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Abdomen Block
Embryo
39
Anatomy
4th Grade
11/17/2012

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Cards

Term
Achalasia
Definition
-Failure of myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus to develop resulting in inability to relax the lower esophageal sphincter
-Lack of ganglionic cells
Term
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
Definition
-Will result in projectile, nonbilious vomiting shortly after feeding.
-Often a small knot can be felt next to costal margin
Term
What induces the liver and what's the first form of it?
Definition
-Fibroblast growth factors (1, 2, & 8) from the cardiac mesoderm induce the development of the hepatic diverticulum
Term
What controls hepatocyte differentiation and what cell type?
Definition
-HNF-3Beta, GATA-4, & HEX (homeobox gene)
-From endoderm
Term
Biliary atresia
Definition
-Get jaundice, clay colored stool, dark urine, and death around 1.5 years
Term
What induces the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds? What are the transcription factors?
Definition
-Dorsal is by notochord
-Ventral is by hepatic (visceral) mesoderm
-Homeobox transcription factors Pdx-1 & ISL-1
Term
Which bud of the pancreas forms the unicate process?
Definition
-Ventral
Term
Pancreatic divisum?
Definition
-Has a fairly common occurrence at 4%
-Distal dorsal & ventral pancreatic ducts don't anastamose
-Higher risk of pancreatitis
Term
Annular pancreas?
Definition
-Will cause bilious vomiting with double bubble sign in radiography (stomach in duodenum)
Term
Hyperplasia of islet cells of pancreas?
Definition
-Happens with diabetes mothers
-High glucose levels (crosses placenta) will cause fetus to produce extra insulin
-Results in higher birth weight and often hypoglycemia after birth
Term
When does midgut loop form? When should it go back in?
Definition
-Around week 6, by week 11
-It is a herniation through the umbilical ring
Term
Omphalocele?
Definition
-Intestines persist outside of umbilical ring after birth
-They are usually covered in peritoneal membrane
Term
Gastroschisis?
Definition
-Ventral abdominal wall, usually to the right of the umbilical ring, has a defect and the intestines escape out
-They are not covered in peritoneum
Term
Meckel's diverticulum?
Definition
-persistance of the vitelline duct forming an outpouching in the ilium
-Is usually within 2 feet of ileocecal valve, 2in long, occurs in 2% of population, and often has 2 kinds of ectopic tissue
-Ectopic gastric tissue can cause ulceration from parietal cells
-similar symptoms to appendicitis
-Often forms fistula to umbilicus
Term
What does the gut look like in non-rotation?
Definition
-Happens when intestines only rotate 90 counterclockwise instead of the full 270.
-Leaves large on left and small on right
-Malrotation (similar) can cause constriction of blood vessels
Term
Intussusception?
Definition
-When one part of the bowel telescopes into an adjacent segment leading to obstruction or ischemia
-one of the most common causes of obstruction in children under 2
Term
What partitions the cloaca?
Definition
-The urorectal septum separates it into the rectum and urogenital sinus
-It joins with the cloacal membrane separating it into anal and urogenital membranes
Term
Hirschsprung disease?
Definition
-aka colonic aganglionosis
-Crest cells fail to migrate all the way down the colon
-Results in no ganglia in a portion, usually sigmoid or rectum causing it to permanently constrict creating a "megacolon" behind the constriction
-Often associated with mutations of RET proto-onco gene
-Often get gushing of fecal material upon rectal digital examination
Term
Fistulas?
Definition
-Rectovesical; rectum and bladder
-Rectovaginal
-Rectourethral

-Clinically we look for meconium in urine or vagina
Term
What comes from endoderm in the liver?
Definition
-The hepatocytes and the epithelium of the biliary tree (inside and out)
-The rest is visceral mesenchyme
Term
Anal and anorectal agenesis?
Definition
-Rectum ends as a blind sac
-Anal is below and anorectal is above puborectalis muscle
-Caused by abnormal formation of the urorectal septum
-Often associated with fistulas
Term
Imperforate anus?
Definition
-Anal membrane fails to perforate
Term
Rectal atresia?
Definition
-Anus and rectum aren't connected
-Often caused by recanalization error
Term
Volvulus?
Definition
-Bowel twisted on itself
Term
Meconium ileus?
Definition
-meconium sometimes becomes thickened and congested in the ilium
-early sign of CF
Term
What are the derivatives of the ventral mesentery?
Definition
-The lesser omentum, the visceral peritoneum of the liver, and the falciform liver.
Term
How does the spleen form? Is it peritoneal?
Definition
-From the dorsal mesoderm (dorsal mesogastrium cells; So it is not ectoderm!)
-It splits the dorsal mesoderm there into the splenorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments
-It is peritonealized
Term
Where will the spleen drain into?
Definition
-Portal system (it and all primary retroperitoneal structures such as the anus and lower rectum drain into the IVC)
Term
What gives the vas defs in males?
Definition
-The mesonephric duct
-It degenerates in females
Term
What forms the kidney, what is the signaling, and what are the cell types?
Definition
The ureteric bud is induced to form and bifurcate into the metanephrogenic blastema by GDNF signaling by the blastema to Ret receptors on the bud
-The metanephrogenic blastema will become the filter portion of the kidney (nephrons)
-The ureteric bud becomes the collecting portion
-It is all from intermediate mesoderm
Term
Pee in bellybutton?
Definition
-Patent allantois giving urachal fistula
Term
Where is the bladder derived from? What cell types?
Definition
-From part of the urogenital sinus and the allantois
-It is endoderm except for the trigone which is mesoderm where the mesonephric ducts became incorporated
Term
What causes potter's?
Definition
-Severe oligohydramnios, such as in bilateral renal agenisis
-Causes pulmonary hypoplasia because of pressure, which is what results in the death
-Also gives deformed limbs, wrinkly skin, and abnormal facial features
Term
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction?
Definition
-UPJ is the most common obstruction problem and sometimes leads to multicystic dysplastic kidney from dilated major calyxes
Term
Childhood polycystic kidney disease chromosome?
Definition
-Associated with short arm of 6
-Causes huge spongey kidneys with dilated collecting parts
Term
Wilms' tumor?
Definition
-Most common childhood malignancy
-It is of the kidney
Term
When does the metanephros start to form and when is it functional?
Definition
-Week 5 and 10
Term
Extrophy of the bladder?
Definition
-It is open to the outside in the ventral body wall
Term
Pentalogy of Cantrell?
Definition
-Omphalocele
-Ant. diaphragmatic hernia
-Sternal cleft
-Ectopia cordis
-Intracardiac defec
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