
Definition
Parietal peritoneum
Term
What is the embryologic origin of the greater omentum?
Definition
Dorsal mesogastrium
Term
What is the function of the greater omentum?
Definition
Can prevent spread of infection by adhering to and localizing areas of inflammation
Term
What is contained in the gastrosplenic ligament?
Definition
Short gastric arteries and veins
Term
What is contained in the gastrocolic ligament?
Definition
Gastro-omental (gastroepiploic) vessels
Term
What is contained in the splenorenal ligament?
Definition
Tail of pancreas and splenic vessels
Term
What structures are embryologically originate from the septum transversum?
Definition
Lesser omentum and falciform ligament
Term
What is the function of the lesser omentum?
Definition
Serves as ventral mesentary of stomach and anterior wall of lesser sac
Term
What is contained within the hepatogastric ligament?
Definition
Right and left gastric vessels along lesser curvature 
Term
What is contained within the hepatoduodenal ligament?
Definition
Common bilde duct, proper hepatic artery, and portal vein
Term
What is contained within the falciform ligament?
Definition
Free edge contains ligamentum teres hepatis, remnant of the left umbilical vein of fetus
Term
What covers abdominal organs that have invaginated peritoneal sacs?
Definition
Visceral peritoneum
Term
An organ that invaginates the periotneal sac and receives a coat of visceral peritoneum would be described as what?
Definition
Retroperitoneal
Term
An organ that lies within the abdominal cavity behind posterior parietal peritoneum that have never been intraperitoneal during development would be considered what?
Definition
Retroperitoneal
Term
And organe that developed intraperitoneally but fused secondarily with the posterior body wall would be considered what?
Definition
Secondarily retroperitoneal 
Term
Which organs are intraperitoneal?
Definition
Duodenal cap, liver, gallbladder, tail of pancreas, stomach, spleen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, trasnverse colon, sigmoid colon
Term
Which organs are retroperitoneal?
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, suprarenal glands, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava
Term
Which organs are secondarily retroperitoneal?
Definition
Duodenum (excluding cap), ascending and descending colon, rectum, head, neck, and body of pancreas
Term
Excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is known as what?
Definition
Ascites
Term
What are the recesses within the greater sac?
Definition
Subphrenic recess, hepatorenal recess, and paracolic gutters
Term
Where is the subphrenic recess located?
Definition
Between liver and inferior surface of diaphragm
Term
What is significant about the hepatorenal recess?
Definition
Lowest point of peritoneal cavity when supine
Term
What is significant about the paracolic gutters?
Definition
Lies lateral to ascending and descending colon, extends over pelviv prim and into the pelvis, can be a path for infection and cancer
Term
Where is the lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa) located?
Definition
Posterior to stomach, liver, and lesser omentum
Term
What is significant about the omental foramen?
Definition
Only communication between greater and lesser sacs, may be a sight of internal hernia
Term
How are internal hernias into the omental foramen treated?
Definition
Boundaries cannot be incised, swollen intestines may have to be decompressed with a needle for extraction
Term
What are the divisions of the pylorus?
Definition
Proximal pyloric antrum and distal pyloric canal
Term
What controls the pyloric sphincter and gastric emptying?
Definition
Vagal parasympathetic control
Term
Gastric ulcers have been linked to what factors?
Definition
Chronic use of NSAIDs, cigarette smoke, Helicobacter pylori bacteria
Term
Why do gastric ulcers have a higher mortality rate vs. peptic ulcers?
Definition
Posterior erosion can cause fatal hemorrhage from the splenic artery
Term
Portal hypertension can lead to what other dysfunction?
Definition
Left gastric vein anastomoses with tributaries of the azygos vein and can become grossly enlarged as esophageal varices, threatening the risk of fatal hemorrhaging
Term
Lymph drains from the stomach to where?
Definition
Celiac nodes
Term
The caudal foregut is supplied blood by what?
Definition
Celiac artery
Term
The caudal forgeut consists of what structures?
Definition
Liver, pancreas, stomach, duodenum up to half of second part
Term
What supplies blood to the midgut?
Definition
Superior mesenteric artery
Term
The midgut is composed of what structures?
Definition
Second part of duodenum to the transverse colon
Term
What supplies blood to the hindgut?
Definition
Inferior mesenteric artery
Term
The hindgut consists of what structures?
Definition
Descending colon to upper anal canal
Term
What receives the termination of the bile duct and man pancreatic duct?
Definition
Descending duodenum
Term
The bile duct and main pancreatic duct joint to form what?
Definition
Hepatopancreatic ampulla opening at the major duodenal papilla
Term
What receives the accessory pancreatic duct?
Definition
Minor duodenal papilla
Term
The superior mesenteric artery crosses what part of the duodenum?
Definition
Horizontal/transverse part
Term
Where does the suspensory muscle of the duodenum (ligament of Treitz) attach?
Definition
Ascending duodenum at the duodenojejunal flexure
Term
The duodenojejunal flexure acts as what clinically important landmark?
Definition
Transition between upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Term
What supplies venous drainage of the small intestines?
Definition
Superior mesenteric vein which helps form the portal vein
Term
What are the defining characteristics of the large intestine?
Definition
Taniae coli, haustra, and omental (epiploic) appendices
Term
Where is the appendix locted?
Definition
Cecum
Term
How dows the ileocecal valve prevent reflux into the ileum?
Definition
It can't because it's a sucky valve (not literally)
Term
What suspends the appendix?
Definition
Mesoappendix
Term
How are the vessels supplying the jejunum and ileum different?
Definition
Fewer arcades, longer vasa recta, fewer anastomoses in jejunum vs. ileum
Term
What is volvulus and where is it frequently seen??
Definition
Bowel obstruction due to looping or twisting, occurs frequently in the sigmoid colon
Term
Foregut derivatives are supplied by what visceral afferent pathway?
Definition
Greater splanchnic nerves T5-9
Term
Midgut derivatives are supplied by what visceral afferent pathway?
Definition
Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves T8-11
Term
Hindgut derivatives are supplied by what visceral afferent pathway?
Definition
Least and lumbar splanchnic nerves T12-L2
Term
The foregut can refer pain to what?
Definition
Epigastric region and T5-9 dematomes of the back
Term
The midgut can refer pain to what?
Definition
Umbilical region
Term
The hindgut can refer pain to what?
Definition
Hypogastric region, inguinal region, flanks
Term
Cystic duct obstruction is most commonly due to what?
Definition
Gallstones
Term
What is gallstone ileus?
Definition
Gallstone obstruction of the ileocecal valve
Term
Lynphatic drainage of the liver, biliary system, pancreas, and spleen is to where?
Definition
Celiac nodes to intestinal lymph trunk that ends cisterna chyli
Term
The vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the GI as far as what structure?
Definition
Left colic flexure
Term
How does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen?
Definition
On esophagus as anterior and posterior vagal trunks
Term
The pelvic splanchnic nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to what parts of the GI?
Definition
From left colic flexure onwards
Term
What are the roots of the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves?
Definition
T5-L12
Term
What makes up the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves?
Definition
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that synapse in abdominal prevertebral ganglia, visceral afferent fibers with cell bodies in the posterior root ganglia
Term
What makes up the greater splanchnic nerve?
Definition
T5-9 sympathetic ganglia to the celiac ganglion
Term
What makes up the lesser splanchnic nerve?
Definition
T10-11 sympathetic ganglia up to superior mesenteric ganglion or aorticorenal ganglion
Term
What makes up the least splanchnic nerve?
Definition
T12 sympathetic ganglion to the aorticorenal ganglion
Term
What makes up the lumbar splanchnic nerve?
Definition
L1-2 sympathetic ganglia to the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
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